RQF LEVEL 4

CSACR401

COMPUTER SYSTEM
AND ARCHITECTURE

Computer
System
Refurbishment

TRAINEE'S MANUAL
October, 2024
COMPUTER SYSTEM REFURBISHMENT

2024
AUTHOR’S NOTE PAGE (COPYRIGHT)

The competent development body of this manual is Rwanda TVET Board ©, reproduce with
permission.

All rights reserved.

● This work has been produced initially with the Rwanda TVET Board with the support
from KOICA through TQUM Project
● This work has copyright, but permission is given to all the Administrative and Academic
Staff of the RTB and TVET Schools to make copies by photocopying or other duplicating
processes for use at their own workplaces.
● This permission does not extend to making of copies for use outside the immediate
environment for which they are made, nor making copies for hire or resale to third
parties.
● The views expressed in this version of the work do not necessarily represent the views
of RTB. The competent body does not give warranty nor accept any liability
● RTB owns the copyright to the trainee and trainer’s manuals. Training providers may
reproduce these training manuals in part or in full for training purposes only.
Acknowledgment of RTB copyright must be included on any reproductions. Any other
use of the manuals must be referred to the RTB.

© Rwanda TVET Board

Copies available from:
o HQs: Rwanda TVET Board-RTB
o Web: [Link]
o KIGALI-RWANDA
Original published version: October 2024

iii | C o m p u t e r S y s t e m R e f u r b i s h m e n t – T r a i n e e M a n u a l
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The publisher would like to thank the following for their assistance in the elaboration of this
training manual:

Rwanda TVET Board (RTB) extends its appreciation to all parties who contributed to the
development of the trainer’s and trainee’s manuals for the TVET Certificate IV in Computer
System and Architecture, specifically for the module "CSACR401: Computer System
Refurbishment".

We extend our gratitude to KOICA Rwanda for its contribution to the development of these
training manuals and for its ongoing support of the TVET system in Rwanda.

We extend our gratitude to the TQUM Project for its financial and technical support in the
development of these training manuals.

We would also like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of all TVET trainers and industry
practitioners in the development of this training manual.

The management of Rwanda TVET Board extends its appreciation to both its staff and the
staff of the TQUM Project for their efforts in coordinating these activities.

iv | C o m p u t e r S y s t e m R e f u r b i s h m e n t – T r a i n e e M a n u a l
 This training manual was developed:

Under Rwanda TVET Board (RTB) guiding policies and directives

Under Financial and Technical support of

v|Computer System Refurbishment – Trainee Manual

 COORDINATION TEAM
RWAMASIRABO Aimable
MARIA Bernadette M. Ramos
MUTIJIMA Asher Emmanuel

Production Team
Authoring and Review
KAGABA Gaspard
NDACYAYISENGA Jean Damascene

Validation
RUZIMA MIZERO Didier
MWIZERWA Regis
TWIZERIMANA Jean Claude
Conception, Adaptation and Editorial works
HATEGEKIMANA Olivier
GANZA Jean Francois Regis
HARELIMANA Wilson
NZABIRINDA Aimable
DUKUZIMANA Therese
NIYONKURU Sylvestre
BIZIMANA Eric

Formatting, Graphics, Illustrations, and infographics

YEONWOO Choe
SUA Lim
SAEM Lee
SOYEON Kim
WONYEONG Jeong
NIYOMUGABO Silas

Financial and Technical support

KOICA through TQUM Project

vi | C o m p u t e r S y s t e m R e f u r b i s h m e n t – T r a i n e e M a n u a l
TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S NOTE PAGE (COPYRIGHT)----------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vii
ACRONYMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix
INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
MODULE CODE AND TITLE: CSACR401 COMPUTER SYSTEM REFURBISHMENT ------------------ 2
Learning Outcome 1: Perform Computer System Renovation. --------------------------------------- 3
Key Competencies for Learning Outcome 1: Perform Computer System Renovation ------- 4
Indicative content 1.1: Setting Working Place.-------------------------------------------------------- 6
Indicative content 1.2: Selection of Computer System Components --------------------------- 19
Indicative content 1.3: Selection of Tools, Materials and Equipment -------------------------- 27
Indicative content 1.4: Disassembling Computer System ----------------------------------------- 36
Indicative content 1.5: Installation of New Hardware Component ----------------------------- 41
Indicative content 1.6: Assembling Computer System --------------------------------------------- 46
Indicative content 1.7: Installation of Computer System Drivers and Software -------------- 50
Indicative content 1.8: Perform Computer System Test ------------------------------------------- 56
Learning outcome 1 end assessment ------------------------------------------------------------------ 62
References---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
Learning Outcome 2: Perform Computer System Restoration -------------------------------------- 65
Key Competencies for Learning Outcome 2: Perform Computer System Restoration ------ 66
Indicative content 2.1: Perform Computer System Motherboard Troubleshooting -------- 69
Indicative content 2.2:Perform Computer System Software Troubleshooting --------------- 94
Indicative content 2.3: Perform Computer System Testing ------------------------------------ 108
Learning outcome 2 end assessment ---------------------------------------------------------------- 119
References-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123
Learning Outcome 3: Perform Computer System Conversion ------------------------------------- 124
Key Competencies for Learning Outcome 3: Perform Computer System Conversion ---- 125
Indicative content 3.1: Identify Computer System Transformation Requirements -------- 127

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 Indicative content 3.2: Applying Computer System Transformation Techniques ---------- 131
Indicative content 3.3: Assembling New Computer System ------------------------------------ 140
Indicative content 3.4: Perform Computer System Test ----------------------------------------- 143
Indicative content 3.5: Elaboration of System Report. ------------------------------------------- 149
Learning outcome 3 end assessment ---------------------------------------------------------------- 156
References-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 161

