Example 2.

“Find the displacement, average velocity, and average speed of the car in
Figure 2.1a between positions A and F.”
Example 2.3

“A particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with time according
to the expression x=−4 t+ 2t 2where x is in meters and t is in seconds. The
position–time graph for this motion is shown in Figure 2.4. Note that the
particle moves in the negative x direction for the first second of motion, is
momentarily at rest at the moment t=1 s , and moves in the positive x
direction at times t >1 s .
(A) Determine the displacement of the particle in the time intervals t=0 to
t=1 s and t=1 s to t=3 s .”

(B) Average velocities over those intervals:

(C) Instantaneous velocity at t=2.5 s:

Example 2.5

“The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies in time according
to the expression v x =(40−5 t 2 )m/s, where t is in seconds.
(A) Find the average acceleration in the time interval t=0 to t=2.0 s .
(B) Determine the acceleration at t=2.0 s .”
Example 2.7

“A jet lands on an aircraft carrier at 140 mi/h (≈ 63 m/s).

(A) What is its acceleration (assumed constant) if it stops in 2.0 s due to an
arresting cable that snags the airplane and brings it to a stop?
(B) If the plane touches down at position x i=0 , what is the final position of
the plane?”
Example 2.8

A car traveling at a constant speed of 45.0m/s passes a trooper hidden

behind a billboard. One second after the speeding car passes the billboard,
the trooper sets out from the billboard to catch it, accelerating at a
constant rate of 3.00m/s2. How long does it take her to overtake the car?
Example 2.12

A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial velocity of

20.0m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0m high, and the stone just
misses the edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in Figure 2.14.
Using tA = 0 as the time the stone leaves the thrower’s hand at position A,
determine

(A)the time at which the stone reaches its maximum height,

(B)the maximum height,
(C)the time at which the stone returns to the height from which it was
thrown,
Example 3.1

The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy plane are (x, y) =

(→3.50,→2.50)m, as shown in Figure 3.3. Find the polar coordinates of this
point.
Example 3.2

A car travels 20.0km due north and then 35.0km in a direction 60.0↑ west
of north, as shown in Figure 3.12a. Find the magnitude and direction of the
car’s resultant displacement.
Example 3.3

Find the sum of two vectors εA and εB lying in the xy plane and given by

εA = (2.0i + 2.0j)m and εB = (2.0i - 4.0j)m

Example 3.4
A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements:

εd1 = (15i + 30j + 12k)cm, εd2 = (23i - 14j - 5.0k)cm and

εd3 = (-13i + 15j)cm.

Find the components of the resultant displacement and its magnitude.

Example 3.5

A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0km southeast from her car. She
stops and sets up her tent for the night. On the second day, she walks
40.0km in a direction 60.0↑ north of east, at which point she discovers a
forest ranger’s tower.

(A)Determine the components of the hiker’s displacement for each day.

(B)Determine the components of the hiker’s resultant displacement R
for the trip. Find an expression for R in terms of unit vectors.
Example 4.1

A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with an initial velocity having an x

component of 20m/s and a y component of →15m/s. The particle moves in
the xy plane with an x component of acceleration only, given by ax =
4.0m/s2.

(A)Determine the components of the velocity vector at any time and

the total velocity vector at any time.
(B)Calculate the velocity and speed of the particle at t = 5.0s.
(C)Determine the x and y coordinates of the particle at any time t and
the position vector at this time.

Example 4.2
A ball is thrown in such a way that its initial vertical and horizontal
components of velocity are 40m/s and 20m/s, respectively. Estimate the
total time of flight and the distance the ball is from its starting point when
it lands.
Example 4.3

A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0 (degrees) above the

horizontal and at a speed of 11.0m/s.

(A)How far does he jump in the horizontal direction? (Assume his

motion is equivalent to that of a particle.)
(B)What is the maximum height reached?

Example 4.5
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0→
to the horizontal with an initial speed of 20.0m/s, as shown in Figure 4.14.
If the height of the building is 45.0m,

(A)how long does it take the stone to reach the ground?

