What is Wood?

• Wood is a hard and fibrous

substance which forms a
major part of the trunk and
branches of a tree.
• It can also be defined as a
natural polymeric material
which practically does not
age.

Timber
“Wood prepared for use in building and carpentry”

Timber is used for Engineering

Activities is derived from Trees that
are generally of two types:

1. Exogenous Trees
A. Conifer Trees (Soft wood Trees)
{Chir, deodar, Pine spruce}
B. Deciduous Trees(Hard Wood Trees)
{Sal, teak, oak, babul}
2. Endogenous Trees (Bamboo,
Cane, Palm)
Classification on the basis of Durability
Test specimens of size 600 × 50 × 50 mm are buried in the
ground to half their lengths and their condition is noted
form time to time
1. High durability: If the average life
is more than 10 years.
2. Moderate durability: If the average
life is 5-10 years.
3. Low durability: If the average life is
less than 5 years.

Classification on the basis of Modulus of Elasticity

• Group A: Modulus of elasticity
in bending above 12.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• Group B: Modulus of elasticity
in bending above 9.8 𝑘𝑁/
𝑚𝑚2 and below 12.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• Group C: Modulus of elasticity
in bending above 5.6 𝑘𝑁/
𝑚𝑚2 and below 9.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Classification on the basis of Availability

• X—Most common,
X 1415 𝑚3 or more per year

Y • Y—Common, 355 𝑚3 to
1415 𝑚3 per year

Z • Z—Less common, below

355 𝑚3 per year
*Based upon the figures given by the forest departments.
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
 Classification on the basis of Position

1. Standing Timber 2. Rough Timber: 3. Converted Timber or

-A living tree. -It is a part of felled tree Lumber:
-Logs of timber sawn into
planks, posts, etc

Trees
1. Exogenous Trees
a) These are the trees that grow in bulk by
increasing in outward direction
b) These trees never shed their leaves until
new ones are grown- EVERGREEN TREES
(Conifer Trees)
c) These trees bear Coned shaped fruits hence
this class of trees is known as Conifer Trees
d) These Trees consist of Circular rings along
their horizontal section that is added up
each year hence is termed as Annular Rings,
which is helpful in finding age of tree

Trees
1. Exogenous Trees
• The wood used for engineering
purposes is mostly derived from these
trees only
• These are further divided into two
types:

A. Conifer trees (Soft Wood Trees)

▪ These trees possess distinct annular ring
and indistinct medullary rays
▪ Light in weight, color hence soft wood
▪ Example- Chir, Deodar, Pine, Spruce, fir,
kail and larch
Trees
1. Exogenous Trees
B. Deciduous Trees (Hard Wood Trees)
▪ These are also known as BROAD LEAVED
TREES
▪ They shed their leaves in autumn which again
grown back in springs
▪ Wood obtained for these trees is Hard,
strong, non resinous and dark in color
▪ These possess indistinct annular rings and
distinct medullary rays
▪ EXP: Sal, teak, Oak, Babul

Trees
2. Endogenous Trees
• These are the trees which grow in
Bulk in endward direction and
consist of Fibrous marks throughout
their longitudinal section
• Wood obtained from these trees
have limited Engineering
applications
• Example: Bamboo cane, palm tree

Structure of Tree
𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒏

𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒏 : (Branches and Leaves)

𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒌: Trunk consists of 80% of

𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒌 the bulk of wood

𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
Structure of Tree
𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒏

𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒌
𝒙 𝒙

𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔

Pith-> Heart Wood -> Sap Wood-> Cambium Layer-> Inner bark-> Outer bark

Structure of Tree
1. Pith/Medulla:
a) Inner most portion
b) Entirely consists of cellulose (which is used for
nourishment of plant in its young age)
c) As Plant grows into Tree, it decays and does not take any
active part in growth of the tree
2. Heartwood
a) Inner annular ring surrounding the pith constitutes
heartwood
b) It has dark color that represents dead portion of the tree
c) Does not participate in growth of tree but imparts
strength and rigidity to it
d) Wood used for engineering purposes majorly

