84Electric machines

PROBLEMS
[Link] the intensity that must be applied to the coil of the magnetic circuit of the
Figure P.1.1. to establish a flow of 10 in the right column−3Wb. The permea-
relative ability is supposed to be constant at all points and of valuekr = 400, y
the section S 10 cm = 10 cm2it is the same throughout the structure, except in the column
left, which measures 20 cm2The lengths are equal to 10 cm. Also calculate the flow.
in the central arm.
l l
i l S
S=2 S S
N=104 turns
l l

S
l l

Figure P.1.1.
[Resp.:I= 9,95 A;J= 2,2 mWb.]
[Link] circuito magnético tiene una sección uniforme de 8 cm2and a magnetic length
average equals 0.3 meters. If the magnetization curve of the material is expressed
approximately by the equation:
1.55H
B= B : Teslas;H:A.v/m
77 +H
Calculate the c.c. in amperes that must be introduced into the excitation coil, which
It has 100 turns, to produce a flux in the core of 8.· 10−4Welcome back.
[Resp.: 0.42 A.]
[Link] the necessary current in the coil of Figure P.1.2 to produce a
flux density in the air gap equal to 0.8 Teslas. The core is made of a
material whose magnetization curve is given by:
1.6H
B= B : Teslas;H : A.v/m
75 +H

A B

C
D
N=100 turns
E
F
2cm 6 cm 4 cm 6 cm 2cm 4 cm

Figure P.1.2.
[Resp.: 6.83 A.]
 Magnetic circuits and energy conversion85

[Link] the magnetic structure shown in Figure P. 1.3, the flux density in the
the magnetic field on the right is 1 Wb/m2The core is made of a material whose
the magnetization curve is given by:
1.5H
B= B : Teslas;H : A.v/m
1.000 +H

2mm

l l
I1
I2
l
50 turns 200 turns 1mm

l l
l l

Figure P.1.3.

the length 1 = 10 cm and the cross-section is uniform and equals 5 cm2Calculate the
currentsI1eI2that must circulate through the coils so that the flow in the inter
left error is null.
[Resp.:I1]28 A;I2]8 A.]
1.5The magnetic structure shown in Figure P. 1.4 is made of a material
whose magnetization curve is expressed by:
1.5H
B= B : Teslas;HA.v/m
:
100 +H

Φ
6A

NA= 1000 turns

2mm
NB

6cm

6A

Figure P.1.4.

The average magnetic path length in the core is equal to 0.75 m. The
the cross-sectional dimensions are 6⇥8 cm2The length of the air gap is
of 2 mm and the flow in it is equal to 4 mWb (in the direction indicated in the Fi-)
gura P.1.4). Determine the number of turns of coil B.
[Resp.:NB1.237 turns.]
86Electrical machines

[Link] magnetic core shown in Figure P.1.5 has a uni- cross-section

shape equal to 100 cm2Coil A has 1,000 turns, carrying a direct current of 0.5 A.
in the indicated direction. Determine the current IBto achieve a null flow in the
central arm. The relative permeability iskr= 200.
[Resp.:IB= 1.25 A.]

l =0.5m l
IA IB S 100cm2

l
NA1000 NB= 200

l l

l l

Figure P.1.5.

[Link] magnetic circuit in Figure P.1.6 is constructed with a material whose curve
The magnetization is given by:
1.5H
B= B : Teslas;H : A.v/m
50 +H

S=25cm2
65cm
I1
I2
S50cm2
N1 N2

65cm

Figure P.1.6.

The section of the central column is 50 cm2and in the rest it is uniform and of
value 25 cm2IfN1 = N2360 turns, calculate the value of I1=I2to produce a
flow of 5· 10−3Wb in the air gap.
[Response: 11.32 A.]
[Link] magnetic structure of Figure P.1.7 is made with two types of materials,
whose magnetization curves are expressed by the equations:
1,1H1 2,1H2
B1 = ; B2 = B : Teslas;H:A.v/m
5,000 +H1 2.000 +H2
 Magnetic circuits and energy conversion87

0.2 m 0.4 m
I

N =140 turns
S=15cm2

Figure P.1.7.

Calculate the intensity I that must flow through the coil to produce a flux
of 1.5· 10−4Wb, if the section is uniform and measures 15 cm2.
[Resp.: 1 A.]
1.9.A homogeneous magnetic structure has an average magnetic length equal to
50 cm; and it has a uniform section of 10 cm2If the coil has 100 turns and the
The magnetization curve is expressed by:
15H
B= B : Teslas;H:A.v/m
100 +H
When a current of 0.1 A flows through the coil, the value of the coefficient is requested.
self-induction calculated by the following three procedures: ) Using the a
formula: L = N dJ/di.b) Using the L =expression:
N J/i. c) Calculating the energy
magnetic stored using the expression (1.54) and equating to 1/2Li2.
[Resp.: a) 2,08 H;b) 2,5 H;c) 2,34 H.
]
1.10.A coil with an iron core has 500 turns, its resistance is negligible.
The core section is uniform and measures 25 cm.2, being the magnetic longitude
media equal to 80 cm. The magnetization curve of the material is:
2H
B= B : Teslas;H:A.v/m
150 +H
If the applied voltage is alternating and 220 V effective and the frequency is 50 Hz,
calculate:a ) Equivalent circuit of the coil. b) Excitation current.
NOTE: S and knows, po r la inf orm a p tier rwhatrcoina da por the constructorthat a
the a s in the nucleus are 5W/kg. The specific weight
la tension nom ina l de 220V la with arfoot
a l a 7,8 k g/dm3.
m a ria it is equal
f ico of you
[Resp.: a ) RF=e 620.5L;Xk= 1.972L; b) 0.372 A.]
1.11.A coil with an iron core absorbs a current of 0.5 A when a
sinusoidal tension of 220 V effective at its terminals. If the absorbed power was 30
W, deduce the equivalent circuit of the coil.
[Resp.:RF =e 1,617.64L;Xk= 457.38L.]

