Algebra: Basics
Algebra involves using symbols to represent numbers. Key operations include addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and factorization.
Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation is ax^2 + bx + c = 0. Solutions are given by the quadratic formula:
x = (-b ± √(b²-4ac)) / 2a.
Example: Solve x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0.
Factorization Techniques
Common techniques:
1. Factor by grouping
2. Difference of squares
3. Perfect square trinomials
Example: x^2 + 5x + 6 = (x+2)(x+3)
Geometry: Triangles
Pythagoras theorem: In a right triangle, a² + b² = c².
Properties of similar triangles.
Example: Find the length of hypotenuse.
Trigonometry
Basic ratios: sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse, cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse, tan θ = opposite/adjacent.
Example: Solve for sin 30°.
Mensuration
Surface area and volume formulas:
Sphere: 4πr², 4/3πr³
Cylinder: 2πr(h+r), πr²h
Cone: πr(l+r), 1/3πr²h
Example problems included.
Coordinate Geometry
Distance formula: √((x2-x1)² + (y2-y1)²)
Midpoint formula: ((x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2)
Slope formula: (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
Statistics
Mean, median, mode definitions with examples.
Example: Find mean of 5, 7, 9, 10, 12
Probability
Probability P(E) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total outcomes
Example: Probability of getting a 3 on a dice.
Revision Tips
Always practice solving examples.
Remember formulas by writing them repeatedly.
Check previous year questions.