Structure of Tree
3. Sap Wood (Alburnum):
a) Outer annual rings between Heartwood and
Cambium layer
b) It has light color
c) It plays active role in growth of the tree
4. Cambium Layer
a) It is the Sap being converted to Sapwood, i.e
future growth of the tree is dependent upon
this Cambium Layer only
b) If due to any reason, bark of the tree is
removed exposing the Cambium layer, it can
lead to Scissor of Cells of wood in Cambium
layer, which can finally lead to death of tree
Structure of Tree
5. Medullary Rays:
a) Radial Fibers extending from Pith to
Cambium layer holding the annual rings of
sapwood and heartwood together is
termed as Medullary rays
b) Strength of timber in Transverse direction is
dependent on presence of Medullary rays
6. Bark
a) It is protected covering over the Cambium
layer to safeguard the future growth of the
tree

Growth of Tree
• In spring the roots of the tree suck sap as food from
the soil which reaches the branches and the leaves.
• Sap contains moisture which gets evaporated. It
absorbs carbon from air in presence of sunlight and
becomes denser.
• In autumn, the sap descends and deposits in the form
of a layer below the bark. This layer, referred to as
the cambium layer, hardens and adds a layer of wood
to the outside of tree every year in the form of
concentric rings.
• These annual rings furnish valuable information
regarding the age of the log, the rapidity and the
uniformity of its growth

Processing of Timber

2. Seasoning of 3. Conversion of 4. Preservation

1. Falling of Tree
Tree Timber of Timber
Processing of Timber
1. Falling of Trees
• Should be done at suitable age (optimum
age 50-100yrs)
❖Over Mature: Decayed wood is obtained
❖Under mature: Sap wood is obtained
• Trees should be cut in such a way that
maximum wood is obtained from it. Sawing
is done at section just above the ground
• Sawing should be done in season when
movement of Sap is minimum, hence
avoided in Autumn and Spring when Sap
movement is maximum through the section
of tree

Processing of Timber
1. Falling of Trees
• In hilly areas, cutting should be done in mid
summers as in winter- rain fall occurs
• In Plain areas, cutting should be done in winters as
excessive loss of moisture may take place in
summers
• The best time is midsummer or midwinter, when the
sap is at rest.
• If it is felled, when the sap is vigorous in movement,
the timber decays. If the tree is cut young, it yields
soft wood and if it stands too long, the decay starts

Processing of Timber
2. Seasoning of Trees
Newly fallen trees contain moisture up to 50%,
which needs to be removed before using for any
Engineering activity, this process of drying the
timber to make it fit for Engineering use is called
Seasoning

• Water is present in form of Moisture and Sap

• During seasoning, free water is removed from
tree and point at which it is completely
removed is termed as Fiber Saturation Point
• Seasoning is done upto moisture content of 10-
12%
• Practical limit of moisture content achieved is
15%
 Boiling

Electrical
1. Artificial
Kiln

Seasoning Chemical

Air Seasoning
2. Natural
Water Seasoning

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Processing of Timber
2. Seasoning of Timber
I. Artificial Seasoning
A. Boiling
• Logs of timber are placed in water, temperature
of which is raised upto boiling point and is
maintained for 3-4 hours, then dried naturally
• Increase in temperature->Quick Evaporation-
>Duration of seasoning decreases
• Quickest method of seasoning but costly
B. Electrical Seasoning
• Timber is subjected AC(Alternative Currents), as
wood is bad conductor of electricity, produces
heat, which is utilized in seasoning of timber

