1

Exercise 1

Read the following article about walking in the desert in Namibia, south-west Africa, and
then answer the questions on the opposite page.

AN AFRICAN WALK
There is nothing like walking to take a break with tea and cake.
give you an experience of a He says, “I walk
country. A fine landscape is like
a piece of music… it must be
enjoyed at the right speed.
Walking at a slow pace on one of
the trails in Namibia allows you to
learn about the desert animals,
trees and
plants that exist together in this
unique environment. Apart from
giving you a real view of the
landscape, walking is the best way
to relax your mind. Who wants to
see such a beautiful landscape by
car? Walking is the best way to
travel, with your feet firmly on the
ground.

The Tok Tokkie Trail

On the Tok Tokkie Trail you will
experience various aspects of the
desert – from mountainous paths
and sand dunes to patches of grass.
Walking with a guide is conducted
at a slow pace. It is ‘luxury’ hiking
because everything is done for you.
You are woken up with a cup of
coffee or tea just as the sun rises.
At the end of the day, you can
relax with a cool, refreshing drink
before enjoying the evening meal
at the camp. All you need to carry
are your camera, binoculars and
water.

Your guide
Your guide, Domingo,
carries a mobile
refreshment pack on his
back, so you can sit
back against a rock and
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almost every day. Walking is you can see slow-moving donkey
good for the body and also carts along the way. Alternatively,
for the mind. The desert is if you are driving from the
my natural gym.” direction of Sesriem, you turn right
about 110 kilometres along the
At the C27.
camp
Your
‘bedro
om’
consist
s of a
camp
bed
with a
blanke
t, a
bedsid
e mat,
a
chair and a wash bowl… all
outside in the open air. The
wind cools you down as you
wait your turn for the bucket
shower to wash off the dust of
the day. Kick off your shoes
and sink your feet into the
soft sand; it will give you a
feeling of being part of
nature. You will soon fall
asleep under the clear, star-
covered sky. With this view,
you could truly call it a
thousand-star hotel!

In the morning, you wake up

to the sounds of wildlife,
early enough to see the sun
set the sky on fire.

Choose your route

The starting point for the
Tok Tokkie Trail is about 450
kilometres from the
Namibian capital, Windhoek.
To reach the starting point
by car from the city, one
option is to take the C19
road, which passes through
the magnificent scenery of
the Zaris Pass and where
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(a) How is walking in a fine landscape compared to a piece of music?

..
. ..
..................................................................................................................... ..
[1] ..
..
..
(b) Apart from learning about your surroundings, what other advantage does ..
walking have? ..
..
. ..
..................................................................................................................... ..
[1] ..
..
..
(c) What different features of the landscape will you see on the walk? Give two ..
details. ..
..
............................................................................................................................ ..
........ ..
..
. ..
..................................................................................................................... ..
[1] ..
..
..
..
(d) What indication is there that the day’s walking starts early?
..
..
.
..
.....................................................................................................................
..
[1]
..
..
..
(e) What items should you take with you on the walk? Give two details. ..
..
. ..
..................................................................................................................... ..
[1] ..
..
..
(f) How does the guide look after his walking group? ..
..
. ..
..................................................................................................................... ..
[1] ..
..
..
(g) Why might the camp be described as a thousand-star hotel? ..
..
. ..
..................................................................................................................... ..
[1] ..
..
..
(h) What are the advantages of taking the C19 road to the start of the trail? ..
Give two details. ..
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....................
For
Examiner’s
. Use
.....................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 8]

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Exercise 2

Read the following article about mankind’s efforts to cool the Earth’s climate, and then
answer the questions on the opposite page.

MAN-MADE EFFORTS TO COOL THE EARTH

In an attempt to slow down climate change, scientists are studying various aspects of
‘geo-engineering’ – the name given to mankind’s efforts to change the Earth’s climate in order to reduce
global warming.
One of the main areas of research is the idea of creating artificial volcanic eruptions, which would blow
out millions of kilograms of dust into the air. The scientists suggest that sending sulfur-based
particles into the upper atmosphere could be one of the most effective ways available to humanity to
keep the world cool. An Earth scientist at the University of Copenhagen says, “Dust which is forced into
the sky when a volcano erupts is known to cool the Earth by reducing the amount of sunlight that
reaches it, and by reflecting light back into space.”
The interest in this area of research is linked to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, in the Philippines, in
1991, the second largest eruption of the 20th Century. The explosion blew millions of tiny sulfur-based
particles into the air, cooling the planet by about half a degree Celsius before they fell back to Earth.
It is estimated that millions of kilograms of sulfur-based particles would have to be released
artificially into the upper atmosphere year after year. This seems a great deal but in fact it is a small
amount in global terms. However, this could reduce the rise in global temperature by up to 2 degrees
Celsius.
Are there any other ways in which these sulfur-based particles could be delivered into the atmosphere?
There are two other main areas of research. Firstly, aeroplanes could be equipped with systems that
release these particles as they fly around the world from destination to destination. A second idea is
to use guns to fire shells containing sulfur-based particles into the atmosphere.
Research is also being carried out into other possibilities for reducing the amount of sunlight to make the
Earth cooler. It has been suggested that sunlight reaching the Earth could be reduced by a process
known as ‘cloud whitening’. This is where salt water is sprayed into the air from thousands of ships,
producing brighter clouds. One of the main disadvantages of this approach is that it would cut rainfall in
areas such as the Amazon and Africa. As one climate change expert states, “If humans start
interfering with the world’s cloud systems there will certainly be major consequences, some of which
will be dangerous.”

PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY WORLD’S POPULATION

80

70

60
tonnes of
50 carbon
dioxide (in

40 billions)
3
0
20

10
2010 2030 2050
0 (actual (projecte (ideal
figure) d figure) figure)

Scientists tell us that a major source of global warming is over-production of carbon dioxide.
Another possible method of cooling the Earth, therefore, is to try to speed up the rate at which carbon
dioxide is removed from the air. This might be done by increasing the amount of plankton, a tiny form of
animal and plant life which drifts in the oceans.

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Plankton absorbs carbon dioxide as it grows and then carries the carbon dioxide down to the bottom of the
ocean when it dies.
The disadvantage of such a technique is that it would take too long to make significant
reductions in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The same criticism applies to another idea
which involves using giant
artificial filters driven by nuclear power to remove the carbon dioxide from the air.
One fact is certain. Any measures which are taken
may have to be kept going for decades or even
centuries.

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(a) Why are scientists researching ‘geo-engineering’? .........

[
. 1
..................................................................................................................... ]
[1]
(i) W
(b) What does a volcanic eruption send into the air? ha
t is
. a
..................................................................................................................... dis
[1] ad
va
nt
(c) How do volcanic eruptions help to cool the Earth? Give two details. ag
e
............................................................................................................................ of
......... re
m
. ovi
..................................................................................................................... ng
[2] ca
rb
(d) When and where was the second largest eruption of the last century? on
di
. oxi
..................................................................................................................... de
[1] by
filt
er
(e) How often would sulfur-based particles need to be sent into the s?
atmosphere?
.........
. [
..................................................................................................................... 1
[1] ]

(f) What is one possible danger of spraying salt water into the air? (j) Gi
ve
. fo
..................................................................................................................... ur
[1] ex
a
(g) According to the graph, how much carbon dioxide do scientists predict will m
pl
be produced in 2030?
es
of
.
ge
.....................................................................................................................
o-
[1]
en
gi
(h) How can plankton help the atmosphere? Give two details. ne
eri
............................................................................................................................ ng
......... te
ch
. ni
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ques described in the passage.
For
Examiner’s
............................................................................................................................ Use
.........

............................................................................................................................
.........

............................................................................................................................
.........

.
.....................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total:
14]

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 2

Exercise 1

Read the following article about places to visit in France, and then answer the questions on
the opposite page.

VISITING FRANCE
France offers great opportunities for visitors and a wide variety of different types of
holiday.

Countryside and villages

There is plenty to see in the French countryside, including beautiful wooded valleys,
rivers and gorges. In most areas of France you can find pretty villages, especially in
central Alsace, in the countryside of Normandy and along the river in the Dordogne.

Castles
France is famous for its wonderful architecture, and two areas in France are
particularly visited for their attractive castles. The Loire valley to the south-west of
Paris is best known for its large houses or castles called ‘chateaux’, which were
built by rich noblemen and kings from Paris. Towards the south of France the
Dordogne is famous for its medieval castles.

Mountains
The impressive mountains of the French Alps are popular in both summer and
winter for skiing. The area attracts skiers of all abilities, from beginners to experts.
Less visited by overseas visitors, the Pyrenees offer an attractive alternative to the
French Alps for people interested in skiing or a holiday in the mountains.

Beaches
France has thousands of beaches to meet every requirement. Some of the most
popular beaches with sun-seekers are those along the French Riviera, where high
temperatures are almost guaranteed during the summer months. The long sandy
beaches of the Atlantic Coast north of Biarritz are also well worth visiting, as is the
very picturesque coast of Brittany.

Family fun
Among the most popular regions for people visiting France with children are
the beaches of the western coast such as those found in the Vendee department,
which also has several large attractions and events for families. Another favourite
destination here is Ile de Ré, well known for having lots of cycle paths which make
it a pleasure for families to travel around. In addition, amusement parks such as
Disneyland and Asterix in the north of France offer great fun for both children and
adults.

Paris
Everyone loves Paris, as much for its café life and general romantic atmosphere as
for the more famous sights such as the Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral and the
Louvre museum. The Metro makes it easy to travel around the city and everywhere
you go there is something new and exciting to discover.

Eating out
Wherever you choose to visit, remember that good food is appreciated and widely
known about throughout France. Eating out is generally inexpensive, outside the
large cities. A decent two course lunch will cost about 12 euros. It is not necessary
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to leave a tip for the waiter or waitress because the service charge is now included
in the bill. However, most people still leave a small tip, especially for good service.

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(a) What three natural features can you see in the countryside in France? .........
[
. 1
..................................................................................................................... ]
[1]
[Total:
9]
(b) Why might tourists want to visit the Loire valley?

