SCORED MARKS ACCURACY ATTEMPTED

44.08 52 50

UNATTEMPTED CORRECT WRONG ANSWER

ANSWER
0 24
26

Answer Sheet
Which organelle in the cell, other than the nucleus, contains DNA?

Correct Answer: Mitochondrion

Solution:

Besides the nucleus, DNA is also found in the mitochondria and chloroplast of cells, which is a genetic
material and carries the symptom signs of creatures to descendants from a parent like a horoscope.

Which one of the following statements is correct?

Correct Answer: Viroids consist of single-stranded RNA molecules

Solution:

Prions are a smallest proteinaceous infectious particle. Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall
around their cell membrane. Viroids are the smallest infectious pathogens known consisting solely of short
strands of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coats. They are mostly plant pathogens, some of
which are of economic importance. Rickettsia is a genus of non-motile, gram- negative, non-spore forming,
highly pleomorphic bacteria. They have cell wall.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the general di?erence between plant and animal
cells?
1. Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst animal cells do not.
2. Plant cells do not have plasma membrane unlike animal cells which do.
3. Mature plant cell has one large vacuole whilst animal cell has many small vacuoles.
 Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Correct Answer: 1 and 3 only

Solution:

Cell wall is found in the cells of plants, which is made up of cellulose. It provides the cell structural support,
protection and a filtering mechanism. Animal cells lack cell wall. Thus, statement 1 is correct. The plasma
membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment
which protects the cell from its environment. Animal cells as well as plant cells have plasma membrane.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect. A vacuole is a membrane - bound cell organelle which are enclosed
compartments filled with water containing organic and inorganic molecules. Most mature plant cells have
one large vacuole while an animal cell contains several small vacuoles performing various functions.
Therefore, statement 3 is correct.

Which of the following organelle is called ‘Power House’ of the cell?

Correct Answer: Mitochondria

Solution:

Animal cells and plant cells both contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The nucleus has two major
functions. It stores the cell’s hereditary material or DNA and it, co-ordinates the cell’s activities within cells.
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 m in diameter. These structures are sometimes described as 'the
powerhouse of the cell' as they generate energy through respiration. During cellular respiration, the initial
process takes place in cytoplasm and then in mitochondria.

Plasma membrane is built up of:

Correct Answer: Both (a) and (b)

Solution:

The cell membrane (also known as plasma membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of
cell from the outside environment. It is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with
proteins.

Which of the following cell organelles play the most significant role in protein synthesis?

Correct Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosome

Solution:

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is named as such because its outer membrane is littered with
ribosomes. They are responsible for protein synthesis.

The cellular and molecular control of programmed cell death are known as:

Correct Answer: Apoptosis

Solution:

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms.
Apoptosis plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the health of the body by eliminating old,
unnecessary and unhealthy cells.

Which process generates the maximum number of ATP atoms in our system?

Correct Answer: Kreb's cycle

Solution:

Kreb's cycle is a cycle of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells that is the final series of reactions of
aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids. Due to this carbon dioxide is produced,
oxygen is reduced and ATP is formed. Kreb's cycle generates the maximum number of ATP atoms in our
system.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 Þ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (as ATP)
In a eukaryotic cell, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. This cycle was discovered
by Hans Kreb's in 1937.

Who is the father of modern genetics?

Correct Answer: Gregor Johann Mendel

Solution:

The law of Inheritance was discovered by Gregor Johann Mendel. He is known as the father of modern
genetics.

Mendel's principle of inheritance is based on-

Correct Answer: Sexual reproduction

Solution:

Mendel's principle of inheritance is based on sexual reproduction.

Genome mapping relates to:

Correct Answer: Mapping of genes

Solution:

Gene mapping is the method used for determining the location of gene and relative distances between genes
on a chromosome. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto
their respective positions on the genome. Molecular markers come in all forms. Genes can be viewed as one
special type of genetic markers in the construction of genome maps and mapped the same way as any other
markers.

The unit of heredity in our body is called

Correct Answer: Gene

Solution:

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which consists of DNA, are the genetic
material and unit of heredity. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2
million bases.

The characteristics features of genetic code are:

i. It is always universal
ii. It is triplet of nucleotides bases corresponding to 20 amino acids
iii. It is non-overlapping, non-ambiguous and comma-less.
iv. It has start and stop codon
Which of the statements given above are true?