[Link] ungrounding consists of a hollow cylindrical fixed armature and a shaft

cylindrical, arranged as indicated in Figure P.1.8. Assuming that the reluctance
88Electric machines

the iron is negligible compared to that of the gap, and that the stem-armature union
it shows a negligible gap compared to the main gap, calculate: ) The a
Stored energy in the air gap in joules sie= 1 cm; the surface of the air gap-
the diameter is 0.8 cm2and the excitation current is 1 A of d.c. b) Magnetic force
in the previous case.

Stem
Bobbin
e
F

Armor N=1000 turns

Figure P.1.8.

[Resp.:a) 5· 10−3joules; b) 0.497 Newton.]

[Link] magnetic core of Figure P.1.9 has a square cross-section of
3×3 cm. The air gap = 5 xmm. The coil has 250 turns and a resistance
from 11L. The f.m.m. that iron needs is negligible. Calculate the energy soul-
suspended in the gap and the total force acting on the framework when it
apply 220 V DC to the coil

x5mm

fx
i Φ
250 turns
220V Mobile armor
R=11Ω
S=9cm2

Fixed armor

Figure P.1.9.

[Resp.: 2,82 julios; 565,8 N.]

[Link] magnetic structure of Figure P.1.10 has a relative permeability
kr= 100; the average magnetic path length is equal to 1 m in iron. The
the cross-sectional area is 100 cm 2The total length of the air gap (two
The gap is 0.2 cm. The flow in the gap is 4· 10−3Wb and its meaning is the
indicated in the figure. Coil A has 1,000 turns and coil B has N spirals, circuits
landing both coils with a direct current of 6 A.
{"a":"Determine the number of turns of coil B.","b":"Calculate the force."}
What attracts the mobile armor? c) If a coil is placed as indicated in the
Figure P.1.10, what will the reading of the voltmeter be? 1) If the supply current
it is of c.c. 2) If the power supply current is sinusoidal and of such magnitude that
produce the same effective flux value in the air gap. The frequency is 50 Hz.
 Magnetic circuits and energy conversion89

NO T A: S it is supposed that pa ra resol v er theapartado. c)el entrHeyrrit isto thebyerto.

[Resp.: a) 363 espiras.b) 130 kg.c) 0 volt., 1,25 V.]

6A Φ

A
1000 turns V
B

6A
Figure P.1.10

[Link] an expression for the force on the sliding block A in Figure P.1.11.
Disregard the reluctance of the iron. The coils are powered with direct current and the
parameters are:
N1= 200 ; N2= 100 ;i l= 10 A ;i 2=15 A ; x = 3 mm ; a = 10 mm ;s= 10 cm 2
[Resp.: 250.4 N to the left.]

x a-x

I1 A

Between iron N2
N1 despicable

I2

Figure P.1.11.

[Link] inductances of an electromagnetic device shown in Figure P.1.12 are:

Laa = L1 + L2cos 2h;LbbL2cos =2h;L aLmcosh;
L1 − 2 =
Lb2 = Lmyouh;LaL2youb 2h;L
= 22constant
If the rotor moves at an angular velocity L=u, being defined its position
by the expressionh =Lt+dCalculate the expression of the torque produced if the currents
they are in the form:

iaImcosut ; ibImyouut;i2 I2
[Resp.: T =−I
2
L2myou 2d−LmImI2youd.]
90Electric machines

Electromagnetic
Ejedelestátor
b of the rotor

iaIm cosωt
θ
a Ωt
Ω
v2 δ
b i2 b´
va Ejedelestátor
a
θ=0

a´
ib=Im youωt vb

Figure P.1.12.