.
.....................................................................................................................
[1]

(c) Where should you go for a quiet skiing holiday away from other tourists?

.
.....................................................................................................................
[1]

(d) What is particularly attractive about the beaches on the French Riviera?

.
.....................................................................................................................
[1]

(e) What makes Ile de Ré a good place for families to visit?

.
.....................................................................................................................
[1]

(f) Apart from the famous sights, what makes Paris so popular for visitors? Give
two details.

............................................................................................................................
..........

.
.....................................................................................................................
[2]

(g) Where is it especially good value for money to eat out?

.
.....................................................................................................................
[1]

(h) Why is it not essential to leave a tip after having a meal?

.
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For Examiner’s Use

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Exercise 2

Read the following article about spices, and then answer the questions on the opposite page.

SPICES
By the year 1000, Arabian traders had found many wonderful treasures in India, but
perhaps the most precious trading goods were spices. These traders brought rare and
exotic spices such as cumin and coriander from India. They then supplied these spices to
their countrymen and to Europe. Through this trade they were able to make fortunes.
Today, when spices are cheaper and more widely available, it seems unbelievable that they
were once a royal luxury and that men were willing to risk their lives to acquire them.
In 1497, four tiny ships sailed southward from Portugal, under the guidance of Captain
Vasco da Gama. He was searching for a new route to the spice lands of Asia. In a two-
year journey that covered 38,624 kilometres, he took his ships around the continent
of Africa to India and back to Portugal. Although only two of the four ships returned
safely to their home port, they brought back a cargo of spices worth 60 times the
cost of the voyage, making da Gama a wealthy man. Rich people were eager to exchange
their gold for his pepper and cinnamon. Cinnamon was particularly valued for use in funeral
ceremonies when a wealthy person died. Vanilla was another favourite of the rich
because, when mixed with cacao, it made a previously unknown, delicious drink.
Pepper was the most precious spice of all, often used as a form of money,
particularly when rent had to be paid.
Da Gama’s successful voyage started a European power struggle for control over the
spice trade. For three centuries afterwards, the nations of western Europe fought
violent battles at sea. Some people believe that the wealth made from the spice trade
in the past is similar to the wealth of oil companies today.
The people of those times used spices, as we do today, to improve or vary the
flavours of their food. Spices were also used to disguise the taste of food that was
not fresh. Without the addition of spices it would have been too unpleasant to eat.
In times when there was no refrigeration, spices were also used for preserving food,
such as meat, for a year or more.
In the 16th century, cloves were commonly used both to
preserve food and for medicinal purposes. It is fascinating to
note that cloves are still used in the same way in some modern
food. Later, mustard and ground mustard were also found to
have preservative qualities. When spices were not available,
people often went hungry because they could not prevent
their food from going bad.
Today, we use spices to flavour our food but do not have to spend a large amount
of money to purchase them. Nevertheless, the total amount that countries spend on
importing spices continues to be significant.
Many people around the world work in very difficult conditions to produce spices for
us. Much of the work is done by hand and very specific skills are needed. These skills
have been handed down from generation to generation, but there is now some
concern that younger people no longer want to do this sort of work because they
prefer to go to the cities and work in office jobs.
Most of us are completely example, a p keep married couples together,
unaware of the origin of when we r e which is what people believed in
the spices, and varied shake e ct the past.
traditions surrounding the some n in
spices, that we keep in cumin ot g
small packets or bottles on into a e it
our kitchen shelves. For pan we x to
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Co
250 unt
ries
200 Imp
Money spent on importing orti
spices 150 ng
(in millions of US dollars) Spi
100 ces
50

0
Indi
a

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n
i
t
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a
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(a) How were Arabian traders able to make fortunes by the year 1000? an
d
. ho
..................................................................................................................... w
[1] m
uc
(b) How does the price of spices nowadays compare with the cost in the 15th h
century? do
es
. it
..................................................................................................................... sp
[1] en
d?
(c) How far in total did Vasco da Gama travel on his journey, and how long did
the voyage last? .........
[
. 1
..................................................................................................................... ]
[1]
(j) Ho
(d) How do we know that Vasco da Gama’s journey was a financial success? w
ha
. ve
..................................................................................................................... pe
[1] op
le
(e) How did the relationships between European countries change after da lea
Gama returned? Give two details. rnt
th
............................................................................................................................ e
.......... ski
lls
. ne
..................................................................................................................... ed
[2] ed
to
(f) What modern industry has been as successful as the spice trade of the pr
past? od
uc
. e
..................................................................................................................... spi
[1] ce
s?
(g) Why were spices used to hide the flavour of foods?
.........
. [
..................................................................................................................... 1
[1] ]

(h) What quality do cloves and mustard share that made them particularly (k) Ap
important in the past? art
fro
. m
..................................................................................................................... pr
[1] es
er
(i) According to the chart, which country spends the most on importing spices vin

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g and flavouring food, what other uses have spices had? Give four
details. For
Examiner’s
Use
............................................................................................................................
..........

............................................................................................................................
..........

............................................................................................................................
..........

.
.....................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 15]

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