THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
B. Sc. in Electrical & Computer Engineering
ECNG 3030
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Contents
1. General Information ................................................................................................................ 4
2. Lab Learning Outcomes .......................................................................................................... 5
3. Pre-Lab .................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1. Required reading resources ............................................................................................. 5
3.2. Recommended reading resources............................................................................................. 5
3.3. Pre-lab exercise …………………................................................................................... 5
4. In-lab ........................................................................................................................................ 6
4.1 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST................................................................................................... 7
4.2 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ................................................................................................ 8
4.3 LOAD TEST ....................................................................................................................9
5. Post-Lab...................................................................................................................................11
5.1 Results.............................................................................................................................11
5.2 Questions and Calculations............................................................................................. 14
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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
List of figures
Figure 1: Equivalent circuit of a transformer.................................................................................. 6
Figure 2: Diagram showing connections for open circuit test........................................................ 7
Figure 3: Diagram showing connections for short circuit test. ....................................................... 8
Figure 4: Circuit diagram showing connection for load test...........................................................9
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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
ECNG 3030
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Semester I
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Lab #: 1
Name of the Lab:
Single Phase Transformer
Lab Weighting: 5% Estimated total 4
study hours1:
Delivery mode: √ Lecture
√ Online
√ Lab
√ Other
Venue for the Lab: Energy Systems Lab
Lab Dependencies2 The theoretical background to this lab is provided in ECNG 1007/3030
Theoretical content link: [Link]
Recommended To undertake this lab, students should be able to:
prior knowledge • Understand the principle of operation of a transformer
and skills3: • Derive the equivalent circuit of a transformer
Course Staff Position/Role E-mail Phone Office Office
Hours
Mr. Andrew Lecturer [Link]@[Link] Ext Pwr Sim -
Balgobin 82676 Lab
Mr. Andrew Lab [Link]@[Link] Ext Pwr Sim -
Balgobin Coordinator 82676 Lab
1
Estimate includes teaching time, study time, and student preparation time for classes and labs.
2
Include any Co-requisites, Post-requisites, or Forbidden course /lab combinations with respective code (C/P/F).
3
Lecturers can state lab input requirements in terms of student behaviours.
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
2. LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon successful completion of the lab assignment, students will be able to: Cognitive
Level
Understand the use of the open circuit and short circuit test 3
Determine the regulation of the transformer at various loads 3
Determine the efficiency of the transformer at various loads 3
3. PRE-LAB
Due Date: The beginning of the lab cycle (verify on Turnitin portal)
Submission Procedure: The beginning
Quiz of the laboncycle
must be completed (confirmby
myelearning on8:00
Myelearning)
AM before
In-lab is performed
The beginning of the lab cycle (confirm on Myelearning)
Estimated time of 1 hr.
completion:
3.1. Required reading resources
• ECNG 2000 Class notes
• Single Phase Transformer Lab Video
3.2. Pre-lab exercise
• Single Phase Transformers MATLAB Simulation Exercise (optional)
• Single Phase Transformers Pre-lab - myeLearning quiz (must attempt until all questions are
correct)
3.3. Recommended reading resources
• Basic Electric Machines - Del Toro page 51
• Electric Machines & Power Systems - Del Toro page 51
• Electric Machinery - Fitzgerald & Kingsley page 24
• Electric Machines and their Applications - Hindmarsh page 131
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
4. IN-LAB
Allotted Completion
Time: 3hrs.
Required lab All provided
Equipment:
The open circuit and the short circuit test are carried out to determine the equivalent circuit of the transformer.
The open circuit test is used to determine the core loss resistance, Ro and the magnetizing reactance, Xm.
The short circuit test is used to determine the equivalent resistance, Req and the leakage reactance, Xeq.
IIN I1 Req Xeq I2
INL a : 1
IO IM
Vout
Vin RO Xm E1 E2
Figure 1: Equivalent circuit of a transformer
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
4.1 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
Figure 2: Diagram showing connections for open circuit test
4.1.1 Using the circuit diagram above, connect the circuit for the open circuit test.
Use a low power factor wattmeter.
Do not energize the circuit until the demonstrator checks the circuit and permission
is given to energize.
4.1.2 Slowly vary the voltage applied to the primary side from 80V in increasing steps of 10V
to 125% of the rated voltage i.e. 150V. (include a reading at rated voltage)
4.1.3 Record the readings on the meters at these various values of voltage in Table 1 of the
Post lab section.
NB. Take note of the multiplication factor of the wattmeter. For best accuracy, ensure that
the readings from the meters are in the middle 20-80% of the meter’s scale.
4.1.4 De-energize the circuit.
When de-energizing the circuit, always turn off the main breaker first, then reset all
settings on the variac etc.