Processing of Timber
2. Seasoning of Timber
I. Artificial Seasoning
C. Kiln seasoning
• Logs of timber are placed in air tight chamber
• Fully saturated air is forced into it at temperature of
35-40°C
• Then temperature is increased gradually and does
not result in evaporation, relative humidity is not
reduced, hence uniformly drying the timber
• With kiln drying there is a little loss in strength of
timber, usually less than 10 per cent
D. Chemical seasoning
• Logs are immersed in Solution of salts that increase
rate of evaporation and helps bring down the
duration of seasoning
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
Processing of Timber
2. Seasoning of Timber
II. Natural Seasoning
A. Air Seasoning
• In a shed with a platform of height 300 mm
timber is stacked.
• Care is taken to see that air can circulate
around each timber balk. Moisture content
decreases over a period of time.
B. Water Seasoning
• Logs of Timber are immersed in water stream
such that larger portion is placed upstream
direction of flow
• The sap is replaced by flowing water, flowing
water can be removed in shorter time
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

3. Conversion of Timber
Process of sawing the timber into sections of suitable shape and size
is termed as Conversion of Timber
A. Ordinary
Sawing

B. Quarter
Sawing
Sawing
C. Tangential
Sawing

D. Radial
Sawing

3. Conversion of Timber
A. Ordinary Sawing
✓Wastage is minimum
✓Most Economical
✓Cuts are made tangential to Annular Rings
• Sections are liable to shrink

B. Quarter Sawing
• Cuts are made at right angles to each other
✓Used when annual rings are indistinct
• Sections are liable to bend in transverse
direction Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
3. Conversion of Timber
C. Tangential Sawing
• Cuts are made tangential to the annual
rings that meet each other at right angle
❖Strength obtained in this section is
minimum as medullary rays are also cut
that are used for holding the annual rings
in position
D. Radial Sawing
• Cuts are made parallel to the medullary
rays/ radial directions
• Decorative effect
✓Strongest Section is obtained
❖Wastage is also maximum
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

4. Preservation of Timber

• Preservation is carried out in order to increase

the life of timber structure to make it more
durable and increase its resistance against
attack of fungi, insects, termites, etc.

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

4. Preservation of Timber

A. AsCu Arsenic Copper Treatment:

• Timber is coated with solution of
Arsenic pentoxide, Copper sulphate
and Potassium Dichromate
✓This treatment increases resistance
against attack of white ants.
B. Chemical Salts:
• Copper sulphate, Zinc Chloride,
mercury chloride, Sodium Fluoride
increase the durability of Structure

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

 4. Preservation of Timber

C. Preservation with Coal Tar:

• Hot tar is applied over the surface
✓It increases resistance against fire.

D. Creosote Oil :
• Produced by distillation of tar wood or coal
• Application of creosote oil almost doubles life
of timber
• Process of application is called Creosotic in
which oil at temperature of 50°C, pressure
0.7-1 N/mm2 is applied uniformly over the
timber
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

4. Preservation of Timber

E. Oil Paints/Solignum Paints:

• Oil and solignum paints increase
the resistance to water

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

4. Preservation of Timber
• Boucherie Process:
• Sapwood of almost all green timbers with the bark on and of
bamboos in green condition, soon after felling, can be treated using
any of the inorganic water soluble preservatives by this process.
• The log of wood attached to the hose pipe and connected to the
reservoir containing preservative at an air pressure of 0.1–0.2
N/mm2 on its surface
• Due to hydrostatic pressure, the preservative displaces the sap in the
wood.
• The treatment is stopped when the concentration of preservative at
the lower end of the log is the same as that in the reservoir
 4. Preservation of Timber

•Fuel Cell or Bethel

Process:

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Defects in Timber
• Defects can occur due to:
Seasoning

Natural Resources

Conversion of Timber

Fungi

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Defects in Timber
1. Defect due to Seasoning