Correct Answer: All of the above

Solution:

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic
material (DNA or mRNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. In other words, the
genetic code may be defined as the exact sequence of DNA (or mRNA) nucleotides read as three letter words
or codons, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. There are 64 codons which
correspond to 20 amino acids and to signals for the initiation and termination of transcription. Each triplet
(codon) specifies one amino acid in a protein structure or a start signal or stop signal in protein synthesis.
With three exceptions, each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins.
There are 61 sense codons in the genetic code which code for 20 amino acids. Those codons that code for
signals during protein synthesis are known as signal (start and stop) codons. There are four codons which
code for signal. These are AUG (start codon), UAA, UAG and UGA (stop codons). AUG codon also codes
for the amino acid methionine. The genetic code is always universal, comma-less, non-overlapping, non-
ambiguous and redundant.

Change in the base sequence within a gene is called:

Correct Answer: Mutation

Solution:

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Change in the base sequence within a gene is
called mutation. Mutation is the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be
transmitted to the subsequent generations. Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, providing
the raw material on which evolutionary forces such as natural selection can act.

Hereditary symptoms are moved in the descendant of creatures by-

Correct Answer: Chromosome

Solution:

In the descendant of creatures, the hereditary symptoms are moved by chromosomes. These are made from
nucleoproteins. The term chromosome was coined by Waldeyer. The small pieces of chromatin during the
partition of cells are known as chromosome, on which genes are found.

Which of the following features of DNA makes it uniquely suited to store and transmit genetic
information from generation to generation?

Correct Answer: Complementarity of the two strands

Solution:

DNA is a double helix with the sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside of the molecule. The bases are on
the inside, oriented such that hydrogen bonds are formed between purines and pyrimidines on opposite
chains. The base pairing is very specific - A will always pair with T, G with C and the amount of adenine (A)
is always equal to that of thymine (T) and the amount of guanine (G) to that of cytosine (C). Because of this
specific base pairing, the two strands of a DNA molecule are complementary (each strand contains all the
information required to specify the sequences of bases on the other). Complementary base pairing between
DNA strands makes it uniquely suited to store and transmit genetic information from generation to
generation. This complementary base pairing allows cells to copy information form one generation to another
and even find and repair damage to the information stored in the sequences.
 Sexual reproduction causes genetic variation because of

Correct Answer: All of the above

Solution:

Sexual reproduction involves two parent cells; each parent gives some of its traits (characteristics) to the
offspring. Sexual reproduction causes, genetic variation because of blending of genes, chromosomal changes,
shuffling of genes etc.

Consider the following statements:

1. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature above the boiling point of water.
2. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperatures below the freezing point of water.
3. Some microorganisms can grow in highly acidic environment with a pH below 3.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Correct Answer: All three

Solution:

Statement 1 – Correct: Thermophiles are a type of extremophile that thrive in high-temperature

environments, typically between 41°C and 122°C. Most thermophiles prefer a temperature range of 60°C to
80°C for growth, metabolism, and reproduction. One such organism, Pyrolobus fumarii, has been discovered
thriving at 113°C (235°F)—a temperature even higher than water’s boiling point.

Statement 2 – Correct: Psychrophiles are organisms that can grow and reproduce in cold environments.
Many are also xerophilic (tolerant of dry conditions) and halophilic (salt-loving). While some microbes stop
growing at 0°C or slightly above, others can continue growing even below the freezing point of water.
However, their growth at such low temperatures is very slow. Microbial growth has been observed at
temperatures as low as –10°C to –100°C, though in practical settings, bacteria, yeasts, and molds typically
stop growing around –70°C.

Statement 3 – Correct: Acidophiles are microorganisms that grow best in acidic conditions. They are
categorized into two groups: extreme acidophiles, which thrive at pH levels below 3, and moderate
acidophiles, which prefer environments with pH values between 3 and 5.

Who first outlined the structure of the gene molecule (D.N.A.)?

Correct Answer: Dr. James Watson and Dr. Francis Crick

Solution:
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) was an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist,
best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure (double helix model) of DNA in 1953 with Francis
Crick. Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
for their discoveries concerning the "molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information
transfer in living material".

Har Gobind Khorana is credited for the discovery of –

Correct Answer: Synthesis of Protein

Solution:

The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1968 was awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind
Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg for their interpretation of the genetic code and function of DNA in
protein synthesis.

Who delivered the principle of 'jumping genes'?

Correct Answer: Barbara McClintock

Solution:

Barbara McClintock delivered the principle of jumping genes. She was awarded Nobel Prize in 1983 for this
special research in medical science while studying of heredity in the corn plant. He saw that some hereditary
elements are able to move chromosomes. She found in her study that there are some spots on the grains of
corn by the hereditary changes done by jumping genes. Then the conclusion is given that every cell has the
part of DNA (transposon) which are important in development.

