Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
Design and Analysis of Experiments
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION STA 33101
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION By RB Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural resources (LUANAR)
TOPIC DE- Basic Sciences Department
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION August 8, 2025
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 1 of 24
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
3. Types of Experimental Designs
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
1 Completely randomized Design (CRD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 2 of 24
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 3. Types of Experimental Designs
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
1 Completely randomized Design (CRD)
SCRIPTION
2 Randomized Complete blocks Design(RCBD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 3 of 24
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE- 3. Types of Experimental Designs
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 1 Completely randomized Design (CRD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 2 Randomized Complete blocks Design (RCBD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
3 Latin squares Design (LSD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 4 of 24
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
3. Types of Experimental Designs
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
1 Completely randomized Design (CRD)
TOPIC DE- 2 Randomized Complete blocks Design (RCBD)
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
3 Latin squares Design (LSD)
SCRIPTION
4 Graeco-latin square Design (GLSD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 5 of 24
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
3. Types of Experimental Designs
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
1 Completely randomized Design (CRD)
SCRIPTION
2 Randomized Complete blocks Design(RCBD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 3 Latin squares Design (LSD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 4 Graeco-latin square Design (GLSD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
5 Split plot Design (SPD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 6 of 24
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta 3. Types of Experimental Designs
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 1 Completely randomized Design (CRD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 2 Randomized Complete blocks Design (RCBD)
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
3 Latin squares Design (LSD)
TOPIC DE- 4 Graeco-latin square Design (GLSD)
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
5 Split plot Design (SPD)
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
6 Incomplete Block designs (IBD)
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 7 of 24
Completely randomized Design (CRD)
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
Completely randomized Design (CRD)
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
Objectives
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION Completely Randomised Design
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION Layout of Completely Randomised Design
TOPIC DE- Statistical Analysis of Completely Randomised Design
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE- Least Square Estimates of Effects
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
Variance of the Estimates
SCRIPTION
Expectation of Sum of Squares
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 8 of 24
Completely randomized Design (CRD)
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
Description
Suppose we have k treatments under comparison and the
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION i th treatment is to be replicated ni times for i = 1, 2, ..., k,
TOPIC DE- then the total number of units required for k the design
SCRIPTION
Xk
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION are n = ni .
TOPIC DE- i=1
SCRIPTION
We allocate the k treatments completely at random to n
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION units such that i th treatment appears ni times in the
TOPIC DE- experiment.
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 9 of 24
Layout of Completely Randomised Design
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
The term layout refers to the allocation of different
Chipeta treatment to the experimental units.
TOPIC DE- Treatments are allocated completely at random to the
SCRIPTION
different experimental units.
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION Every experimental unit has the same chance of receiving
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
a particular treatment.
TOPIC DE- Example:
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
Suppose we want to test the effect of three pain relieving
SCRIPTION drugs A, B and C on twelve patients.
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
The drugs A, B and C are treatments
The twelve patients are the experimental units
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 10 of 24
Statistical Analysis of Completely Randomised
Design
Design and
Analysis of The general equation of a CRD is:
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB yij = µ + αi + eij i = 1, 2, 3, ..., k; j = 1, 2, 3, ..., ni
Chipeta
Where:
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION yij is the dependent or response from
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
the jth unit receiving the ith treatment,
TOPIC DE- µ is the general mean effect,
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
αi is the effect due to the ith treatment
SCRIPTION
The analysis of model given in equation
TOPIC DE- XX
SCRIPTION yij = y.. = G =Grand total of the n observations,
TOPIC DE- i j
SCRIPTION ni
X
Completely
randomized
yi. = Ti. = = Total response in the units receiving the ith
Design (CRD)
j=1
Completely treatment,
randomized 11 of 24
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 12 of 24
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 13 of 24
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 14 of 24
Expectation of Sum of Squares
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
The method of analysis of completely randomised design
Completely
would be similar to one way ANOVA, which has been
randomized
Design (CRD)
illustrated below with the following example
Completely
randomized 15 of 24
Example
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
A person wanted to purchase a lot of electric drills. He got
By RB
Chipeta quotations from five manufacturers. For the selection, he
wanted to conduct an experiment to estimate the time taken
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION by each making a hole in a metallic sheet. As the sheet might
TOPIC DE- not be uniform all over in respect of thickness and hardness, he
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
marked 20 places on the sheet and applied four drills from each
SCRIPTION concern in 4 randomly selected places to make holes. The time
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
for making each hole was recorded and these formed the
TOPIC DE-
observations. The observations in seconds are shown below in
SCRIPTION brackets along with marks of the drills denoted by
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 and D5 . Conduct the experiment by adopting a
Completely completely randomised design.
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 16 of 24
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 17 of 24
Solution:
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION The analysis of the given design is done by one-way analysis of
TOPIC DE- variance method. The data is analysed and computation results
SCRIPTION
are given as below:
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION The totals of time records for 4 holes by each of the different
TOPIC DE- makes are denoted by T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 are shown below.
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 18 of 24
Solution Continue:......
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 19 of 24
Solution Continue:......
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 20 of 24
Solution Continue:......
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 21 of 24
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
NB: If FT > Fα,(k−1),(n−k) then H0 is rejected and we conclude
TOPIC DE- that treatments differ significantly.
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
From the example above: Use the table in the index of the
SCRIPTION book of Wackerly D. Page 852
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
FT = 12.75
Fα,(k−1),(n−k) = F0.05,4,15 = 3.06
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION ∴ FT > Fα,(k−1),(n−k) So we reject and we conclude that
TOPIC DE- treatments differ significantly.
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 22 of 24
Advantages of CRD
Design and
Analysis of 1 In this design any number of treatments and replications
Experiments
STA 33101 can be used. There may be different number of
By RB replications for different treatments.
Chipeta
2 Analysis is simple and easy even if the number of
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
replication is unequal for each treatment. In such case
TOPIC DE- experimental error will differ from treatment to treatment.
SCRIPTION
3 If some of the observations are missing or destroyed or not
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION available due to some reasons, the analysis can be done
TOPIC DE- without any problem.
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
4 It provides large degree of freedom for error sum of
SCRIPTION
squares. This increases the sensitivity of the experiment.
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION 5 In CRD there is no condition on the number of replication
Completely
randomized
of the treatments, they can be increased or decreased
Design (CRD) according to the need of the experimenter. Thus, the
Completely
randomized
design is flexible.
23 of 24
Disadvantages of CRD
Design and
Analysis of
Experiments
STA 33101
By RB
Chipeta
TOPIC DE- 1 The main disadvantage of CRD is that the principle of
SCRIPTION
local control has not been used in this design. Due to this
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION fact, the experimental error is inflated. This is the main
TOPIC DE- reason for the criticism of CRD.
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
2 In agricultural experiments, the design is seldom used
SCRIPTION
because the experimental material is not homogenous.
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
TOPIC DE-
SCRIPTION
Completely
randomized
Design (CRD)
Completely
randomized 24 of 24