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

 Defects in Timber
2. Defect due to Natural Resources
• Checks is a longitudinal crack which is usually
normal to the annual rings. These adversly affect
the durability of timber because they readily
admit moisture and air.
• Shakes are longitudinal separations in the wood
between the annual rings. These lengthwise
separations reduce the allowable shear strength
without much effect on compressive and tensile
values. The separations make the wood
undesirable when appearance is important. Both
the shakes and checks if present near the neutral
plane of a beam they may materially weaken its
resistance to horizontal shear.
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Defects in Timber
2. Defect due to Natural Resources
• Heart Shake occurs due to shrinkage of heart
wood, when tree is overmatured. Cracks start
from pith and run towards sap wood. These
are wider at centre and diminish outwards.
• Cup Shake appears as curved split which
partly or wholly separates annual rings from
one another. It is caused due to excessive
frost action on the sap present in the tree,
especially when the tree is young

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Defects in Timber
2. Defect due to Natural Resources
• Heartshakes and StarShakes: a defect in timber consisting of
shrinkage and separation of tissues across the annual rings usually
along the rays

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Defects in Timber
2. Defect due to Natural Resources/Abnormal Growth

• Cupshakes and Ring shake: defect in timber consisting of shrinkage

and separation of the annual rings

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Defects in Timber
2. Defect due to Natural Resources/Abnormal
Growth

• Rind Galls: is formed by swelling caused by the

growth of layers of sapwood over wounds after
the branch has been cut off in an irregular
manner

• Knots: are bases of twigs or branches buried by

cambial activity of the mother branch. The root
of the branch is embedded in the stem, with
the formation of annual rings at right angles to
those of the stem

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Defects in Timber
3. Defect due to Conversion of Timber
A. Chipmark
• Formed due to marks of plaining tools
B. Torn Grain
• Depression over timber due to falling of
tools
C. Diagonal Grain
• Due to improper cutting
D. Wane
• Due to presence of originally rounded
surface on finished timber section
4. Defects in Timber due to Fungi
A. Blue stain: fungi carries decomposition of
sap and leaving blue color spot over it
B. Brown Rot: caused due to removal of
cellulose by fungi resulting in reddish
color
C. White Rot: formed due to removal of
Lignin(important in the formation of cell
walls) leading to development of white
spots
D. Dry rot: formed where there is no free
circulation of air, fungi converts it to dry
powdered form

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

4. Defects in Timber due to Fungi

E. Wet Rot: formed due to

alternate wetting and drying
of timber structure

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Wood Products
1. What is Veneer?
Veneering is the process of manufacture of wood
based products in which thin sheets of woods
are produced which are known as Veneers
• Veneers are thin layer of wood which are
obtained by cutting the wood with sharp knife
in rotary
• In rotary cutter, the wood log is rotated against
the sharp knife or saw and cuts into thin
sheets. These thin sheets are dried in kilns and
finally veneers are obtained
• The thickness of veneers varies from 0.4 to 0.6
mm.
• In no case it should exceed 1 mm.
• Most preferable wood for veneers is Walnut

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

 Wood Products
2. Plywood
• A wood panel glued under
pressure from an odd number
(usually 3 to 13) of layers/piles of
veneers is known as Plywood.
• Strength of plywood depends on
its thickness .

Faces “Faces” are outermost veneer sheets

Core “Core or Centre” are plies that have grain direction
parallel to that of Faces

Cross Bands Plies which have grain directions

perpendicular to that in the face are
termed as “Cross Bands”.
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Wood Products
Uses of Plywood:
Used for partitions, ceilings, doors,
concrete form work, plywood boards,
lamin boards (built-up boards with
core strips up to 7 mm wide and 7
mm thick) and block boards (built-up
boards) etc

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Wood Products
3. Fibre Board
• Fibre board is made form
Felting of wood and vegetable
matter and moulded into
sheets

