CS101
Introduction to Programming
CS101
Spring 2012
Lecture #2
1
CS101
Honesty policy
Cheating is strongly forbidden.
Cheating on homework or exams will give an F.
2
CS101
Grading
Practice points:
• 100 points for lecture attendance;
• 100 points for lab work;
• 200 points for homework.
Students need to collect at least 320 practice points.
Definitely NO BONUS Homework!
Theory points:
• 100 points for midterm exam;
• 100 points for final exam.
The grade is determined by the theory points only.
The practice points over 320 are qualification for grading.
3
CS101
Attendance
When you come to the 2nd lecture
• Pick a seat and it will be your seat for the rest of the
semester
Keep your current seat for the rest of the semester!
4
CS101
Conditionals
So far, our programs performed exactly the same steps every
time the program is run.
Often, what the robot does must depend on the environment:
if it rains :
condition
listen_to_cs101_lecture()
else:
eat_strawberries_in_the_sun()
if condition is true, do this
if condition is false, do that
Note the indentation!
A condition is something that is either True or False.
5
CS101
Silly examples
if True:
print "CS101 is my favorite course"
if False:
print "Every CS101 student will receive an A+"
if 3 < 5:
print "3 is less than 5"
else:
print "3 is larger than 5"
6
CS101
Sensing beepers
We want the robot to make 9 steps and pick up all beepers on
the way.
hubo.pick_beeper() causes an error if there is no beeper.
Repeat the following 9 times: def move_and_pick():
• Take a step forward. [Link]()
• Check if there is a beeper. if hubo.on_beeper():
• If yes, pick it up. hubo.pick_beeper()
for i in range(9):
move_and_pick()
7
CS101
not true is false
Let’s do the opposite: we want to drop a beeper, but only if
there is no beeper at the current location.
if not hubo.on_beeper():
hubo.drop_beeper()
The keyword not inverts the sense of the condition: not true
is false, and not false is true.
What is the output?
print not 3 < 5
8
CS101
What else?
Let’s try to follow the boundary of the world: We move
forward if there is no wall, otherwise turn to the left.
def move_or_turn():
if hubo.front_is_clear():
[Link]()
else:
hubo.turn_left()
for i in range(20):
move_or_turn()
9
CS101
With singing and dancing. . .
def dance():
for i in range(4):
hubo.turn_left()
def move_or_turn():
if hubo.front_is_clear():
dance()
[Link]()
else:
hubo.turn_left()
. . . and now?
hubo.drop_beeper()
for i in range(18):
move_or_turn()
10
CS101
Many choices!
if hubo.on_beeper():
hubo.pick_beeper()
elif hubo.front_is_clear():
[Link]()
elif hubo.left_is_clear():
hubo.turn_left()
elif hubo.right_is_clear():
turn_right()
else:
turn_around()
elif combines else and if to express many alternatives
without complicated indentation.
11
CS101
while-loops
A for-loop repeats some instructions a fixed number of times.
A while-loop repeats instructions as long as some condition is
true.
Go forward until we reach a beeper:
while not hubo.on_beeper():
[Link]()
12
CS101
Around the world in 80 days
Let’s write a program to let the robot walk around the
boundary of the world until he comes back to the starting
point.
Solution outline:
1. Put down a beeper to mark starting point
2. Move forward until facing wall
3. Turn left
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until we find the beeper
5. Finish when we found the beeper
hubo.drop_beeper() [Link]()
while not hubo.on_beeper():
if hubo.front_is_clear():
[Link]()
else:
13 hubo.turn_left()
CS101
What if the world looks like below?
Try the code in the previous page with ”[Link]”
and see if the previous code works.
14
CS101
Sometimes we need right turns
hubo.drop_beeper()
[Link]()
while not hubo.on_beeper():
if hubo.right_is_clear():
turn_right() [Link]()
elif hubo.front_is_clear():
[Link]()
else:
hubo.turn_left()
This can go into an infinite loop!
Still does not work when there is a wall in front of the starting
position!
15
CS101
Getting out of the starting position
hubo.drop_beeper()
while not hubo.front_is_clear():
hubo.turn_left()
[Link]()
while not hubo.on_beeper():
if hubo.right_is_clear():
turn_right()
[Link]()
elif hubo.front_is_clear():
[Link]()
else:
hubo.turn_left()
Still has a problem if not starting at position (1,1).
16
CS101
Write code for humans
One of the secrets of writing good, correct, elegant programs is to write
them as if you wrote them for a human reader, not a computer. Let’s
clean up our program:
# This program lets the robot go around his world counter-
# clockwise, stopping when he returns to the starting point.
from cs1robots import *
load_world()
hubo = Robot(beepers = 1)
def turn_right():
for i in range(3):
hubo.turn_left()
def mark_starting_point_and_move():
hubo.drop_beeper()
while not hubo.front_is_clear():
hubo.turn_left()
17
[Link]()
CS101
def follow_right_wall():
if hubo.right_is_clear():
# Keep to the right
turn_right()
[Link]()
elif hubo.front_is_clear():
# move following the right wall
[Link]()
else:
# follow the wall
hubo.turn_left()
# end of definitions, begin solution
mark_starting_point_and_move()
while not hubo.on_beeper():
follow_right_wall()
18
CS101
Stepwise refinement
Steps to follow when writing a program:
• start simple;
• introduce small changes, one at a time;
• make sure that each change does not invalidate the work
you have done before;
• add appropriate comments (not just repeating what the
instruction does);
• choose descriptive names.
19