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
4.2 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
Current
PHASE Coil IIN I1 Req Xeq I2
A
Wattmeter
CIRCUIT
INL= 0 a:1
SHORT
IO
Single
V IM
Voltage
RO
Coil
Phase V1 E1 E2
AC Xm A
Variac
Figure 3: Diagram showing connections for short circuit test
4.2.1 Change the scale on the voltmeter to the 15V rating.
4.2.2 Using the circuit diagram above, connect the circuit for the short circuit test.
Do not energize the circuit until the demonstrator checks the circuit and permission
is given to energize.
4.2.3 Slowly and carefully vary the voltage applied to the primary side so that a short
circuit current from 2A in increasing steps up to approximately 120% of the rated
current i.e. 9A flows. (include a reading at rated current)
4.2.4 Record the readings on the meters at these various values of current in Table 2 of the Post
lab. (Take note of the multiplication factor of the wattmeter as you change scales)
4.2.5 De-energize the circuit.
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
4.3 LOAD TEST
The open circuit test and the short circuit test are two extreme tests. In these test either no
current flows to a load or a maximum current flows into the load.
LINE
Current
Coil
IIN I1 Req Xeq I2
A A
Wattmeter
INL a:1
IO
Single IM
V
Voltage
Phase RO
Coil
Load
V1 Xm E1 E2 V2
AC Variac
Figure 4: Diagram showing connections for short circuit test
In the load test the transformer is exposed to normal working conditions. In this test you are
required to calculate the efficiency of the transformer and regulation. You will also be expected to
compare how the results from the load test compare with the theoretical values, calculated from the
equivalent circuit developed.
4.3.1 Using the circuit diagram above, connect the circuit for the load test.
NB. The low power factor wattmeter must be replaced with a unity power factor
wattmeter.
Do not energize the circuit until the demonstrator checks the circuit and permission
is given to energize.
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
4.3.2 With the primary side maintained at rated voltage, load the transformer (by switching load
bank) up to approximately 100% of the full load current.
4.3.3 Record the results for each number of switches in Table 3 of the Post lab. (Take note of
the multiplication factor of the wattmeter as you change scales)
4.3.4 De-energize the circuit, disconnect the circuit and return leads.
End of In-Lab
Single Phase Transformers
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
5 POST-LAB
Due Date: Two (2) weeks after the In-Lab Exercise
Submission Upload to myelearning submission portal by 10:00PM
Procedure:
Deliverables: ➢ Cover page
➢ Signed Plagiarism Form
➢ Typewritten responses to the postlab questions ONLY (15 pages)
➢ Scan of signed results from lab session (in pen)
➢ Converted to PDF format
➢ Appropriately named, ID#_CourseCode_CourseWork_Year
ID #:
5.1 Results
Table 1: Open Circuit Test Results
Reading No VOC / Volts IOC / amps POC / watts
1 80
2 90
3 100
4 110
5 120
6 130
7 140
8 150
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
Table 2: Short Circuit Test Results
Reading No VSC / volts I1_SC / amps I2_SC /amps PSC / watts
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
7 8.3
8 9
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
Table 3: Load Test Results
Reading No V1 / volts I1 / amps P1 / watts V2 / volts I2 / amps
1 120
2 120
3 120
4 120
5 120
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LAB #1: Single Phase Transformers
5.2 Questions and Calculations
Estimated time of completion: 3 hrs.
5.2.1 Using the results obtained from the open and short circuit tests, plot the open circuit and the
short circuit characteristics (voltage vs current). Explain the nature of both graphs.
[10 marks]
5.2.2 Using the results obtained from the open and short circuit tests, determine the parameters of
the equivalent circuit with respect to the primary side. [12 marks]
5.2.3 Draw the equivalent circuit with all calculated parameters included. [6 marks]
5.2.4 Using the proper transformation, determine the equivalent circuit with respect to the
secondary side. Draw the circuit with all calculated parameters included. [8 marks]
5.2.5 Using the ratings and the calculated parameters of the transformer, determine the regulation at:
(a) Full load at unity power factor [4 marks]
(b) ¼ full load, 0.7 power factor lag [6 marks]
(c) ½ full load, 0.8 power factor lead [6 marks]
5.2.6 Using the ratings and the calculated parameters of the transformer, determine the efficiency at:
(a) Full load, unity power factor [4 marks]
(b) ½ full load, 0.7 power factor lag [6 marks]
(c) ¾ full load, 0.8 power factor lead [6 marks]
5.2.7 Using the results from the load test plot the regulation characteristics (regulation vs load
current). [4 marks]
5.2.8 Using the results from the load test plot the efficiency characteristics (efficiency vs load
current). [4 marks]
5.2.9 Explain the nature of the regulation and the efficiency characteristic graphs plotted.
[6 marks]
5.2.10 Calculate the maximum efficiency and the load at which it occurs. [8 marks]
*Plots can be done by hand or using any software that can obtain a best fit line and smooth curve
Total: 90 marks
Updated by A. Balgobin 02/08/2025
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