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ACRONYMS

AIO: All-in-One (refers to devices like printers or PCs that combine multiple functions)
AMD: Advanced Micro Devices
ATX: Advanced Technology eXtended
BDD: Behavior-Driven Development
BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
CAD: Computer-Aided Design
CBT/A: Competency Based Training/Assessment
CD: Compact Disc
CD-ROM: Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
CI/CD: Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment
CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
DDR4: Double Data Rate 4 (fourth generation)
DIMM: Dual In-line Memory Module
DVD: Digital Versatile Disc (or Digital Video Disc)
ESD: Electrostatic Discharge
GPU: Graphics Processing Unit
HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface
HHD: Hybrid Hard Drive
HPC: High-Performance Computing
HPE: Hewlett Packard Enterprise
I/O: Input/Output
IC: Integrated Circuit
ICT: Information and Communication Technology
ICT: Information and Communication Technology
IDE: Integrated Drive Electronics
IoT: Internet of Things
IT: Information Technology
ITX: Information Technology eXtended
KOICA: Korea International Cooperation Agency
LED: Light Emitting Diode
MOSFET: Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
NET: Network
NVMe: Non-Volatile Memory Express
OMR: Optical Mark Recognition
OS: Operating System
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
PCs: Personal Computers

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PCU: Power Control Unit
POST: Power-On Self-Test
PPE: Personal Protective Equipment
PSU: Power Supply Unit
RAM: Random Access Memory
RGB: Red, Green, Blue (refers to the color model used in electronic
ROM: Read-Only Memory
RTB: Rwanda TVET Board
SATA: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
SDLC: Software Development Life Cycle
SDN: Software-Defined Networking
SFF: Small Form Factor
SSD: Solid State Drive
TDD: Test-Driven Development
TQUM Project: TVET Quality Management Project
UAT: User Acceptance Testing
UEFI: Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
USB: Universal Serial Bus
VMware: Virtual Machine Software (named after the company, VMware)
Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity

x|Computer System Refurbishment – Trainee Manual

INTRODUCTION

This trainee's manual includes all the knowledge and skills required in computer system and
architecture specifically for the module of "Computer System Refurbishment". Students
enrolled in this module will engage in practical activities designed to develop and enhance
their competencies. The development of this training manual followed the Competency-
Based Training and Assessment (CBT/A) approach, offering ample practical opportunities that
mirror real-life situations.
The trainee's manual is organized into Learning Outcomes, which is broken down into
indicative content that includes both theoretical and practical activities. It provides detailed
information on the key competencies required for each learning outcome, along with the
objectives to be achieved.
As a trainee, you will start by addressing questions related to the activities, which are
designed to foster critical thinking and guide you towards practical applications in the labour
market. The manual also provides essential information, including learning hours, required
materials, and key tasks to complete throughout the learning process.
All activities included in this training manual are designed to facilitate both individual and
group work. After completing the activities, you will conduct a formative assessment, referred
to as the end learning outcome assessment. Ensure that you thoroughly review the key
readings and the 'Points to Remember' section.

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MODULE CODE AND TITLE: CSACR401 COMPUTER SYSTEM
REFURBISHMENT

Learning Outcome 1: Perform computer system renovation.

Learning Outcome 2: Perform computer system restoration.
Learning Outcome 3: Perform computer system Conversion.

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Learning Outcome 1: Perform Computer System Renovation.

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 Indicative Contents

1.1 Setting Working Place.

1.2 Selection of Computer System Components

1.3 Selection of Tools, Materials and Equipment.

1.4 Disassembling Computer System

1.5 Installation of New Hardware Component

1.6 Assembling Computer System

1.7 Installation of Computer System Drivers and Software

1.8 Perform Computer System Test

Key Competencies for Learning Outcome 1: Perform Computer System

Renovation

Knowledge Skills Attitudes

• Description of • Setting a working • Being

working place place Innovative
• Description of • Selecting a • Being organized
computer system computer system • Having
components component Flexibility
• Description of • Assembling • Having Time
computer system computer Management
test components • Being Problem
• Disassembling Solver
computer • Having Team
component work spirit
• Installing a new • Being Hard
hardware worker
component • Being Self-
• Upgrading a motivated
computer
hardware
component
• Testing
computer system

4|Computer System Refurbishment – Trainee Manual

 Duration: 20 hrs

Learning outcome 1 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:

1. Describe properly working place according to occupation safety and health standards.

2. Describe properly computer system components based on system requirement.

3. Describe properly Description of computer system test according to computer unit

testing requirement.

4. Select properly computer system component based on system requirement.

5. Disassemble correctly computer system based on its structure.

6. Assemble correctly computer system based on renovation requirement.

7. Install properly new hardware components based on computer system requirement.

8. Install properly system software based on computer system requirement.

9. Test effectively computer system according to the computer unit

Resources

Equipment Tools Materials

• Power supply • Screwdrivers • Thermal paste

tester • Tweezers • Isopropyl alcohol
• Oscilloscope • Flashlight or and cotton swabs
• Multi-meter headlamp • Electrical tape
• Blower • Cable testers and zip ties
• Computer • Thermal paste • Spare screws
applicator • Labelling
• Pliers materials
• ESD Tools

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 Indicative content 1.1: Setting Working Place.

Duration: 2 hrs

Theoretical Activity 1.1.1: Description of working place

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

i. Define the following:
a. Workplace in computer system
b. Hazard
c. Safety measure
d. PPE
e. Ergonomics
f. Hygiene and sanitation
ii. What are the safety measures applied in computer refurbishment?
iii. What are the types of hazards?
2: Provide the answers for the asked questions and write them on flipchart/papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class.
4: For more clarification, read the key readings 1.1.1.

Key readings 1.1.1: Description of working place

1. Setting Working Place

A "working place" or "workplace" In computer refurbishment, a workplace

typically refers to a facility or area where used or damaged computers are
repaired, upgraded, and resold.

2. Hazard

A hazard is anything that has the potential to cause harm, injury, illness, damage,
or adverse effects to people, property, or the environment.

Types of Hazards:

a. Biological: Hazards that involve exposure to harmful biological agents.

