Computer Networks and Internet Overview
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsComputer Networks and Internet Overview
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsDepartment of Communication and Control Systems
Networks and communications
Solution manual
Theme 1: Computer Networks and the Internet
Tema 1: Redes de computadoras e Internet
Summary
. The different hardware and software components that make up the Internet are introduced.
in particular and computer networks in general.
. Be part of the edge of the network, paying attention to the systems
terminals and the applications, and to the transport service provided to the
applications that run on terminal systems. It is also discussed
of the link layer technologies and the physical media that can
normally found in the access network.
. Next, it delves into the interior of the network, into its core, and
they identify the packet switching and switching mechanisms
of circuits as the two basic methods used for transportation of
data through a telecommunications network, and they are examined
strengths and weaknesses of each method.
. The overall structure of the Internet is also examined, seen as a network of
networks.
. The hierarchical structure of the Internet, formed by the top-level ISPs and
inferior, has allowed the Internet to grow to include thousands of networks.
. The causes of delays, the transfer rate, and the loss are being studied.
of packets in a packet switching network.
. Simple quantitative models are developed to determine the delays of
transmission, propagation, and queue, as well as for the rate of
transfer
. The layers of protocols and service models are visible, the main ones
architectural keys of networks.
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. At the same time, the most common security attacks today are reviewed.
on the Internet.
. It concludes with a brief review of the history of computer networks.
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Tema 1: Redes de computadoras e Internet
Review questions
Question 1
What is the difference between a host and a terminal system? List the types of
Terminal systems. Is a web server a terminal system?
Solution:
There is no difference, the two terms are interchangeable. A terminal system
includes PCs, workstations, web servers, mail servers, PDAs with
internet connection, etc.
Question 3
Why are standards important for protocols?
Solution:
Standards are important for protocols because they allow people
create network systems and products that interoperate.
Question 5
Is the transmission speed in an HFC system dedicated or shared?
the users? Can collisions occur in an HFC download channel? Why
What?
Solution:
An important feature of wired Internet access is that it is a
shared broadcasting medium. In a download channel, all packets are
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Networks and communications
sent from a single source called head terminal, so there is no
collisions.
Question 7
What is the transmission speed in Ethernet LAN networks? For a
at a determined transmission speed, can the users of the LAN transmit
continuously at that speed?
Solution:
Ethernet LAN networks have transmission speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps,
1 Gbps and 10 Gbps. For an Ethernet of X Mbps (where X = 10, 100, 1000 and
A user can continuously stream at a speed of X Mbps if the
the user is the only person who sends data. If there is more than one active user,
then each user cannot continuously transmit at X Mbps.
Question 9
For residential access, dial-up modems are used,
HFC, DSL, and FTTH systems. For each of these access technologies, detail
the transmission speed range and indicate whether the transmission speed is
dedicated or shared.
Solution:
a. Dial-up modems: maximum speed of 56 kbps, bandwidth of
dedicated band.
b. ADSL: the typical download channel is 24 Mbps, the upload channel is
2.5 Mbps, dedicated bandwidth.
c. HFC, the download channel is 42.8 Mbps, the upload channel is
usually 30.7 Mbps, shared bandwidth.
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Tema 1: Redes de computadoras e Internet
d. FTTH: download speed of 10-20 Mbps, upload speeds of 2-
10Mbps; dedicated bandwidth.
Question 11
Suppose there is a single packet-switching device between a host
emitter and a receiver host. The transmission speeds between the emitting host and the
switching device and between it and the receiving host are R1yR2,
respectively. Assuming that the switch uses the switching mechanism of
storage and forwarding packets, what is the total end-to-end delay?
if a packet of length L is sent? (Ignore queue, propagation, and delays)
of processing.
Solution:
In the instant0when the emitting host begins to transmit. At the moment
t1=L/R1the sending host completes the transmission and the entire packet is received at the
router (without propagation delay). Because the router has the entire packet in
the time1you can start sending the packet to the receiving host at the moment
t1In the instant2=t1+L/R2, the router completes the transmission and the entire packet
it is received at the receiving host (again, without propagation delay). Therefore, the
end-to-end delay is L/R1+L/R2.
Question 13
Suppose the users share a 2 Mbps link and that each user
transmits at a speed of 1 Mbps continuously, but only for 20 percent
one hundred percent of the time. (See the comparison between circuit switching and
packet switching of Section 1.3.)
a. Si se utiliza la conmutación de circuitos, ¿a cuántos usuarios se puede dar
support?
