Madhuben and Bhanubhai Patel Institute of Technology

PO Box No.8, Beyond GIDC Phase IV, Vithal Udyognagar –

388121, Dist. Anand, Gujarat, INDIA. Tele Fax : +91
2692-230823
Email: [Link]@[Link]; principal@[Link]
Web: [Link]

EXPERIMENT NO:3

AIM: To study DC variable power supply, CRO & Function

Generator, Digital Multimeter, and Breadboard.

❖DC VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY

Objective
To study the function and operation of regulated power supply.
Equipment required
Multimeter
Dual DC variable regulated Power supply (0-30)
Volts

Theory
A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load.
The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert
one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices
that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical
energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or
current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite
variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's
energy source.
A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device
or as an integral device that is hardwired to its load. Examples of the latter
case include the low voltage DC power supplies that are part of desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices.
Commonly specified power supply attributes include:

The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load.

How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions.
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 POWER SUPPLIES TYPES
Battery
DC power supply
AC power supply
Linear regulated power supply
Switched mode power supply
Programmable power supply
Uninterruptible power supply
High voltage power supply
Voltage multipliers

DC POWER SUPPLY
SPECIFICATION
Adjustable 0~30V/0~2A
The design is limit the voltage overload
The power supply input 220V, 230V,
240V AC
Output voltage: 0-30V DC
Work temperature: -10oC-40oC

MAIN FUNCTION
Output constant current adjustable.
Output constant voltage adjustable.
LCD voltage and current display.
Constant voltage and current operation in
individual. Over current protection.
Adjustable power supply

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 ❖CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)
Objective:
To introduce the basic structure of a cathode-ray Oscilloscope.
To get familiar with the use of different control switches of the device.
To visualize an ac signal, measure the amplitude and the frequency.

Equipment Required:
Cathode-ray
Oscilloscope
Function Generator
BNC connector

Theory:

The device consists mainly of a vacuum tube which contains a cathode,

anode, grid, X&Y-plates, and a fluorescent screen (see Figure below). When
the cathode is heated (by applying a small potential difference across its
terminals), it emits electrons. Having a potential difference between the
cathode and the anode (electrodes), accelerate the emitted electrons towards
the anode, forming an electron beam, which passes to fall on the screen.
When the fast electron beam strikes the fluorescent screen, a bright
visible spot is produced. The grid, which is situated between the electrodes,
controls the amount of electrons passing through it thereby controlling the
intensity of the electron beam. The X&Y- plates are responsible for deflecting
the electron beam horizontally and vertically.
A sweep generator is connected to the X-plates, which moves the
bright spot Horizontally across the screen and repeats that at a certain
frequency as the source of the signal. The voltage to be studied is applied to
the Y-plates. The combined sweep and Y voltages produce a graph showing
the variation of voltage with time.

Experimental Figures:

Fig 1. Cathode Ray tube Oscilloscope Fig 2. Out Line Diagram of CRO
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Procedure:
Turn on the Oscilloscope
Adjust the intensity and the focus of the
trace.
Use the X & Y knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically.
Connect the cable from Ch1 of the CRO to Function generator.
A signal will appear on the screen.
Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div
are locked clockwise.
Set the frequency of the generator to 100 Hz.
Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size
signal Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then
calculate the peak to peak value as:

Vp-p = No. vertical Div * Volt/Divs

Count the number of horizontal squares lying within the one Duty
Cycle, then calculate time value as:

Time = No. Horizontal Div * Time/Divs

[Link] the Frequency of signal by using the formula:

Freq = 1 /Time

Result:

❖FUNCTION GENERATORS
Objective:

To get familiarization and study the operation of a function generator

instrument To identify key function generator specifications
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To visualize the types of waveforms produced by a function generator

Equipment Required

Function generator.
BNC connector
cable
Oscilloscope
Theory
A function generator is electronic test equipment used to generate
different types of waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Function
generators are capable of producing a variety of repetitive waveforms,
generally from the list below

Sine wave: A function generator will normally have the capability to

produce a
standard sine wave output. This is the standard waveform that
oscillates between two levels with a standard sinusoidal shape.

Square wave: A square wave is normally relatively easy for a

function generator to produce. It consists of a signal moving directly
between high and low levels.

Pulse: A pulse waveform is another type that can be produced by a

function
generator. It is effectively the same as a square wave, but with the
mark space ratio very different to 1:1.

Triangular wave: This form of signal produced by the function

generator linearly moves between a high and low point.
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 Saw tooth wave:Again, this is a triangular waveform, but with the
rise edge of the waveform faster or slower than the fall, making a
form of shape similar to a

saw tooth.

These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot Function generators

are used in the development, test and repair of electronic equipment.
Types of Function Generator

PROCEDURE
Turn on the oscilloscope Connect the function generator to one vertical channel of
the oscilloscope using BNC Connector Select the type of wave form by pressing
Function control button.
Set the waveform at desired frequency by adjusting Frequency variable control
button.
Now adjust the amplitude control of the function generator to establish a 4 V
peak-to-peak (p-p) sinusoidal waveform on the screen.

Figure: Function Generator

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Function Generator Controls

Knobs Control Name Functions

Numbe
r1 Power Push button switch to power ON the instrument.
2 LCD Display 20 x 4 Character bright back lit Liquid Crystal Display.
3 Frequency Used for selection of frequency range step by step.
Used for selection of Particular waveform. A total
number of 6 different waveforms :
Sine
4 Function  Square
Triangle
 Ramp
Pulse

 TTL are available.