Example: bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc.,
b. Chemical: Hazards that come from chemical substances that can cause
harm through exposure.
Example: depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical,

6|Computer System Refurbishment – Trainee Manual

 c. Ergonomic: Hazards that arise from the design of work tasks or
workstations that can lead to musculoskeletal injuries.
Example: repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, etc.,
d. Physical: Hazards that involve environmental factors that can harm an
employee without necessarily touching them.
Example: radiation, magnetic fields, temperature extremes, pressure extremes
(high pressure or vacuum), noise, etc.,
e. Psychosocial: Hazards that arise from workplace stressors that can affect
mental health and well-being.
Example: stress, violence, etc.,

3. Safety measures in computer system:

1. Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment
worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and
illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical,
radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards

TYPES OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required in any situation in which the
hazard in question cannot be completely removed or controlled in such a way that
serious harm is unlikely. Without the appropriate PPE, your workers are left
exposed to significant injury or illness, including radiation exposure, chemical
burn, electrical shock, and more. Depending on the hazard or workplace
conditions, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
recommends different protective equipment to manage or eliminate the hazard
to the greatest extent possible.
1. Head Protection
Head protection is required for all employees working in areas where there is
potential danger of head injury from impact, electrical shock or burns, or falling
or flying objects. Examples of head protection PPE include helmets, hard hats,
bump caps, guards, and more. Such protective helmets are designed to absorb
the shock of a blow and resist penetration by falling or flying objects.
2. Hearing Protection
Hearing protection is vital for those working in an environment with high-sound
levels where it’s not feasible to reduce the level of noise or duration of exposure.
Examples of hearing protection include earplugs, noise meters, acoustic foam,
and communications sets. Plain cotton is never an acceptable protection device
as the equipment should provide an adequate level of protection, hygiene, and
comfort to its user
.

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 3. Eye and Face Protection
Eye and face protection is necessary when workers are exposed to eye or face
hazards from liquid chemicals, acids, chemical gases, molten metal, light
radiation, and flying particles. Examples of eye and face PPE include visors, over
specs, eye and face shields, eyewear accessories, safety glasses, and goggles.
Common activities that necessitate the use of eye and face protection include
welding, working with lasers, heavy cutting, the use of gas under pressure, and
the handling of hazardous substances.
4. Respiratory Protection
Respiratory protection covers a broad range of equipment that should be used
when workers may come into contact with large amounts of harmful dusts, fogs,
mists, fumes, vapors, powders, or gases. The goal is to protect the health of your
employees by preventing atmospheric contamination. This type of equipment
may include face masks, detectors, protective hoods, respirators, helmets, and
more.
5. Hand Protection
Last but certainly not least, hand protection equipment is necessary to protect
your workers against cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions, chemical burns,
thermal burns, and harmful temperature extremes. Common activities that may
require hand protection equipment include working in hot or cold environments,
manually handling sharp objects, and working with hazardous chemicals
6. ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) mats and wrist straps: Prevent electrostatic
discharge that can damage electronic components.
2. Ergonomics
Ergonomics refers to the design and arrangement of computer systems, devices,
and workspaces to optimize human well-being and performance. The goal of
ergonomic design in ICT is to create a comfortable and efficient working
environment that minimizes the risk of discomfort, fatigue, and injury for users.

3. Electrical Safety
Electrical safety is a paramount concern when working with computers, especially
when refurbishing them. Improper handling can lead to electrical shocks, fires, or
damage to the equipment.
Types of Electrical Hazard Situations

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 Contact with Energized Sources
Hazards regarding contact with energized sources are electrical shock and burns.
Electrical shock occurs when the body becomes part of the electric circuit (when
an individual comes in contact with both wires of an electrical circuit, one wire of
an energized circuit and the ground, or a metallic part that has become energized
by contact with an electrical conductor).
Contact with Power Lines
Overhead and buried power lines are hazardous because they carry extremely
high voltage. Fatalities are possible as electrocution is the main risk; however,
burns and falls from elevations are also hazards that worker are exposed to while
working in the vicinity of high voltage power lines.
Improper Use of Extension and Flexible Cords
Normal wear and tear on extension and flexible cords can loosen or expose wires,
creating a hazardous condition. Hazards are created when cords, cord connectors,
receptacles, and cord- and plug connected equipment are improperly used and
maintained. If the electrical conductors become exposed, there is a danger of
shocks, burns, or fire.
4. Fire Safety
Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce destruction caused by fire.
Fire safety measures include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an
uncontrolled fire and those that are used to limit the spread and impact of a fire.

Things a Fire Needs

The 3 things a fire needs are heat, fuel and oxygen. These three elements work
together to help a fire start and take over. However, if any of the three elements
are removed from a fire, then it will extinguish and no longer pose a threat.

1. Heat

Heat is the first and most essential element that a fire needs. his provides the
initial spark or source of ignition to start the fire and raise the fuel temperature
to its burning point. Examples include flames, sparks, matches, electrical
equipment malfunctions, and even sunlight under certain conditions.

2. Fuel

Fuel is the second element found in the fire triangle. The fire will need a fuel
source in order to continue to burn. The fuel can be anything that's flammable
such as paper, wood, fabric, chemicals or combustible materials. If you remove
the fuel from the fire, then it will go out.

3. Oxygen

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 Oxygen is the last element in the fire triangle. It's also one of the more important
factors because oxygen is everywhere. A fire needs oxygen in order to ignite and
continue to burn. So to put out a fire you can use dirt, sand or a non-flammable
blanket to smother the fire.

Here's a guide to fire extinguisher types and classes, incorporating images for
clarity:

Classes of Fires:
• Class A: Ordinary combustibles like wood, paper, cloth, and plastics.

Class A fire symbol

• Class B: Flammable liquids like gasoline, oil, paint, and solvents.

Class B fire symbol

• Class C: Electrical fires involving energized equipment.

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 Class C fire symbol
• Class D: Combustible metals like magnesium, potassium, and sodium (less
common).

Class D fire symbol

• Class K: Cooking oils and fats (kitchen fires).

Class K fire symbol

Types of Fire Extinguishers
1. Water Extinguishers:

11 | C o m p u t e r S y s t e m R e f u r b i s h m e n t – T r a i n e e M a n u a l
 o Use for: Class A fires only.
o How they work: Cool the burning material and smother the flames.
Image:

Water fire extinguisher

2. Foam Extinguishers:
o Use for: Class A and B fires.
o How they work: Create a foam blanket to smother the flames and
prevent re-ignition.
o Image:

Foam fire extinguisher

3. Dry Chemical Extinguishers (ABC):
o Use for: Class A, B, and C fires.
o How they work: Disrupt the chemical reaction of the fire, smothering the
flames.
o Image:

Dry chemical fire extinguisher

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 4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers:
o Use for: Class B and C fires.
o How they work: Displace oxygen and smother the flames.
o Image:

Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

5. Wet Chemical Extinguishers:
o Use for: Class K fires (kitchen fires).
o How they work: Cool the burning oil and create a soap-like barrier to
prevent re-ignition.
o Image:

5. Hygiene and Sanitation

Maintaining a clean and hygienic workplace is not just about aesthetics; it plays a
crucial role in preventing accidents, illness, and injuries, ultimately contributing
to a safer and more productive work environment.