Soft Used for Walls and Ceilings

Medium Panelling, Partition wall
Hard Walls, doors, bus bodies, etc
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
GLASS
Glass is obtained by fusion of Silica, chalk/lime,
and Potash and soda at over 1000°C
• Ingredients of Glass:
1. Silica: major constituent of Glass
2. Potash: it renders glass infusible and gives fire
resistance properties
3. Soda: It accelerates fusion of glass
4. Lime: provides durability and toughness to
glass
5. Cullet: It is broken glass used as raw material
to reduce the cost

Special Commercial forms of Glass

1. Sheet Glass:
• Made by blowing, available
within 2-6mm thickness.
• Used for doors, windows
panels
2. Plate Glass:
• Molten glass is rolled into
plate glass with thickness 6
to 25mm.
• Glazing work, Table tops, etc
Special Commercial forms of Glass
3. Coloured Glass:
• Mixing different pigments at
fusion state, also known as
Stained Glass
4. Wired Glass:
• Plate and sheet glass and wire
mesh, so also known as
Reinforced Glass.
• Used in sky lights, high class
roofing works, fire proof doors
and windows

Special Commercial forms of Glass

5. Laminated Glass:
• Also known as Safety
Glass
• Sheets of glass glued
together with
celluloid layer
• Used for wind screen
in vehicles

Special Commercial forms of Glass

6. Bullet Proof Glass:
• Number of glass layers alternating with
vinyl resin plastic layers pressed
together

7. Glass Wool:
• Glass wool is an insulating material
made from glass fibres. These fibres are
arranged using a binder into a texture
similar to wool. This process traps small
pockets of air between the glass, which
give the final product its superior
thermal insulation properties
• Highly resistance to wear and tear
• Thermal and sound insulation
Special Commercial forms of Glass
7. Fibre Glass:
• Fiberglass is a form of fiber-
reinforced plastic where glass fiber
is the reinforced plastic. Fibreglass
is widely used in bathtubs, boats,
aircraft, roofs, and other
applications
8. Flint Glass:
• Glass containing lead- highly
shining
• Used for table glass, lenses, prism,
optical glass etc.

Engineering Properties of Glass

• Transparency - vision of outside world through it.
• Strength- depends on modulus of rupture value of
glass
• Workability - can be molded into any shape or it can
be blown during melting
• Transmittance - The visible fraction of light that
passing through glass is the property of visible
transmittance.
• U value- U value represents the amount of heat
transferred through glass. If a glass is said to be
insulated unit then it should have lower u value.
• Recycle property -Any glass can be 100% recyclable.
It can also be used as raw material in construction
industry.

Bitumen

Asphalt Tar
Solid State Mineral Tar

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Bitumen
• Bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid
form of petroleum
• Asphalt is a composite mix of Bitumen, Sand and aggregate
(smoother and durable)
• Bitumen - obtained by distillation of crude petroleum or
naturally available in asphalt.
• Coal tar – by product in destructive distillation of coke(coal
heated in absence of air)
• At normal range of temp – semi solid state
• For construction of pavements – heated from 130 to 175°C
• Bitumen can be majorly classified into 2 types:
1. Paving grade bitumen: Used for construction of roads and
airfields
2. Industrial grade bitumen: Water proofing of structures and
industrial floors etc.,

Bitumen Types
1. Blown Bitumen- is obtained by passing air
under pressure at a higher temperature
through the bitumen. It can be used as
roofing and damp-proofing felts, in the
manufacture of pipe asphalts and joint fillers,
as heat insulating material, etc
2. Cut Back Bitumin- is obtained by fluxing
asphaltic bitumen in presence of some
suitable liquid distillates of coal tar or
petroleum. It is mainly used in road
construction and in soil stabilization (2–4%).

Bitumen Types
3. Plastic Bitumen- consists of bitumen,
thinner and a suitable inert filler. The
amount of inert filler is about 40 to 45
per cent. It is used for filling cracks in
masonry structures, for stopping
leakage, etc.
4. Straight Run Bitumen- is the bitumen
being distilled to a definite viscosity or
penetration without further
treatment.
Properties of Bitumen
1. Viscosity:
• Depends on temperature.
• At lower temperature, bitumen has great viscosity and acquires the
properties of a solid body, while with increase in temperature the
viscosity of bitumen decreases and it passes into liquid state.