The sugar present in DNA is:

Correct Answer: Deoxyribose

Solution:

The deoxyribose is sugar found in DNA. It is a variant of five carbon sugar called ribose. The DNA is an
informational molecule found mainly in the nucleus of the cell.

Ribozymes are:
Correct Answer: RNA

Solution:

A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction. The ribozyme catalyzes
specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes. Also called catalytic RNA, ribozymes are
found in the ribosome where they join amino acid together to form protein chains. Thomas R. Cech and
Sidney Altman were awarded Nobel Prize in 1989 for discovering catalytic properties of RNA.

Chromosome number in any species:

Correct Answer: is constant

Solution:

The number of chromosomes varies from species to species but it remains constant for a particular species. It
does not change with the age or weight. In most animals, however, any change from the typical chromosome
number for a species may be due to genetic disorders.

Which of the following does not have sex-chromosome?

Correct Answer: Lizard

Solution:

Karyotypes of many species of the genus Sceloporus support the generalization that there are no
morphologically recognizable sex chromosomes in lizards.

How many chromosomes are there in humans?

Correct Answer: 46

Solution:

In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs
called autosomes which are the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes differ
between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome (XX) while males have one X
and one Y chromosome (XY). X of male and X of female give birth to a female child (44+XX) whereas
Y of male and X of femalegive birth to a male child (44+XY).Thus, in human being, the males play a major
role in determining the sex of the ospring.
 Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): In human being, the females play a major role in determining the sex of the o?spring.
Reason (R): Women have two `X' chromosomes.
Code:

Correct Answer: (A) is false but (R) is true.

Solution:

The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes (allosomes) in many animal species,
including mammals and is found in both males and females. Each person normally has one pair of sex
chromosomes in each cell. Females have two X chromosomes (XX) whereas males have one X and one Y
chromosome (XY). X of male and X of female give birth to a female child (44+XX) whereas Y of male and
X of female give birth to a male child (44+XY). Thus, in human being, the males play a major role in
determining the sex of the o?spring.

Which of the following professional(s) are more likely to run the risk of a permanent change in their cell's
DNA?
1. Researchers using carbon 14 isotope
2. X-ray technician
3. Coal miner
4. Dyer and painter
Select the correct answer by using the codes given below:
Code:

Correct Answer: 2 only

Solution:

X-ray technicians are more likely to run the risk of a permanent change in their cell’s DNA as compared to
others.

Which of the following is/are used as biofertilizers?

1. Azolla
2. Blue-green algae
3. Alfalfa
Choose the correct answer by the given codes:

Correct Answer: 1 and 2

Solution:

Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of e?cient strains of
microorganisms that help crop plants uptake of nutrients, by their interactions in the rhizosphere when
applied through seed or soil. They accelerate certain microbial processes in the soil which aug ment the
extent of availability of nutrients in a form easily assimilated by plants. They can be grouped in different
ways based on their nature and function.
Nitrogen-fixing Biofertilizer: Azotobacter, Beijerinkia, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Anabaena, Nostoc,
Rhizobium, Frankia, Anabaena azollae.
Phosphorus-solubilizing/mobilizing Biofertilizers: Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum, Aspergillus,
Pezizella Ericae.
Biofertilizers for micronutrients: Bacillussps.
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescence.
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and Azolla are used as biofertilizers. However, Alfalfa is a perennial
flowering plant of the pea family.

Consider the following:

1) Bacteria
2) Fungi
3) Virus

Which of the above can be cultured in artificial/synthetic medium?

Correct Answer: 1 and 2 only

Solution:

Statement 1 – Correct: Bacteria are capable of growing in synthetic culture media. In fact, scientists have
successfully redesigned the DNA of Escherichia coli, creating a synthetic genome that is significantly larger
and more complex than any previously developed.

Statement 2 – Correct: Fungi can also be cultivated using synthetic culture media. For instance, four fungi
known for their allergenic properties—Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria, Penicillium notatum, and
Cladosporium herbarum—have been successfully grown in a pure synthetic medium.

Statement 3 – Incorrect: Viruses cannot be grown in synthetic culture media because they lack their own
metabolic machinery. They are entirely reliant on a host cell for replication, making it impossible for them
to reproduce in artificial media alone.

Which of the following is not a nitrogen-fixing organism?

Correct Answer: Mycorrhiza

Solution:

Nostoc, Anabaena and Azotobacter are nitrogen-fixing organisms while mycorrhiza is a symbiotic
association between a fungus and a plant.