Hygiene and Sanitation

Maintaining a clean and hygienic workplace is not just about aesthetics; it plays a
crucial role in preventing accidents, illness, and injuries, ultimately contributing
to a safer and more productive work environment. Here's how hygiene and
sanitation act as essential safety measures at work:

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 Hygiene:
Handwashing: Frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after using
the restroom, handling food, or dealing with waste, is crucial for preventing the
spread of germs and bacteria that can cause illnesses like flu, colds, and even
foodborne diseases.

Handwashing with soap and water

➢ Personal cleanliness: Encouraging employees to maintain personal
hygiene through showering or bathing regularly, wearing clean clothes and
shoes, and keeping facial hair and nails trimmed can prevent infections and skin
irritations.
➢ Respiratory hygiene: Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or
elbow can help prevent the spread of airborne illnesses.
➢ Workplace cleanliness: Regularly cleaning and disinfecting common
surfaces like doorknobs, desks, shared equipment, and restrooms reduces the
risk of cross-contamination and potential outbreaks.
Sanitation:
➢ Proper waste disposal: Having readily available and designated waste
bins for different types of waste, including recycling bins, prevents clutter and
ensures proper disposal, minimizing the risk of attracting pests and creating
unsanitary conditions.

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 Recycling bin

Clean and maintained restrooms: Regularly cleaning and sanitizing

restrooms, providing adequate toilet paper and handwashing facilities, and
ensuring proper ventilation are essential for maintaining hygiene and preventing
the spread of germs.

➢ Safe water supply: Access to clean and safe drinking water is crucial for
employee health and hydration. This can be achieved through providing filtered
water stations or bottled water.
➢ Proper ventilation and air quality: Maintaining proper ventilation and
air quality through regular cleaning of air ducts and filters, as well as controlling
dust and fumes from certain work processes, can prevent respiratory problems
and illnesses.
Benefits of prioritizing hygiene and sanitation at workplace:
➢ Reduced absenteeism: By preventing illness and injuries, good hygiene
and sanitation practices can lead to lower absenteeism rates, boosting
productivity and minimizing disruptions.
➢ Improved employee morale: A clean and hygienic workplace can
contribute to a more positive and comfortable work environment, leading to
improved employee morale and satisfaction.
➢ Enhanced safety: Implementing proper hygiene and sanitation
measures can help prevent slips, trips, and falls caused by spills or cluttered
workspaces.
➢ Stronger company image: A commitment to hygiene and sanitation
demonstrates a company's care for its employees and promotes a positive brand
image.

Practical Activity 1.1.2: Setting the workplace

Task:

1. Read the key reading 1.1.2

2. Referring to the key reading 1.1.2 you are requested to go in computer lab to set workplace.
3. Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4. In addition, ask questions where necessary.

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 Key readings 1.1.2: Setting the workplace.

[Link] Up a Workspace for Computer System Refurbishment

1. Choose a Suitable Location:
• Adequate space: Ensure you have enough room to spread out components and
work comfortably.
• Ventilation: Choose a well-ventilated area to avoid exposure to harmful fumes.
• Lighting: Good lighting is essential for precise work.
• Power outlets: Ensure there are sufficient power outlets to accommodate your
equipment.
2. Organize Your Workspace:
• Clear work surface: Keep your workspace clean and free of clutter.
• Designated areas: Create designated areas for different tasks, such as
disassembly, cleaning, and reassembly.
• Storage solutions: Use shelves, drawers, or boxes to store tools, components, and
cleaning supplies.
3. Equip Your Workspace:
• Essential tools: Gather necessary tools like screwdrivers, pliers, tweezers, and a
toolkit.
• Cleaning supplies: Have cleaning solutions, microfiber cloths, and brushes on
hand.
• Protective gear: Keep safety glasses, gloves, and a dust mask readily available.
• Work mat or bench: A padded work surface can protect components and provide
comfort.
4. Safety Considerations:
• Electrical safety: Always unplug equipment before working on it.
• Ground yourself: Use a grounding wrist strap to prevent electrostatic discharge.
• Ventilation: Ensure proper ventilation when using cleaning chemicals.
• Fire safety: Keep a fire extinguisher nearby and be aware of exit routes.
5. Ergonomics:
• Proper posture: Sit upright and avoid straining your neck, back, or wrists.
• Monitor placement: Position your monitor at eye level to reduce strain.
• Keyboard and mouse placement: Keep your keyboard and mouse at a
comfortable distance and height.
• Take breaks: Get up and stretch regularly to avoid fatigue.
1. Implement safety measures in computer refurbishment
Implementing safety measures in computer refurbishment is essential to protect
both learners and the equipment involved. Here are the steps you can take:

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 1. Conduct a Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards associated with the
refurbishment process, such as electrical risks, exposure to hazardous materials
(like old batteries), and ergonomic concerns.
2. Develop a Safety Plan: Create a detailed safety plan that outlines specific safety
protocols and procedures for handling equipment, tools, and hazardous materials
during refurbishment.
3. Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Equip learners with appropriate PPE,
such as gloves, safety glasses, and anti-static wrist straps, to protect against
electrical shocks and static discharge.
4. Ensure Proper Ventilation: If refurbishing computers involves cleaning with
solvents or other chemicals, ensure that the workspace is well-ventilated to
minimize exposure to harmful fumes.
5. Maintain Cleanliness and Organization: Keep the work area tidy and organized
to prevent accidents. Properly label and store tools and components to reduce
the risk of mishandling.

Points to Remember

• A "working place" or "workplace" In computer refurbishment, a workplace typically

refers to a facility or area where used or damaged computers are repaired and
upgraded.
• There are different safety measures applied in computer refurbishment such as:
Electrical Safety, Component Handling, Physical Safety, Chemical Safety and Data
Security
• There are different types of hazards which are: Biological, Chemical, Ergonomic,
Physical, Psychosocial
• Steps for Setting Up a Workspace for Computer System Refurbishment

1. Choose a Suitable Location

2. Organize Your Workspace
3. Equip Your Workspace
4. Safety Considerations
5. Ergonomics

Application of learning 1.1.

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XYZ Company, which specializes in refurbishing computers, is setting up a new workspace for
their technicians in computer system refurbishment, you have been tasked to set the
workspace and implement safety measures.

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 Indicative content 1.2: Selection of Computer System Components

Duration: 3 hrs

Theoretical Activity 1.2.1: Description of computer system hardware

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

i. What are the components of computer system hardware?
ii. What are the components of CPU?
iii. What are the types of software?
2: Provide the answers for the asked questions and write them on flipchart/papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.
5: For more clarification, read the key readings 1.2.1.

Key readings 1.2.1.: Description of computer system hardware

Computer Hardware:
Computer hardware refers to the tangible, physical components of a computer
system. These components can be seen, touched, and manipulated, and they work
together to process information and perform various tasks
1. hardware Computer System Components
Here are some of the essential internal components found in a typical computer
system:
1.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and
performing calculations.
Examples: Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen 9
1.2 Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects and allows
communication between all the critical components. It serves as the central
platform that houses and interlinks the CPU, memory (RAM), storage devices, and
other peripherals.
Components of Motherboard:
CPU Socket: A slot that holds the CPU and connects it to the motherboard’s
circuitry.
RAM Slots: Slots where memory (RAM) modules are inserted for temporary data
storage.

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 Chipset: Controls communication between the CPU, RAM, and other components;
determines the motherboard’s features and capabilities.
Expansion Slots: These include PCIe slots for adding components like graphics
cards, sound cards, or network adapters.
Storage Connectors: SATA and M.2 connectors allow connection of hard drives,
SSDs, and other storage devices.
Power Connectors: Provide power to the motherboard and connected
components.
I/O Ports: External ports for USB devices, audio, Ethernet, and other peripherals
1.3 Storage and memories
1.3.1 Storage
Hard Disk Drive (HDD): This is like a traditional filing cabinet. It's slow but can store
a lot of data.
Solid-State Drive (SSD): This is like a digital filing cabinet. It's much faster than an
HDD but is more expensive.
1.3.2 Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM): This is like your workspace. It's fast but only holds
data temporarily while you're working on it.
Read-Only Memory (ROM): This is like a reference book that you can't change. It
stores essential instructions for the computer to start.
Difference between RAM and ROM

1.4. Input devices/ output devices

1.4.1 Input Devices
Input devices are used to provide information to the computer. They enable the
user to enter data, commands, or instructions into the system.

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 Common examples include:
✓ Keyboard: Used to enter text, numbers, and commands.
✓ Mouse: Used to navigate the screen, select items, and perform actions.
✓ Touchscreen: Allows users to interact with the computer by touching the
screen.
✓ Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital images.
✓ Microphone: Captures audio input for sound recording or voice
recognition.
✓ Webcam: Captures video input for video conferencing or recording.
✓ Game Controllers: Specialized input devices used for gaming.
1.4.2 Output Devices
Output devices are used to display or present information from the computer to
the user. They allow the computer to communicate its results or output. Some
common output devices include:
Monitor: Displays visual information, such as text, images, and videos.
Printer: Produces physical copies of digital documents.
Speakers: Output audio signals, such as music, speech, or sound effects.
Projector: Displays visual information on a large screen.
Headphones: Deliver audio output directly to the user's ears.
1.5 Adapter Cards
Adapter Cards: Expanding Your PC's Capabilities
Adapter cards, also known as expansion cards or add-in cards, are hardware
components that you insert into expansion slots on your computer's motherboard
to enhance its functionality. These cards provide additional capabilities that the
motherboard alone cannot offer.
Common Types of Adapter Cards:
Graphics Cards:
Enhance the graphics processing capabilities of your PC.
Used for demanding tasks like gaming, video editing, and 3D rendering.
Examples: NVIDIA GeForce, AMD Radeon
Sound Cards:
Improve the audio quality of your PC's sound output.
Offer advanced features like surround sound, audio effects, and digital audio
interfaces.
Examples: Creative Sound Blaster, ASUS Xonar
Network Cards:
Provide network connectivity, allowing your PC to connect to the internet or a local
network.
Can be wired (e.g., Ethernet) or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi).
Examples: Intel Ethernet, TP-Link Wi-Fi

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 TV Tuner Cards:
Allow you to watch digital television on your PC.
Can capture and record TV programs.
Examples: Hauppauge WinTV, AverMedia TV Tuner
Capture Cards:
Used to capture video or audio from external sources, such as game consoles or
camcorders.
Commonly used for video editing and streaming.
Examples: Elgato Game Capture, AverMedia Live Gamer
Modem Cards:
Provide dial-up internet connectivity.
Less common nowadays due to the prevalence of broadband internet.
1.6 Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Power Supply Unit (PSU) The Power Supply Unit (PSU) is a crucial component of a
computer system that converts AC power from the wall outlet into DC power
required by internal components such as the CPU, motherboard, and peripherals.
It ensures that your PC receives a stable and reliable power supply for optimal
performance.
Key Functions:
Voltage Conversion: The PSU converts the incoming AC voltage (typically 110V or
220V) into DC voltages that are compatible with the various components within
the PC. Common DC voltages include 3.3V, 5V, and 12V.
Current Regulation: It regulates the current output to prevent overloading and
damage to components.
Power Distribution: The PSU distributes power to different components within the
system based on their requirements.
Protection: It provides protection against power surges, voltage fluctuations, and
short circuits to safeguard your PC's components.
Types of PSUs:
ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended): The most common type of PSU used in
modern desktop PCs.
Server PSUs: Designed for high-performance servers and workstations, offering
higher power output and redundancy features.
Mini-ITX PSUs: Smaller and more compact PSUs suitable for small form factor (SFF)
systems.
2. The components of CPU
The components of the CPU are the key elements that work together to perform
processing tasks. These include:

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 2.1 Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the processor by managing the
execution of instructions and coordinating communication between the CPU and
other components.
2.2 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations (arithmetic)
and logical operations (comparisons and decision-making).
2.3 Registers: Small, fast storage areas inside the CPU used to temporarily hold
data and instructions that are currently being processed.
2.4 Cache: A small, high-speed memory located in the CPU that stores frequently
accessed data and instructions to reduce the time it takes to fetch information
from RAM.
2.5 Bus Interface Unit: Manages data transfer between the CPU and other
components via buses, ensuring smooth communication across the system.
3. Types of Software
3.1 Software:
Software is the set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers
and execute specific tasks. It's the intangible counterpart to hardware.
Here are types of software:
System Software:
Purpose: Manages and operates the computer hardware, enabling it to function
and provide a platform for running other software.
Examples: Operating systems (like Windows, macOS, Linux), drivers, and utilities.
Function: It runs in the background to control hardware and ensure everything
works together (e.g., managing memory, processors, input/output devices).
3.2 Application Software:
Purpose: Helps users perform specific tasks or activities, like writing documents,
browsing the internet, or editing photos.
Examples: Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Adobe Photoshop, video games.
Function: It’s used directly by users to carry out tasks on the computer (e.g.,
writing a report, playing a game, or editing a video).