2. Ductility: Depends upon temperature, group composition and

nature of structure. Viscous bitumens, containing solid
paraffins at low temperatures are very ductile.
3. Softening Point: Bitumen needs sufficient fluidity before
specific application.
4. Resilience: it is capable of absorbing shocks and accommodate
itself to the movement in structure due to temperature,
settlement or shrinkage

TAR
• It is produced by Destructive Distillation of Organic
material such as coal, oil, lignite or wool.
• There are five grades of road tars:
• RT-1 : For surface painting under exceptionally cold
weather conditions, hill roads at very high elevations.
• RT-2 : For standard surface painting under normal
climatic conditions.
• RT-3 : For surface painting and renewal coats and is also
used for premixing chips in top courses.
• RT-4 : For premixing tar macadam (base course).
• RT-5 : For grouting

Types of Tar
• Coal Tar
• Wood Tar
• Mineral Tar- Obtained from
Distillation of bituminous shales
(exp-tarmac, tar paving and tar
macadam)
ASPHALT
• Asphalt is a natural or artificial mixture in
which bitumen is associated with inert
mineral matter
• It is black or brownish black in colour.
• At temperature between 50–100°C it is in
liquid state whereas at temperature less
than this it remains in solid state.
• As it is a thermoplastic material it softens as
it is heated and hardens as it is cooled. It is
the basic paving material in use today.

Galvanized Iron
• Galvanization or galvanizing is the process of
applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to
prevent rusting.
• The most common method is Hot dip Galvanizing, in
which the parts are submerged in a bath of molten
zinc.
• Used in Agriculture Grain silos, sprayers, etc.,
Automobile sector, Construction, House hold things
– Trunks, ice boxes, tubs, Furniture, Ducting, drums,
etc
• Advantages- Low cost, Less maintenance cost, Long
life Reliability, Toughest coating, The surface of GI
sheet is aesthetically pleasing, etc

Aluminium
• 3rd most plentiful element in Earth’s crust (It makes
up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface)
• Found from Bauxite Ore
• Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low
density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to
the phenomenon of passivation
• Structural components made from Aluminium and
its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry
• The production of 1Kg of Aluminium requires
around 2Kg of alumina.
• The production of 2Kg of alumina requires about
4Kg of bauxite.
• Density : 2,700 kg/m3
• Melting Point: 660 °C
Steel
• Steel belongs to iron carbon system.
• Steel is recyclable and hence is a “green material”
• Carbon imparts strength to iron. It reduces ductility
and impact strength
• Basic raw materials used for production of steel are
iron ore, coal & limestone
• Broadly we have either plain carbon (carbon is the
principle alloying element) or alloy (in addition to
carbon there are other alloying elements like
Nb(Niobium), V(Vanadium), W (Tungsten),
Cr(Chromium), Ni(Nickel) etc) steel.
• Quality of structural steel is found out by Yield
stress.
• Rust formed from corrosion of steel has 2.5 times
the volume of steel

• Carbon Steel / Plain Carbon(carbon is the principle alloying element,

Containing NO Ni, Cr, etc.) is of three types:

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

• Mild Steel:
• Mild steel contains approximately 0.05–0.25% carbon, making it malleable and
ductile.
• Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and easy to form.
• The density of mild steel is approximately 7.85 g/cm3 (7850 kg/m3)
• Ultimate tensile strength of Structural Mild steel is 420 N/mm2
• Stainless Steel:
• Also known as inox steel is a steel alloy, with highest percentage contents of iron,
chromium and nickel, with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass and a
maximum of 1.2% carbon by mass
• Vanadium Steel:
• Used in Manufacturing of Axels and Springs
• Wrought Iron:
• It has lowest carbon content (purest form of iron)
• Cast iron:
• Group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2% (High comp
strength, low tensile strength)
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
 PLASTIC