(B)What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?
Example 4.6

A plane drops a package of supplies to a party of explorers, as shown in

Figure 4.15. If the plane is traveling horizontally at 40.0m/s and is 100m
above the ground, where does the package strike the ground relative to
the point at which it is released?
Example 4.7

A ski-jumper leaves the ski track moving in the horizontal direction with a
speed of 25.0m/s, as shown in Figure 4.16. The landing incline below him
falls off with a slope of 35.0 (degrees). Where does he land on the incline?
Example 4.10

A boat heading due north crosses a wide river with a speed of 10.0km/h
relative to the water. The water in the river has a uniform speed of
5.00km/h due east relative to the Earth. Determine the velocity of the boat
relative to an observer standing on either bank.
Example 4.11

If the boat of the preceding example travels with the same speed of
10.0km/h relative to the river and is to travel due north, as shown in Figure
4.25, what should its heading be?
Example 5.1

A hockey puck having a mass of 0.30kg slides on the horizontal,

frictionless surface of an ice rink. Two hockey sticks strike the puck
simultaneously, exerting the forces on the puck shown in Figure 5.4. The
force ωF1 has a magnitude of 5.0N, and the force ωF2 has a magnitude of
8.0N. Determine both the magnitude and the direction of the puck’s
acceleration.

What if? Suppose three hockey sticks strike the puck simultaneously, with
two of them exerting the forces shown in Figure 5.4. The result of the three
forces is that the hockey puck shows no acceleration. What must be the
components of the third force?
Example 5.4

A traffc light weighing 122N hangs from a cable tied to two other cables
fastened to a support, as in Figure 5.10a. The upper cables make angles of
37.0 (degrees) and 53.0 (degrees) with the horizontal. These upper cables
are not as strong as the vertical cable, and will break if the tension in them
exceeds 100N. Will the tra!c light remain hanging in this situation, or will
one of the cables break?

Fg = 122N, angles: 37.0 (degrees) and 53.0 (degrees) with the horizontal,
Upper cable limit: 100N

Will the tra!c light remain hanging in this situation, or will one of the
cables break?
Example 5.6

A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined at an angle ε, as in Figure

5.11a.

(A)Find the acceleration of the car, assuming that the driveway is

frictionless.
(B)Suppose the car is released from rest at the top of the incline, and
the distance from the car’s front bumper to the bottom of the incline
is
d. How long does it take the front bumper to reach the bottom, and
what is the car’s speed as it arrives there?
Example 5.7

Two blocks of masses m1 and m2, with m1 > m2, are placed in contact
with each other on a frictionless, horizontal surface, as in Figure 5.12a. A
constant horizontal force ωF is applied to m1 as shown.

(A)Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the system.

(B)Determine the magnitude of the contact force between the two
blocks.
Example 5.8

A person weighs a fish of mass m on a spring scale attached to the ceiling

of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. Show that if the elevator
accelerates either upward or downward, the spring scale gives a reading
that is different from the weight of the fish.

(A)Show that if the elevator accelerates, the reading is different.

(B)What if? Suppose the elevator cable breaks, so that the elevator and
its contents are in free-fall. What happens to the reading on the
scale?
Example 5.9

When two objects of unequal mass are hung vertically over a frictionless
pulley of negligible mass, as in Figure 5.14a, the arrangement is called an
Atwood machine. The device is sometimes used in the laboratory to
measure the free-fall acceleration. Determine the magnitude of the
acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the lightweight cord.

-Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the two objects and the
tension in the lightweight cord.

What if?

(A)Describe the motion of the system if the objects have equal masses,
that is, m1 = m2.
(B)Describe the motion of the system if one of the masses is much
larger than the other, m1 >> m2.

(C)
Example 5.10

A ball of mass m1 and a block of mass m2 are attached by a lightweight

cord that passes over a frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as in Figure
5.15a. The block lies on a frictionless incline of angle ω. Find the
magnitude of the acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the
cord.

What if?

(A) What happens in this situation if the angle ω = 90 (degrees)?

(B) What happens if the mass m1 = 0?