The biofertilizer used as a supplementary food for the cattle, especially for milking bovines is:
Correct Answer: Azolla

Solution:

The demand for milk and meat in India is creating a new potential, in profitability of animal husbandry as an
occupation. Yet, at some time there is a substantial decline in fodder availability. The search for alternatives
led to a wonderful plant Azolla which holds the promise of providing a sustainable food for livestock. Azolla,
in turn, provides the carbon source and favorable environment for the growth and development of an Algae.
It is this unique symbiotic relationship that makes Azolla a wonderful plant with a high protein content.

Nitrogen ?xing bacteria make combination with cells of the roots of

Correct Answer: Pulses

Solution:

Generally, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the roots of legumes (plants which give pulses) in special
structure called root-nodules.

Which of these is not correctly matched–

Correct Answer: Azotobacter - Bio insecticide

Solution:

Azotobacter is a Bacteria. Azotobacter naturally fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the rhizosphere (the zone
surrounding the root of plants). So, option (d) is not correctly matched. Other three options are correctly
matched.

Which of the following is associated with biological nitrogen ?xation?

Correct Answer: Blue-green algae

Solution:

Blue-green algae is also called Cynobacteria. It is associated with biological nitrogen fixation.

Which one of the following is not correctly matched?

Nitrogen ?xing agent : Crop
Correct Answer: Azolla - Maize

Solution:

Azolla, anabaena, nostok, blue-green algae etc. promote nitrogen fixation in paddy harvesting. They work as
organic fertilizers. Rhizobium leguminisarum in pea and azotobacter in wheat promotes nitrogen fixation.
Generally, azolla is not used for nitrogen fixation in maize. Thus, the correct answer is option (d).

Azolla gives a good biofertilizer when mixed with –

Correct Answer: Blue-green algae

Solution:

Azolla is an aquatic fern. It gives a good biofertilizer when mixed with blue-green algae (BGA) or
cyanobacteria and contributes in supplying nitrogen to rice fields. In addition, they also bring about directly
or indirectly a number of changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and soil-
water interface in rice fields.

Aquatic Fern, which is used as a biofertilizer, is

Correct Answer: Azolla

Solution:

Azolla is an aquatic fern. It gives a good biofertilizer when mixed with blue-green algae (BGA) or
cyanobacteria and contributes in supplying nitrogen to rice ?elds. In addition, they also bring about directly
or indirectly a number of changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and soil-
water interface in rice ?elds.

Which of the following is phosphatic biofertilizer?

Correct Answer: Vascular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

Solution:

Rhizobium, Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) and Azolla help in nitrogen fixation, while Vascular
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) helps in uptake of phosphorus by the plant and hence, it is a phosphatic bio-
fertilizers. VAM fungi benefit their host plant by improving the uptake of water, minerals and particularly the
poorly mobile ion phosphorus in the soil. It also increases the plant's resistance against pathogens and
improves plant tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought.
 What is the use of biochar in farming?
1. Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming.
2. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing
microorganisms.
3. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it enables the growing medium to retain water for
longer time.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

Correct Answer: 1, 2 and 3

Solution:

Biochar is a stable, carbon-rich form of charcoal that is applied to the soil. It is produced from heating
organic materials like crop waste, grass, woodchips and manure in a high temperature, low oxygen process
known as pyrolysis. Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming. Adding
biochar to soil increases its carbon content and can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Some biochars can
improve soil fertility, water holding capacity and crop productivity. Research shows that biochars derived
from grasses or crops appear to have the best balance of agricultural benefit and carbon stability. Some
studies also show that increasing the application rate of biochar has a positive feedback on biological
nitrogen fixation (BNF) and soil microbial biomass. The extremely porous nature of biochar is found to be
effective at retaining both water and water-soluble nutrients, and it is very much suitable as a habitat for
many beneficial soil microorganisms. From the above explanation, all of the given statements are correct.

The capability of nitrogen use efficiency can be increased in crop production by-

Correct Answer: All of the above.

Solution:

The capability of nitrogen use efficiency can be increased by all of the given options; frequent use of
fertilizer in the split application, use of nitrogen inhibitors and by using the slow release of nitrogen fertilizer.
There are various bacteria in various crops which are liable for nitrogen stabilization.

Which bacteria is responsible for nitrogen ?xation in soyabean?

Correct Answer: Rhizobium japonicum

Solution:

The Rhizobium japonicum bacteria is responsible for the nitrogen fixation in soyabean. Soyabeans inoculated
with Rhizobium japonicum strains that synthesized the hydrogenase system fix significantly more nitrogen.
 Leg haemoglobin is found in-

Correct Answer: Legume root nodules

Solution:

Leg hemoglobin is found in root nodules of leguminous plants such as alfalfa and soyabean. It is crucial for
supplying sufficient oxygen to root nodule bacteria for nitrogen fixation to occur.