“Plastic is a synthetic material made

from a wide range of organic
polymers such as Polyethylene, PVC,
Nylon, etc. that can be moulded into
shape while soft, and then set to
rigid or slightly elastic form”

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

Thermoplastic
Behavior with respect
to Heating
CLASSIFICATION

Thermosetting Plastic

Homogenous
PLASTIC

Structure
Heterogeneous

Rigid Plastic

Semi Rigid Plastics

Physical and
Mechanical Properties
Soft Plastic

Elastomers
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

PLASTIC CLASSIFICATION
1. Behavior with respect to Heating
A. Thermoplastics
i. They soften by heat and harden when cooled down
ii. They can be remoulded as many times we want
iii. They are brittle and glossy
iv. Examples: PVC (polyvinyl chloride), Polyamide, Polystyrene
B. Thermosetting Plastics
i. They require a great pressure and momentary heat (127-
177°C) during molding which hardens on cooling
ii. They can not be reused
iii. They are durable strong and hard
iv. Examples: (Epoxies, Polyesters, Nylon, Silicones, etc)
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
 PLASTIC
2. With respect to Structure
A. Homogenous
i. These contain carbon chain and
are composed of only carbon
atoms and exhibit homogenous
structure
B. Heterogeneous
i. These contain Carbon, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, etc chain and exhibit
heterogeneous structure Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

3. Behavior with respect to Physical and

Mechanical Properties
A. Rigid Plastics
• These plastics have high modulus of elasticity and they retain their
shape under exterior stresses applied at normal or moderately
increased temperatures.
B. Semi- Rigid Plastics:
• These plastics have a medium modulus of elasticity and the elongation
under pressure completely disappears, when pressure is removed.
C. Soft Plastics:
• These plastics have a low modulus of elasticity and the elongation
under pressure disappears slowly, when pressure is removed.
D. Elastomers:
• These plastics are soft and elastic materials with a low modulus of
elasticity. They deform considerably under load at room temperature
and return to their original shape, when the load is released. The
extension can range up to ten times their original dimensions.
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

PVC
• Polyvinyl chloride (thermoplastic), commonly
abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced
plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene.
• PVC is used in construction because it is more
effective than traditional materials such as copper,
iron or wood in pipe and profile applications.
• It can be made softer and more flexible by the
addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being
phthalates.
• In this form, it is also used in clothing , electrical
cable insulation, inflatable products and many
applications in which it replaces rubber.
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
Most Widely Used Plastic !
1. Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE or PET):
• PET is the most widely produced plastic in the world. It is
used predominantly as a fiber (known by the trade name
“polyester”) and for bottling or packaging. For example,
PET is the plastic used for bottled water and is highly
recyclable.

2. Polyethylene (PE):
• Two types→ Low and high density polyethylene (LDPE
and HDPE respectively)
• LDPE: LDPE is the plastic used for plastic bags in grocery
stores. It has high ductility but low tensile strength.
• HDPE: A stiff plastic used for more robust plastic
packaging like laundry detergent containers as well as for
construction applications or trash bins.
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

CPVC
• (CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride ) is a
thermoplastic produced by chlorination of PVC,
which is significantly more flexible and can
withstand higher temperatures than standard
PVC
• CPVC is readily workable, including machining,
welding, and forming
• Excellent corrosion resistance at elevated
temperatures, CPVC is ideally suited for self-
supporting constructions where temperatures
up to 200 °F (93 °C) are present
Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir

PolyPropylene Fiber(PPF)
• Polypropylene is a 100% synthetic fiber which is
transformed from 85% propylene.
• The monomer of polypropylene is propylene. Polypropylene
is a by-product of petroleum
• Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic
• Polypropylene is used in sanitary products, filters for air, gas,
and liquids.

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir