Solved exercises

Below are various exercises about functions

logarithmic. You must take into account how some of the
properties in cases where they appear displaced.
Exercise 1
Graphically represent and state the properties of the function f whose
equation esf(x) = log2(x + 1) - 1.
Solution:
To graphically represent this function:
1. Determine its vertical asymptote: x = -1.
The vertical asymptote passes through the value that makes zero to the
argument, in this case - 1.
2. Calculate its zero:
log2(x + 1) - 1 = 0 (Set the equation to zero)
log2(x + 1) = 1 (Transpose the - 1)
x + 1 = 21(You apply the definition of a logarithm)

x = 1 (Isolate x)
3. You find the intercept of the graph with the 'y' axis:
y = log2(0 + 1) - 1 (You substitute for zero in the equation)
y = log21 - 1 (You perform the indicated calculations)
y=0-1
y = -1
You draw the vertical asymptote, locate the found points on the coordinate system and
draw the curve.
Properties:
Domain: .
The projection of its graph
covers the x-axis to the
right of – 1).
To find the domain,
analytically, you pose and
you solve theinequationx +
1 > 0, then, x > -1. The -
1not included, since it is the
value that makes zero to
argument.
Image: . (The
projection of your graph
covers the entire 'y' axis
Zerox01. (The graph
cuts the x-axis at the point
(1 ; 0))
Monotony:Increasing in
all your domain. (The graph
ascends from left to
right)
Signs:
opositivefor x > 1.
(The graph is for
above the axis 'x' to the
right of zero
o negativefor - 1 < x <
1. (The graph is for
below the x-axis
between the asymptote and the
zero. None of the
of the values is included)
Parity:It is neither even nor
 Impair. (The graph is not
symmetric)
Injectivity:It is injective.
(By drawing lines parallel to the
axis 'x', intersects the graph at
a single point
Equation of the A.V.:x = -
1. The line intersects the axis of
the coordinates at -1).
Exercise 2
Graphically represent and state the properties of the function whose
equation esg(x) = log2(x - 4).
Solution:
To graphically represent this function:
1. Determine its vertical asymptote: x = 4.
The vertical asymptote passes through the value that makes it zero.
argument, in this case 4.
2. Calculate its zero:
log2(x - 4) = 0 (You set the equation to zero)
x - 4 = 20You apply the definition of logarithm
x - 4 = 1 (You calculate the power)
x = 5(Solve for x)
3. Find the intercept of the graph with the 'y' axis:
y = log2(0 – 4) (You substitute zero in the equation)
y = log2(– 4) It cannot be calculated, since the argument of
Logarithm cannot be negative.
The graph does not intersect the 'y' axis.

You trace the vertical asymptote, locate the points found in the coordinate system and
you trace the curve.
Properties:
Domain: .
The projection of its graph
covers the axis of thexto the
right of 4).
To find the domain,
analytically, you pose and
you solve theinequality:x –
4 > 0, then, x > 4. The 4no
is included, since it is the value
what makes zero to the argument.

Image: . (The
projection of your graph
covers the entire "y" axis
Zerox0= 5. (The graph
cuts the x-axis at the point
(5 ; 0))
Monotony:Rising in
all its domain. (The graph
ascend from left to
right)
Signs:
o positivefor x > 5.
(The graph is about
above the axis 'x' at the
right of zero)
onegativefor 4<x<
5. (The graph is for
below the x axis
between the asymptote and the
zero. None of the
includes two values
Parity:It is neither even nor
Impair. (The graph is not
 symmetric)
Injectivity:It is injective.
(When drawing lines parallel to
The "x" axis intersects the graph at
a single point
Equation of the A.V.:x = 4.
(The line intersects the axis of the
abscissas in 4).
Exercise 3
Graphically represent and state the properties of the function whose

equation ish(x) = .
Solution:
To graphically represent this function:
1. You determine its vertical asymptote: x = -3.
The vertical asymptote passes through the value that makes it zero.
argument, in this case – 3.
2. Calculate its zero:

(You set the equation to zero)

(Transpose the 1)

(You apply the definition of logarithm)

x + 3 = 3 (Calculate the power)
x = 0 (Solve for x)

3. Find the intercept of the graph with the y-axis:

(You replace x with zero in the equation)

. (Realizas los cálculos indicados)

 y = -1 + 1
y=0
You trace the vertical asymptote, locate the points found in the coordinate system and
you draw the curve.

Properties:
Domain: .
(The projection of its graph
covers the axis of the xto the
to the right of - 3).