5 Modulatio Used for selection of Frequency Modulation.
n Used for Selection of 20dB or 40dB attenuation
6 Attenuatio Used for selection of Function Generator/Frequency
n Menu counter mode.
8 Duty Cycle When pulse output function is selected, this controls
the pulse duty cycle from 15% to 85%.
9 Frequenc In conjunction with frequency range, selected by
y Variable frequency key on front Panel.
10 In conjunction with attenuators (6), this varies the level of
Amplitude output.
This control provides DC offset. Approximately
11 DC Offset ±5VDC is superimposed on the output. Keep the
control off if DC offset is not required.
12 Output (BNC Output of 10 MHz function generator i.e. 20Vpp (Open
connector) Circuit)
External Input BNC connector for measuring the frequency of
13 Counter external signal when External Counter mode is
(BNC selected by
Connector) Menu key on the LCD display.

14 Modulatio Maximum modulation Input i.e. 2Vpp.

n Input

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 ❖DIGITAL MULTIMETER (DMM)
INTRODUCTION
A Multimeter is an electronic device that is used to make various electrical measurements, such as AC and DC
voltage, AC and DC current, and resistance. It is called a Multimeter because it combines the functions of a
voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. Multimeter may also have other functions, such as diode test, continuity
test, transistor test, TTL logic test and frequency test.

PARTS OF A MULTIMETER
A Multimeter has three parts:

Display
Selection Knob
Ports

The display usually has four digits and the ability to display a negative sign. A few multimeters
have illuminated displays for better viewing in low-light situations.

The selection knob allows the user to set the multimeter to read different things such as
milliamps (mA) of current, voltage (V) and resistance (Ω).

Two probes are plugged into two of the ports on the front of the unit. COM stands for common
and is almost always connected to Ground or ‘-’ of a circuit. The COM probe is conventionally black, but
there is no difference between the red probe and the black probe other than color. 10A is the special port
used when measuring large currents (greater than 200mA). mAVΩ is the port that the red probe is
conventionally plugged into. This port allows the measurement of current (up to 200mA), voltage (V), and
resistance (Ω). The probes have a banana-type connector on the end that plugs into the multimeter. Any
probe with a banana plug will work with this meter.

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 SAFETY MEASURES

Be sure the test leads and rotary switch are in the correct position for the desired
measurement.
Never use the meter if the meter or the test leads look damaged.
Never measure resistance in a circuit when power is applied.
Never touch the probes to a voltage source when a test lead is plugged into the 10
A or 300 mA input jack.
To avoid damage or injury, never use the meter on circuits that exceed 4800 watts. Never apply
more than the rated voltage between any input jack and earth ground. Be careful when working
with voltages above 60 V DC or 30 V AC rms. Such voltages
pose a shock hazard.
Keep your fingers behind the finger guards on the test probes when making
measurements.
To avoid false readings, which could lead to possible electric shock or personal
injury, replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears.

INPUT JACKS

The black lead is always plugged into the common terminal. The red lead is plugged into the 10
A jack when measuring currents greater than 300 mA, the 300 mA jack when measuring currents less than
300 mA, and the remaining jack (V-ohms-diode) for all other measurements.

RANGE FIXING

The meter defaults to autorange when first turned on. You can choose a manual range in V AC,
V DC, A AC, and A DC by pressing the button in the middle of the rotary dial. To return to autorange, press
the button for one second.

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 PROCEDURE FOR MEASUREMENT

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

D.C. / A.C. Voltage Measurment

Connect the positive(red) test lead to the ‘V/mA’ jack socket and the negative(black) lead to the ‘COM’ jack
socket.
Set the selector switch to the desired mV D.C./D.C.V/A.C.V range.
Connect the test leads to the circuit to be measured.
Turn on the power to the circuit to be measured, the voltage value should appear on the digital display along
with the voltage polarity(if reversed only).

CURRENT MEASUREMENT:

Connect the positive(red) test lead to the ‘V/mA’ jack socket and the negative(black) lead to the ‘COM’ jack
socket(for measurements up to 200mA).
For measurements between 200mA and 10A, connect the red test lead to the ‘10mA’
socket.
Set the selector switch to the desired uA/mA/A range.
Open the circuit to be measured and connect the test leads in SERIES with the load in which the current is to
be measured.
To avoid blowing an input fuse, use the 10A jack until you are sure that the current is less than 300 mA. Turn off
the power to the circuit. Break the circuit. (For circuits of more than 10 amps, use a current clamp.) Put the
meter in series with the circuit and turn the power on.

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 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Connect the positive(red) test lead to the ‘V/mA’ jack socket and the negative(black) lead to the ‘COM’ jack
socket.
Set the selector switch to the desired ‘OHM Ω’.
If the resistance to be measured ia part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all capacitors
before measurement.
Connect the test leads to the circuit to be measured.
The resistance value should now appear on the digital display.
If the resistance to be measured is part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all capacitors
before measurement.

CONTINUITY TEST

This mode is used to check if two points are electrically connected. It is often used to verify connectors. If
continuity exists (resistance less than 210 ohms), the beeper sounds continuously. Connect the positive(red) test
lead to the ‘V/mA’ jack socket and the negative(black) lead to the
‘COM’ jack socket.
Set the selector switch to the
position.
Connect the test leads to two points of the circuit to be tested. If the resistance is Ohms the buzzer will sound.
If the resistance to be measured is part of a circuit, turn off the power and discharge all capacitors before
measurement.

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 DIODE TEST

Connect the positive (red) test lead to the ‘V/mA’ jack socket and the negative(black) lead to the
‘COM’ jack socket.
Set the selector switch to the position.
Connect the test leads to be measured.
Turn on the power to the circuit to be measured and the voltage value should appear on the digital
display.
5.

❖BREADBOARD

A breadboard consists of a plastic block holding a matrix of electrical sockets of a size

suitable for gripping thin connecting wire, component wires, or the pins of transistors and
integrated circuits (ICs). The sockets are connected inside the board, usually in rows of five
sockets.

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