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 Practical Activity 1.2.2: Selecting computer system components

Task:

1. Read the key reading 1.2.2

2. Referring to the key reading 1.2.2, you are requested to select the computer components.
3. Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4. In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 1.2.2: Selecting computer system components assembling

Steps for selecting computer components

Hardware

Selecting computer components can be an exciting yet challenging task. Here’s a

step-by-step guide to help you through the process:

1. Determine Your Purpose: Identify what you will primarily use the computer for
(gaming, content creation, general use, etc.). This will influence your component
choices.
2. Choose a CPU (Processor): The CPU is the brain of your computer. Look for one
that matches your needs in terms of performance and compatibility with other
components. Popular brands include Intel and AMD.
3. Select a Motherboard: Ensure the motherboard is compatible with your chosen
CPU. Consider factors like size (ATX, microATX), features (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), and
expansion slots.
4. Pick RAM (Memory): Decide how much RAM you need based on your usage.
For gaming or heavy multitasking, 16GB is often recommended, while 8GB may
suffice for general use.
5. Choose a GPU (Graphics Card): If you plan to game or do graphic-intensive
work, a dedicated GPU is essential. Research models that fit your budget and
performance needs.
6. Storage Options: Decide between SSDs (faster, more expensive) and HDDs
(slower, more storage for less money). Many users opt for a combination of both.

Select a Power Supply Unit (PSU): Choose a PSU with enough wattage to support
your components, preferably with some headroom for future upgrades. Look for
reputable brands with good efficiency ratings.

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 1. Consider Cooling Solutions: Depending on your CPU and GPU, you may need
additional cooling. Stock coolers may suffice, but aftermarket coolers can improve
performance and noise levels
2. Choose a Case: Select a case that fits your components and has good airflow.
Consider aesthetics, size, and cable management options.
3. Peripherals and Accessories: Don’t forget about the monitor, keyboard, mouse,
and any other peripherals you may need. Ensure they are compatible and meet
your preferences

II. Steps for selecting computer components

Software:
Selecting computer components based on the software you intend to use involves
understanding the specific requirements and recommendations of that software.
Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you choose the right components tailored to
your software needs:
1. Determine Software Requirements:
Research the software you plan to use (e.g., IDEs, design software, game engines,
and virtual machines).
Check the official documentation for minimum and recommended system
requirements.
2. Identify Key Performance Areas:
Understand which components are most critical for the software. For example, CPU
performance is crucial for compilation speeds, while RAM is important for
multitasking and handling large datasets.
3. Define Your Use Case:
Clarify what you’ll be doing with the software (e.g., programming, graphic design,
video editing). This will influence your component choices.
4. Select the CPU:
Choose a CPU that meets or exceeds the software's requirements. For tasks like
software development or video editing, consider a multi-core processor for better
performance.
5. Choose RAM:
Opt for sufficient RAM based on the software’s requirements. For most
development tasks, 16GB is a good starting point, while more demanding
applications may require 32GB or more.
6. Pick Storage Solutions:
Select an SSD for your operating system and software to ensure fast load times and
responsiveness. Depending on your storage needs, consider adding an HDD for
larger files and projects.
7. Select a Graphics Card (GPU):

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 If your software relies heavily on graphics (like game development or 3D rendering),
choose a dedicated GPU that meets the software's specifications. For general
programming tasks, integrated graphics may be sufficient.
8. Choose a Motherboard:
Ensure the motherboard is compatible with your CPU and has the necessary
features (like USB ports, expansion slots) for your needs. Check for future upgrade
options as well.
9. Pick a Power Supply (PSU):
Choose a PSU that provides adequate wattage for your components and is from a
reputable brand. Look for efficiency ratings (like 80 PLUS) to ensure reliability.

Points to Remember

• Computer hardware refers to the tangible, physical components of a computer

system. These components can be seen, touched, and manipulated, and they work
together to process information and perform various tasks.
• Software is the set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks. It's the intangible counterpart to hardware.
• Steps for selecting computer components.
1. Determine Your Purpose
2. Choose a CPU (Processor)
3. Select a Motherboard
4. Pick RAM (Memory)
5. Choose a GPU (Graphics Card)
6. Storage Options
7. Select a Power Supply Unit (PSU)
8. Consider Cooling Solutions
9. Choose a Case
10. Peripherals and Accessories

Application of learning 1.2

XYZ is a refurbish company wishes to set up new workstation for their employees in different
departement each workstation must meet specific performance requirements. You asked to
select computer system components that is reliable and match the Perfomence needs of each
role of each office.

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 Indicative content 1.3: Selection of Tools, Materials and Equipment

Duration: 2 hrs

Theoretical Activity 1.3.1: Description of tools, materials and equipment

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

i. Identify the types of tools used in computer system refurbishment
ii. Differentiate the thermal paste material from adhesive material
iii. Enumerates at least two examples of power protection device
2: Provide the answers for the asked questions and write them on flipchart/papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class.
4: For more clarification, read the key readings 1.3.1.

Key readings 1.3.1.: Description of tools, materials and equipment

1. Tools:
Devices used to perform specific tasks or operations. They are often handheld
and designed to assist in manipulating materials or applying force.
1.1 Types of Tools:
1.1.1 ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) tools are specialized equipment designed to
safely handle electronic components and devices while minimizing the risk of
damaging them due to electrostatic discharge.
Examples:
ESD Wrist Straps:
These are worn on the wrist and connected to a ground point to safely
discharge static electricity from the body while working on electronic
components.
ESD Mats:
These mats are placed on work surfaces to provide a static-free area for
handling sensitive components. They are typically grounded to prevent the
buildup of static electricity.
ESD Bags:
Specialized bags made from conductive materials that protect electronic
components during storage and transport. They prevent static buildup and
provide shielding from electromagnetic interference.
1.1.2 Hand tools: are manually operated devices or instruments designed to
assist with various tasks, repairs, or manipulations of materials.

