INJECTION SYSTEM
Function of Injection System
For proper engines operation and performance, the following requirements must be met by the
Injection System:-
Accurate metering of fuel injected per cycle to meet changing demand of load
and speed.
Correct timing of fuel injection in the engine cycle to obtain the performance;
fuel economy, power, emissions
Proper control of rate of injection to obtain desired heat release during
combustion process without knocking.
Proper atomization of fuel into fine droplets.
Proper spray pattern to ensure rapid mixing of fuel & air.
Uniform distribution of fuel droplets in compressed air throughout the
combustion chamber.
To supply equal quantities of metered fuel to all cylinders in case of multi cylinder
engines.
No lag during beginning and end of injection to eliminate dribbling of fuel droplets into
the cylinder.
Classification of injection System
1. Air Injection system : Fuel is forced into the cylinder by means of
compressed air. Good mixing of fuel with air. It requires heavy compressor.
Ability to use high viscosity of fuel. It is little used.
2. Solid Injection system : Liquid fuel is injected directly into combustion
chamber. Solid injection systems can be classified:
(i) Individual pump and nozzle system
(ii) Unit Injector system
(iii) Common rail system
(iv) Distributor system
Components of Injection System
Fuel tank
Fuel feed pump to supply fuel from the fuel tank to injection system.
Injection pump to meter and pressurize the fuel for injection.
Governor to ensure that the amount of fuel injected is in accordance
with variation of load.
Injector to take the fuel from the pump and distribute it in the
combustion chamber by atomizing it into the fine droplets
Fuel filters to prevent dust and abrasive particles from entering the
pump and injectors to reduce tear and wear of components.
Fuel Feed System of Solid Injection for CI Engines
Individual Pump and Nozzle System
Each cylinder is provided with a pump and injector. A separate metering &
fuel compression pump is provided for each cylinder.
- The pump may be placed;
(I)close to cylinder (ii) in cluster
Unit Injector System
In this system, pump and injector nozzle are combined in one housing.
Each cylinder is provided with one of unit injector
Fuel is brought up by a low pressure pump and injected into the cylinder
the rocker arm actuates the plunger.
Amount of fuel injected is regulated by the effective stroke of plunger
Common Rail System
In this system, a high pressure pump supplies fuel to a header
High pressure in the header forces fuel to each of the nozzles
the fuel is injected into a cylinder by help of a mechanically operated valve ( a push
rod and rocker arm). The amount of fuel is controlled by varying the length of the
push rod stroke.
Distributor System
In this, the pump is used for pressurizes the fuel. It is also used for meters and
times the fuel. a rotating distributor system is used for injection of fuel into
each cylinder.
Fuel Feed Pump
It is of spring loaded plunger type. The plunger is actuated through a push rod from
the cam shaft.
At the minimum lift position of cam the spring force on the plunger creates suction
causes fuel flow from the main tank into pump. When the cam turns to maximum lift
position, the plunger is lifted upwards. At the same time inlet valve is closed and
fuel is forced through the outlet valve.
When the operating pressure gets released, the plunger return spring ceases to
function resulting in varying of the pumping stroke under varying engine load
according to the quantity of fuel required by the injection pump.
Fuel Feed Pump
Injection Pump
The main objective of the fuel injection pump is to deliver
accurately metered quantity of fuel under high pressure at the
correct instant to the injector fitted on cylinder.
Injection pumps are of two types;
Jerk Type Pumps
Distributor Type Pumps
Jerks Type Pumps
It consists of a reciprocating plunger inside a barrel. The
plunger is driven by a cam.
Distributor Type Pumps
This pump has only a single pumping element and the fuel is distributed to each cylinder by means of
a rotor.
There is a central longitudinal passage in the rotor and two sets of radial holes located at
different heights. One set is connected to pump inlet via central passage whereas the second
set is connected to delivery lines leading to injectors of various cylinders.
The fuel is drawn into the central rotor passage from the inlet port when the pump
plunger move away from each other.
Wherever, the radial delivery passage in the rotor coincides with the delivery port for any
cylinder the fuel is delivered to it..
Main advantage lies in its light weight and small size.
Fuel Injector
Fuel Injector assembly consists of compression spring, nozzle valve, Nozzle
and Injector body.
- Nozzle should fulfill the following functions
(a) Atomization
(b) Distribution of fuel :
Factors affecting:
(i)Injection pressure : dispersion, penetration
(ii)Density of air in the cylinder: resistance to movement
(iii)Physical properties of fuel: vapour pressure., self ignition temp., viscosity, etc.
(c)Prevention of impingement on walls: decomposition
(d) Mixing : in case of non-turbulent type of combustion chamber
Types of Nozzles
Pintle Nozzle:- It have a low injection pressures of 8-10 MPa. The
spray cone angle is generally 60 degree. It avoids weak injection
and dribbling. It prevents the carbon deposition on the nozzle hole.
Single hole nozzle:- The size of hole is usually of the order of
0.2 mm. the spray cone angle is about 15 degree. Injection
pressure is 8-10 MPa.
Multi hole nozzle:- The number of holes varies from 4 to 18. The hole
angle may be from 20 degree upwards. The injection pressure is
18MPa. It have ability to distribute the fuel properly even with lower
air motion available in open combustion chamber.
Pintaux nozzle:- it have an auxiliary hole drilled
in the nozzle body. It has better cold starting
performance. The injection characteristics are
poor than the multi hole nozzle.