To find the domain,

analytically, you pose and
you solve itinequality: x +
3 is greater than 0, then,x > – 3. The -
3not included, since it is the
value that makes zero to the
argument.
Image: . (The
projection of its graph
covers the entire axisy)

Zerox0= 0. (The graph

cut to the axisxat the point
(0 ; 0))
Monotony:Decreasing in
all its domain. (The graph
descend from left to
right)
Signs:
onegativefor x > 0.
(The graph is for
below the axisxto the
right of zero
opositivefor -3<x<
0. (The graph is by
 on top del
axisxbetween the
asymptote and zero.
Neither of the two
included values
Parity:It is neither even nor
odd. (The graph is not
symmetric)
Injectivity:It is injective.
(By drawing lines parallel to the
axisxthey cut the graph
at a single point
Equation of the A.V.:x = −
3. (The line intersects the axis of
the abscissas at -3).
Exercise 4

In the coordinate system

the graphic representation appears
of a function of the
shape .

4.1. Select the correct answer in each case.

a) The equation of the function is:

___

___

___

___
Solution to item a):
 The equation of the function .
Since the asymptote passes through -3, the value of a is its opposite, or
sea,a= 3.
To find the value you must substitute the point in the equation
of coordinates (-1; 0), obtained from the given graph, and the value
Yes, to solve the equation obtained as a function of deb.

0=1+b
b = -1.
Keep in mind that you must calculate the value of the parameter b.
taking a point from the graph, in this case it was the zero of the
function. It was not obtained directly as the parameter.
Another solution path may be to substitute the pair (– 1 ; 0) in the
equations, let's see which one satisfies.
b) The image set of the function is:

___

___

___

___
Solution of item b):

The image set of the function .

The projection of the graph covers the entire "y" axis.
c) From the function, it can be affirmed that:

___ is negative for .

___ is neither even nor odd.

___ Does not cut the y-axis.

___ has no inverse.

Solution of section c):
 From the function, it can be stated that it is neither even nor odd.

The graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin of the coordinates, nor
to the axis 'y'.

The other options are not correct, since:

o In the signs, the interval must be open, not included.
neither the value where the asymptote passes, nor the zero.

oThe graph intersects the 'y' axis as can be seen in the

figure, only that the y-coordinate is a decimal number.
oLogarithmic functions are injective, therefore they have
inverse.
[Link] true (T) or false (F) as appropriate. Argue.
those that are false.
a)___ The function is monotonically increasing.

b)___ The function is positive for x > -1.

c)___ The function has a minimum value.
d)___ The pair (5; 3) belongs to the function.
e)___ The most restricted set to which the number belongs
it is obtained by calculating t(-4) is Q+.

Solution of 4.2:
a) V. (From left to right, the graph rises).
b) V. (The graph is above the "x" axis to its right and does not
include zero in the answer.
c) F. The graph is unbounded downward, approaching the asymptote.
but it never gets to touch it.
d) F. When the abscissa is replaced in the equation by 5, the
the order obtained is 2, not 3.
e) V. (When substituting -4 into the equation it results in t(-4) =
log21 - 1 = 0 - 1 = -1, which is a negative number).

Exercise 5
Let the function f be defined by the equation f(x) = log3(x + 9) – 3.

Fill in the blanks.

a) The domain of the function f is ________________.
 b) The negative function for _________________.
c) The graph intersects the y-axis at y = _______.
d) The function is monotonic ______________.
e) For the pair (x0; – 1) belongs to the function f, the value of
x0it must be ______.
Solution:

a) The domain of the function fes .

Remember that the argument has to be positive.
x + 9 > 0, therefore, x > -9.
b) The function is negative for -9 < x < 18.
To answer this item, you must calculate the zero of the function.
The graph is below the 'x' axis between the asymptote and zero.
c) The graph intersects the y-axis at y = -1.
By substituting the x-coordinate with 0 in the equation, the value is obtained
indicated.
d) The function is monotonically increasing.

It is increasing, since its base is greater than 1.

e) For the pair (x01) belong to the function f, the value of

x0it must be 0.
You substitute the ordinate in the equation with -1 and solve it.
obtained logarithmic equation.
-1 = log3(x + 9) - 3
- 1 + 3 = log3(x + 9)
2 = log3(x + 9)
32= x + 9
9=x+9
x = 0.
Exercise 6
In the coordinate system
the graphic representation appears
of a function of the form
f(x) = log5(x + a) + bwith
domain .

a) Write its equation.

b) Determine the image set.
c) Analyze its sign.
d) Find its maximum value.
Solution of item a: Write its equation.
From the graph, it is obtained that a = 1.