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b. For the rest of the problem, assume that switching is used
packages. Why will there practically be no queue delay before the link
if two or fewer users transmit at the same time? Why will it exist?
What is the tail delay if three users transmit simultaneously?
c. Calculate the probability that a given user is streaming.
d. Now suppose there are three users. Calculate the probability that in a
a specific moment the three users are transmitting simultaneously.
Find the fraction of time during which the tail grows.
Solution:
a. Support can be given to 2 users because each user requires half of the
link bandwidth.
b. Since each user requires 1Mbps when transmitting, if two or fewer
Users broadcast simultaneously, a maximum of 2 Mbps will be required.
As the available bandwidth of the shared link is 2 Mbps, no
there will be a queue delay before the link. While if three users
they transmit simultaneously, the required bandwidth will be 3 Mbps.
What is more than the available bandwidth of the shared link. In
In this case, there will be queue delay before the link.
c. As stated in the statement, the probability that a given user
esté transmitiendo es de = 0,2
d. The probability that three users are streaming simultaneously
3 3
es = p 1 p 33= 0.23= 0.008. Since the tail grows when all the
3
users are streaming, the fraction of time during which the queue
grows (which is equal to the probability that the three users are
simultaneously transmitting) is 0.008.
Question 15
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Tema 1: Redes de computadoras e Internet
Some content providers have created their own networks. Describe the network.
Google. What drives content providers to create these networks?
Solution:
Google's private network connects all of its data centers, large and
small. The traffic between Google's data centers travels through its network
private instead of the public Internet. Many of these data centers are
located in, or near, lower-tier ISPs. Therefore, when Google
provides content to a user, often can skip passing through level ISPs
superior. What motivates content providers to create these networks? In
First of all, the content provider has more control over the experience of the
user, since it has to use few intermediary ISPs. Secondly,
you can save money by sending less traffic on the networks
providers. Thirdly, if ISPs decide to charge more money to the
highly profitable content providers (in countries where neutrality of
the network does not apply), content providers can avoid these payments
additional.
Question 19
Suppose that host A wants to send a large file to host B. The route
from host A to host B is made up of three links, whose speeds are
R1= 500 kbps,R22 Mbps yR3= 1 Mbps.
a. Assuming there is no traffic on the network, what is the transfer rate?
for the file?
b. Suppose that the file size is 4 million bytes. Dividing the
file size divided by transfer rate, how much time
approximately how long will it take to transfer the file to host B?
c. Repeat sections (a) and (b), but now with R.2equal to 100 kbps?
Solution:
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a. 500 kbps.
b. 64 s.
c. 100 kbps; 320 s.
Question 23
What are the five layers of the Internet protocol stack? What are the
main responsibilities of each of these layers?
Solution:
The levels of the Internet protocol are: Physical, Link, Network, Transport and
Application. The responsibilities of each layer are found in section 1.5.1
from the textbook.
Question 25
What layers of the Internet protocol stack does a router process? What layers?
Does a switch process at the data link layer? What layers does a host process?
Solution:
Routers process from layer 1 to layer 3 (This is a generalization because the
modern routers sometimes act as firewalls and process layer 4
also). The layer 2 switches process layer 1 and layer 2. The hosts
they process the five layers.
Question 27
Describe how a botnet can be created and how it can be used in a
DDoS attack.
Solution:
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Tema 1: Redes de computadoras e Internet
The creation of a robot network requires an attacker to find some
vulnerability in some application or system (for example, exploit the
buffer overflow vulnerability that could exist in an application.
After finding the vulnerability, the attacker needs to scan for
vulnerable hosts. The objective basically consists of compromising
a series of systems by exploiting that particular vulnerability.
Any system that is part of the robot network can also scan.
automatically its environment and spread by exploiting the vulnerability.
An important property of such robot networks is that the creator of it
can control and execute commands remotely on all the nodes that the
foreman. Therefore, it is possible for the attacker to execute a command on all the
directed nodes against a single target. For example, the attacker could make it so that
all nodes of the robot network send a TCP SYN message against the target, which
which could result in the target suffering a SYN flood attack. (The
the objective interprets these packets as legitimate connection requests, but
since the source IP addresses are fake or have not requested the connection
three-way connection establishment process is not completed. These attempts
they consume resources on the server that is being attacked and fill the number of
connections that can be established, reducing its availability for
respond to legitimate connection requests.)
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