[Link] the system in Figure 1.50 of the chapter, the values of the inductances are:
L11= 5 + 2 cos 2h ;L22= 3 + cos 2h;L12= 10 cosh
if the windings are supplied with direct currents of values:1= 1 A;i2= 0.5 A.
Calculate:aStored magnetic energy as a function ofhb) For mechanical unloading
rolled up based onh.
[Resp.: ma=) W
2.875 + 1.125 cos 2h+ 5 coshb) T -2.25 sin 2h-5 centsh.]
[Link] electromagnetic device shown in Figure 1.50 of the chapter has a
maximum and minimum inductance in the rotor winding of 0.6 H and 0.3 H, respectively
mind, and the maximum and minimum values of the corresponding inductance of the ...
The inductances are 1 H and 0.5 H, respectively. The maximum mutual inductance is 0.7 H.
Both windings carry a constant current of ∂2 [Link] the
for whenh45°.b) If the rotor moves slowly fromh= 90° untilh= 0°
calculate: 1) mechanical work done, 2) change in stored magnetic energy
nothing, 3) electrical input. c) If the rotor spins at a speed of 100 rad/s, calculate the
f.e.m.s.e1ye2produced in the coils whenh= 45°.
[Resp.:a)−1,79 N.m.;b) 1) 2,2 Julios, 2) 2,2 Julios, 3) 4,4 Julios; c) +140,71 V,
+112.43 V.]
[Link] electric machine has a cylindrical shape both in the structure of the stator and
in the rotor. The values of the inductances are:
L11(estátor) = 0,1 [H] ;L22(rotor) = 0,04 [H] ;L12= 0.05 cosh[H]
wherehexpress the angle formed by the axes of both [Link] the machine
it rotates at a speed of 200 rad/s and a current flows through one of the windings
10 turns 200t, what will be the maximum (peak) induced emf in the other coil?
b) Suppose that the windings are connected in series and a current flows through them.
10 cents 200t. At what rotor speeds will the machine develop an average torque?
c) What is the maximum value of the average pair that can be obtained in the case b)?
N OTA : Despreci a r las rexistenceais electricricaof the devanatwo.
[Resp.: a) 100 V;b) 0; u2= 2· 200 = 400 rad/s; c) 1.25 N.m.]
 Magnetic circuits and energy conversion91

[Link] electric machine with magnetic projections both in the stator and in the rotor.
it has the following inductances:
L11(stator) = 0.75 + 0.35 cos 2hHenrios ;L(rotor)
22 = 0.5 + 0.2 cos 2hHenrios
L 12(stator-rotor) = 0.8 coshHenrios
The resistances of the windings are negligible. If through the winding of the ...
there circulates a current1(t) = ∂2 sin 314t, and the rotor is short-circuited, calculate
the current2that will circulate through the rotor and the resulting torque, whenh= 135°.
[Resp.:i2(t) = 1.6 sin 314t; T = 0.034 (cos 628t - 1).]

Biographies
BARKHAUSENHeinrich (1881-1956). German physicist. Professor of Communications at the University
City of Dresden (1911). His greatest contribution to physics relates to the magnetization of iron.
By subjecting iron to a continuously increasing magnetic field, its magnetization increases.
jumps in bursts, rather than continuously. These jumps are accompanied by sounds that, beforehand
amplified, they can be heard on a speaker, like a series of clicks. Estee fecto Bark-
haUsense finally explained, upon becoming known that iron is made up of areas or
domains, in which the spins are aligned; the alignment of the areas causes frictions
among them; causing the clicks that can be heard from the speaker.
BELLAlexander Graham (1847-1922). English-American physicist. Studied in London and later
In Canada, he was perfecting the teaching system for the deaf and mute invented by his father.
He was appointed professor of vocal physiology in Boston (1872). He became interested in production
sound mechanics, basing his work on Helmholtz's theories. He later invented, in 1876, the
telephone, requesting the corresponding patent on the same day as Elisha Gray. He also improved the
Edison's phonograph; he invented the induction balance, became interested in aeronautics and conducted experiments.
mentos in relation to air conditioning. He did not neglect his studies at any moment.
logical, especially in relation to the education of the deaf-mutes.
BEARNiels Henrik David (1885-1962). Danish physicist. Studied at the University of Copenhagen and
he expanded his studies in Cambridge, where he worked with Rutherford. In 1916, he was appointed professor of
Physics in Copenhagen. Based on Rutherford's theories and Planck's quantum theory,
demonstrated a model of the hydrogen atom that explained the spectral lines discovered by
Fraunhofer and the regularities described by Balmer. The model created by Bohr was completed by
Sommerfeld considering the orbits of electrons in an elliptical shape. Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1922. In 1943, during World War II, he moved to the United States to avoid
being imprisoned by the Germans; worked on the atomic bomb project in Los Alamos
until 1945. Bohr worked tirelessly in favor of the development of atomic energy for use
peaceful.
FOUCAULT,Jean Bernard Léon (1819-1868). French physicist. Studied Medicine until earning his doctorate.
but he abandoned this career to dedicate himself exclusively to the physical sciences and, above all, to the
optics (working with Armand Fizau). His experiments are important for determining the speed of
light dad, demonstrating that the speed in air is much greater than in water. The name of
Foucault is most often associated with a series of spectacular experiments that started
in 1851 to study the rotation movement of the Earth with the help of the pendulum.
FROELICHOskar (1843-1909). Swiss electrical engineer. He studied in Bern and Königsberg. He worked
as an engineer at the Siemens and Halske House (1873). In 1902, he was appointed professor of metallurgy.
practical and electrochemistry of the Charlottenburg Industrial School. Published several