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 Screwdrivers (Phillips & Flathead) – For opening cases, removing or securing
screws on components like hard drives, motherboards, and expansion cards.

Tweezers – Useful for handling small screws and delicate components in tight
spaces.

Pliers (Needle-nose) – For gripping small parts or bending wires.

Hex/Allen Wrench Set – Used for specialized screws found in some computers.

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 Cable Ties – For organizing cables neatly during assembly.

1.1.3 Computer diagnostic tools are software programs or hardware devices

designed to analyze and assess the performance, health, and functionality
of a computer system.
Example:
A digital multimeter (DMM) is a versatile instrument used to measure various
electrical properties, including voltage, current, and resistance. It can also perform
other functions like testing continuity, measuring capacitance, and sometimes
even temperature.

Digital multimeters are favored for their ease of use and clear digital displays,
which make reading measurements straightforward. They're essential tools for
electricians, engineers, and hobbyists working with electrical circuits.

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 1.1.4 Cleaning tools, in the context of computers and technology, refer to
software applications or utilities that are used to optimize, declutter,
and improve the performance of a computer system.
Examples:

Cleaning brush is a specialized tool designed to safely remove dust, dirt, and debris
from delicate computer components and peripherals.

An electrical blower (often referred to as an air blower) is a tool that uses high-
powered air to remove dust and debris from various surfaces and spaces.

b. Materials:
Substances or elements used to make or build something. Materials can be raw or
processed and are used as the foundational components in various projects or
products.

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 2.1 Thermal paste, also known as thermal compound, thermal grease, or thermal
interface material (TIM), is a type of substance used in electronics and computer
hardware to improve the thermal conductivity between two surfaces, typically a
microprocessor (CPU or GPU) and its corresponding heatsink or cooling solution.

Cleaning Materials
Cleaning materials refer to various substances, tools, and equipment used for the
purpose of cleaning and maintaining hygiene in different environments, whether
it's in households, commercial spaces, industries, or healthcare facilities.
Example:
Compressed Air Canister – Blows dust and debris out of hard-to-reach areas inside
the computer, such as fans, heat sinks, and ports.

Isopropyl Alcohol (at least 90%) – Used for cleaning thermal paste off CPUs and
heatsinks, and for cleaning electronic components.

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 2.2 Adhesive materials
Adhesive materials, commonly known as adhesives, are substances used to bond
or stick two or more surfaces together by forming a strong and durable connection.
Example:
Super Glue
Super glue, also known as cyanoacrylate adhesive, is a fast-drying adhesive that
bonds materials quickly and securely.

Equipment
Equipment: Larger, often more complex items or systems used to perform specific
tasks or functions.
1. Power protection devices
Power protection devices, also known as power protection equipment or power
management devices, are devices designed to safeguard electronic and electrical
equipment from power related issues or disruptions.
Example: stabilizer, fuse, circuit breaker

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment. It refers to specialized clothing or

equipment worn by individuals to protect themselves from various hazards in the
environment, workplace, or during specific activities.

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 Practical Activity 1.3.2: Selecting tools, materials and equipment

Task:

1: Read the key reading 1.3.2

2: Referring to the key reading 1.3.2 you are requested to select tools, materials and
equipment.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 1.3.2.: Selection of tools, materials and equipment

Identify the tools needed to complete the job safely and effectively. Consider the
type of material, the environment, and any other factors that could impact safety.
Use the right tool for the job: Always use the appropriate tool for the task at hand.
Here are practical steps to guide you through the selection process:
1. Assess the System Requirements
Determine the scope: Identify what needs to be refurbished (e.g., hardware
components like the motherboard, CPU, storage, or peripherals).
Check the compatibility: Ensure that the new or replacement components are
compatible with the existing system (e.g., RAM type, CPU socket, power supply).
Identify any faults: Run diagnostics to identify failing or damaged parts, which
will help you choose the correct replacement tools and materials.
2. Select the Necessary Tools
Basic Hand Tools:
Screwdrivers (Philips and flathead): For removing screws on the case,
components, and peripherals.
Antistatic wrist strap: To avoid static discharge that could damage sensitive
electronic components.
Pliers and tweezers: Useful for handling small components or cables.
Thermal paste applicator: For reapplying thermal paste to CPUs or GPUs during
reinstallation.
Advanced Tools (if needed):
Multimeter: To test power supply and component functionality.
Compressed air: For cleaning dust from components and fans.
Pry tools: To safely open cases or separate parts without damage.
3. Identify Required Materials
Replacement Parts:
New or refurbished components: Hard drives, RAM, CPUs, power supplies, or
GPUs, depending on what’s needed for the system.

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 Consumables:
Thermal paste: For reinstalling or upgrading the CPU cooler.
Cable ties: For neat cable management.
Dust filters: If the original system had poor airflow, consider adding or replacing
these.
4. Choose the Right Equipment
Cleaning Equipment:
Isopropyl alcohol (90% or higher): For cleaning thermal paste off CPU or GPU
surfaces.
Microfiber cloths: To clean delicate components without causing scratches.
Diagnostic Tools:
POST tester: To help troubleshoot hardware issues during the startup process.
External drive enclosure: To test hard drives or recover data without reinstalling
them inside the computer.
Upgrade Equipment (if necessary):
SSD cloning kit: For transferring data from an old hard drive to a new SSD.
Power supply tester: To check if the PSU is working properly.
5. Safety Considerations
Always use an antistatic mat or wrist strap to prevent electrostatic discharge
(ESD).
Ensure you work in a well-ventilated area, especially when using cleaning
chemicals like isopropyl alcohol or compressed air.
Organize components in a clear, labeled workspace to avoid losing screws or
parts.
6. Plan for Disposal or Recycling
Collect old, damaged components, batteries, and hazardous materials like old
thermal paste for proper disposal or recycling.