We get morphine from:

Correct Answer: Fruit

Solution:

Morphine is acquired from the unripe fruits of poppy straw. Poppy plant is an angiosperm plant from which
opium and heroin are also acquired. The word morphine originates from Morpheus and it is used as a
painkiller medicine and sleeping pills. Morphine directly affects central nervous system.

Opium is obtained from:

Correct Answer: Latex from unripe fruit

Solution:

Opium is the dried latex. The dried latex is obtained from the unripe fruit, by making shallow cuts.

The interaction between algae and fungi to form lichen is called:

Correct Answer: Mutualism

Solution:

The interaction between algae and fungi to form lichen is called mutualism. Symbiosis of algae and fungi in
lichens is the mutually helpful symbiotic relationship between them. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit their
fungal partner by producing organic compounds through photosynthesis. In return, the fungal partner benefits
the algae or cyanobacteria by protecting them from the environment by its filaments, which also gather
moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it.
 Nitrogen ?xing bacteria present in the nodules of the root of leguminous plant are–

Correct Answer: Symbiotic

Solution:

Nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the nodules on the roots of the leguminous plant are symbiotic. During
nitrogen fixation, bacteria such as Rhizobium japonicum convert nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonium
compounds (NH4OH). These bacteria live in the roots of legumes including alfalfa, clover, peas and beans.
Some blue-green algae can also fix nitrogen.

In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without
soil?

1) Fern
2) Lichen
3) Moss
4) Mushroom

Select the correct answer using the code given below. –

Correct Answer: 2 only

Solution:

Lichens have specific environmental needs, including water, air, nutrients, light, and a surface to grow
on, known as a substrate. A lichen always grows on another surface—this can be nearly anything that
remains still long enough, such as trees, rocks, soil, buildings, tombstones, cars, or old machinery.
Among natural surfaces, trees and rocks are the most common substrates.

Mosses are non-flowering plants that reproduce through spores. They have stems and leaves but lack true
roots. Instead, some mosses absorb nutrients through rhizoids, while others take in water and minerals
directly from rainfall or surrounding moisture via their absorbent surfaces. Moss often grows on trees,
drawing nourishment from the air, and with suitable conditions, it can even thrive indoors.

Ferns belong to a group of vascular plants with xylem and phloem. They typically grow in soil, and their
habitats include moist, shaded forests, rock crevices sheltered from sunlight, acidic wetlands like bogs
and swamps, and tropical tree surfaces.

A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-producing fruiting structure of a fungus. It usually
appears above ground, either on the soil or directly on the material it feeds on.

Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms?
1. Cnidarians
2. Fungi
 3. Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Correct Answer: 1, 2 and 3

Solution:

Cnidaria is a phylum under Kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both
in freshwater and marine environments. Mostly marine animals, the cnidarians include the corals, hydras,
jellyfish, Portuguese men-of-war, sea anemones, sea pens, sea whips, and sea fans. The symbiosis between
cnidarians (e.g., corals or sea anemones) and intracellular dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium is
of immense ecological importance. In particular, this symbiosis promotes the growth and survival of coral
reefs in nutrient-poor tropical waters; indeed, coral reefs could not exist without this symbiosis.
Fungi have several symbiotic (mutualistic) relationships with other organisms. In mutualism, both organisms
benefitted from the relationship. Two common mutualistic relationships involving fungi are mycorrhiza and
lichen. Mycorrhiza are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and vascular plants. The fungi
colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while
the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis. A lichen is an organism that
results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism. The other organism
is usually a cyanobacterium or green algae. The fungus grows around the bacterial or algal cells. The fungus
benefits from the constant supply of food produced by the photo-synthesizer. The photo-synthesizer benefits
from the water and nutrients absorbed by the fungus.
Symbiosis in protozoa mostly represents a close mutualistic association between a protozoan and unicellular
symbiont (bacteria, cyanobacteria or/and unicellular algae) or protozoans and a multicellular organism
(ruminants, lower termites, wood-eating cockroaches, plants).

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Viruses can infect:

1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Plants

Select the correct answer using the code given below.?

Correct Answer: 1, 2 and 3

Solution:

Viruses have the ability to infect nearly any living organism that contains cells, including animals, plants,
fungi, and bacteria. They are made up of a small segment of genetic material (either DNA or RNA)
enclosed in a protective protein coat called a capsid, and some viruses also have an outer envelope.

Viruses cannot reproduce on their own; they must infect the living cells of a host to replicate. They are
capable of infecting all forms of life.
For example, a bacteriophage is a type of virus that specifically targets and multiplies inside bacteria.
Similarly, mycoviruses infect fungi, and there are many other viruses that infect plants as well.