To find the value of deb, you substitute the point with coordinates (4 ;
0) given in the graph and solve the obtained equation:
0 = log5(4 + 1) + b
0 = log55 + b
0=1+b
b = -1.
R/The equation of the function esf(x) = log5(x + 1) - 1.
Solution of item b): Determine the image set.
To find the image set, you must analyze the projection of the
graph on the "y" axis. In this case, it projects from -∞ to
0. then, the image set is .
Solution of item c) Analyze its sign.
The graph is below the 'x' axis, that is, it is negative for -1.
< x < 4.
Solution to part d) Find its maximum value.
In this case, the function has a maximum value y = 0, since the
the largest of the ordinates of its image set is 0.
 Below we show you some exercises on these functions that
They have been evaluated in entrance tests. Since most are
located in the diverse format question, some have been grouped
in the same question.
Exercise 7

[Link] in the blank

white in such a way that it
obtain a proposition
true
The graph corresponds to a
functiongwhose equation is of the
formg(x) = log2(x + a) +
bdefined for .
If the pointsAyBbelong
to
graph ofgso who
the equation is:____________.
Solution:
The equation degesg(x) = log2(x + 1) – 2.
Since the vertical asymptote cuts the 'x' axis at -1, then a =
1(El opuesto del valor que anula el argumento).
To find the value of b, you substitute the coordinates of
any of the given points in the equation:
0 = log2(3 + 1) + b
0 = log24 +b
0=2+b
b = -2.
[Link] with an X the correct answer.

a) In the function f defined for all for the

equation f(x) = log2(x - 1) + 1, it is fulfilled that:
___ the zero defes xo1.
The function is negative for x < 1.5.
 the image set of the function is .
___ the pair (3 ; 2) belongs to the function.
Solution:
The pair (3 ; 2) belongs to the function.
By substituting the equation with 2, it is obtained y = 3.

The other options are not correct because:

oWhen substituting 1 for x in the equation, the argument becomes null.
so that x01 is not zero.
oThe function is below the x-axis for -1 < x < 1.5.
o The image set of logarithmic functions is the set of
real numbers.

b)The chart corresponds to a

functionfdefined in (–3 ; ∞)
for an equation of the form
y = log2(x + a) + bso then
for the valuesaybit is fulfilled
what:
___ a< b
___ a> b
___ a= b
___ a= -3yb= 2.
Solution:
R/For the values a and b it holds that: a > b.

As the asymptote passes through x = -3, then a = 3.

To find b, you substitute the coordinates of either of the
points given in the graph (– 2 ; – 2) or (1 ; 0).
For example for (– 2 ; – 2):
- 2 = log2(– 2 + 3) + b
- 2 = log21 + b
 -2 = 0 + b
b = -2.

c) If the graph shown

corresponds to a function whose
the equation is of the form y = log3(x + b)
+ c, then its equation is:
___ y = log3(x + 2) + 3
___ y = log3(x - 2) + 3
___ y = log3(x + 2) - 3
___ y = log3(x - 2) - 3

Solution:
R/Su equation is y = log3(x + 2) + 3.
This exercise can be solved using one of these three
procedures:
1. Since the vertical asymptote passes through x = -2, then a = 2 and the
the argument of the logarithm in the selected equation must
be (x + 2). Two of the equations are eliminated
proposals.
To verify which of the other one it is, you replace the coordinates of
point given in the graph (–1; 3) in both equations to see at
which of them satisfies.
y = log3(x + 2) + 3
y = log3(– 1 + 2) + 3 (You substitute x for -1)
y = log31 + 3 (You perform the indicated calculations)
y=0+3
y=3
Since the obtained ordinate is equal to that of the selected point,
then satisfy this equation.
From the graph it is deduced that a = 2.

Find the point with coordinates (– 1 ; 3), given in the

graphic.
 3 = log3(– 1 + 2) + b
3 = log31 +b
3=0+b
b = 3.
3. You substitute the coordinates of the given point in the graph (–1;
3) in the four equations to see which one it satisfies.
[Link] true or false. Argue the false ones.

a)___ The graph of the function h defined in for the

equation y = log2(x – 2) + 1 intersects the y-axis.

b)___ The function g defined in by the equation

it is monotonically increasing over its entire domain.

Solution:
a) By substituting 0 for x in the equation, an argument is obtained.
negative.
b) F. Since the base is between 0 and 1, the function is monotonous.
decreasing.