Points to Remember

• There are four types of tools used in computer system refurbishment such as:
ESD tools, hand tools, diagnostic tools and cleaning tools.
The main difference between thermal paste and adhesive material lies in their purpose
and properties:
Thermal Paste:
• Purpose: Enhances heat transfer between a CPU/GPU and a cooler by filling in
microscopic gaps.
• Property: It is non-adhesive, allowing components to be easily removed for
maintenance. It does not bond parts together.
Adhesive Material:

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 Purpose: Used to bond or stick two surfaces together.
• Property: It has adhesive qualities, creating a permanent or semi-permanent bond,
making it harder to remove the components once applied.
In computer system refurbishment we may have the following examples of power
protection device: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), Surge Protectors, Power
Conditioners, stabiliser, fuse and circuit breaker.
• Practical steps to guide you through the selection process:
1. Assess the System Requirements
2. Select the Necessary Tools
3. Identify Required Materials
4. Choose the Right Equipment
5. Safety Considerations
6. Plan for Disposal

Application of Learning 1.3

The IT department of a mid-sized company has decided to refurbish older computers to

extend their lifespan and improve performance. You are requested to select the appropriate
tools, materials, and equipment needed to carry out the refurbishment effectively.

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 Indicative content 1.4: Disassembling Computer System

Duration: 3 hrs

Theoretical Activity 1.4.1: Description of computer system disassembling

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

I. What are the types of computers?
II. What are the categories of computers?
III. What are the computer system components?
IV. Differentiate assembling from disassembling computer
2: Provide the answers for the asked questions and write them on flipchart/papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.
5: For more clarification, read the key readings 1.4.1.

Key readings 1.4.1.: Description of computer system

A computer system is a complex arrangement of hardware and software
designed to process, store, and manage data and perform various tasks or
computations.
1. Types of computers
1.1 Personal Computers (PCs):
Personal Computers is also known as a microcomputer. It is basically a general-
purpose computer designed for individual use. It consists of a microprocessor as
a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input unit, and output unit
1.2 Workstations:
More powerful than personal computers and designed for specialized tasks like
computer-aided design (CAD), video editing, and scientific simulations.
1.3. Servers:
Designed to provide services and resources to other computers (clients) on a
network.
Used for hosting websites, managing databases, file sharing, and more.
Offer high reliability, scalability, and redundancy.
1.4. Mainframes:
Extremely powerful and capable of handling complex and critical applications.
Commonly used in large organizations for handling massive volumes of data and
transactions.

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 1.5. Supercomputers
The most powerful and high-performance computers available.
Used for complex scientific simulations, weather forecasting, and advanced
research requiring massive computational power.
2. Categories of Computers
Computers can be classified based on their size, purpose, and processing power.
Here are the main categories:
2.1 Based on Size and Processing Power
• Supercomputers: The most powerful computers, designed for complex
calculations and simulations. They are used in scientific research, weather
forecasting, and artificial intelligence.
• Mainframes: Large-scale computers used by businesses and organizations to
handle massive amounts of data. They are often used for critical tasks like
financial transactions and airline reservations.
• Minicomputers: Smaller than mainframes but still powerful, they are used for
tasks like network administration and data management.
• Workstations: High-performance computers designed for specific tasks, such as
engineering, design, and video editing.
• Personal Computers (PCs): The most common type of computer, used for a wide
range of tasks, from word processing to gaming.
o Desktop Computers: Stationary computers designed to be used at a desk.
o Laptops: Portable computers that can be used on the go.
o Tablets: Smaller, touchscreen devices that are primarily used for mobile
computing.
o Smartphones: Mobile phones with advanced computing capabilities.
2.2 Based on Purpose
• Servers: Computers that provide services to other computers on a network, such
as file storage, email, and web hosting.
• Embedded Systems: Small computers built into other devices, such as cars,
appliances, and medical equipment.
• Gaming Consoles: Specialized computers designed for playing video games.
2.3 Based on Function
• Analog Computers: Process continuous data, such as electrical signals.
• Digital Computers: Process discrete data, represented as 0s and 1s.
• Hybrid Computers: Combine analog and digital components.
3. Computer System Components
A computer system is composed of various components that work together to
perform tasks.
3.1 Hardware Components

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer,
the CPU executes instructions and performs calculations.
Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all the components of the
computer.
Memory: Stores data and instructions temporarily while the computer is running.
Random Access Memory (RAM): Volatile memory that loses its contents when
the computer is turned off.
Read-Only Memory (ROM): Non-volatile memory that stores permanent data.
Storage Devices: Store data permanently.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Traditional storage device with spinning disks.
Solid-State Drive (SSD): Faster storage device with no moving parts.
Input Devices: Devices used to enter data into the computer.
Keyboard: For typing text.
Mouse: For navigating the computer's interface.
Scanner: For converting physical documents into digital images.
Output Devices: Devices used to display or output data.
Monitor: For displaying visual information.
Printer: For printing documents on paper.
Speakers: For producing sound.
3.2. Software Components
Operating System: The software that manages the computer's resources and
provides an interface for users to interact with the computer:
➢ Windows: A popular operating system for personal computers.
➢ MacOS: The operating system for Apple computers.
➢ Linux: A free and open-source operating system.
Applications: Software programs designed to perform specific tasks:
➢ Word processors: For creating and editing documents.
➢ Spreadsheets: For organizing and analyzing data.
➢ Web browsers: For accessing and viewing web pages.
➢ Games: For entertainment.
4. Difference between disassembling and assembling computer
Assembling a computer refers to the process of putting together various
hardware components to create a functional system. This typically involves
selecting and connecting parts such as the motherboard, CPU, RAM, storage
drives, power supply, and peripherals like the monitor and keyboard. The goal is
to ensure that all components work together seamlessly to perform tasks.
On the other hand, disassembling a computer is the process of taking apart an
existing system. This might be done for maintenance, repairs, upgrades, or
recycling purposes. Disassembling involves carefully removing components,

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 ensuring that they are not damaged in the process, and often requires knowledge
of how the parts fit together to avoid any mishaps.

Practical Activity 1.4.2: Disassembling a computer system

Task:

1: Read the key reading 1.4.2

2: Referring to the key reading 1.4.2 you are requested to disassemble computer system.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 1.4.2: Disassembling a computer system

• Steps for Disassembling a Computer System
Note: Before disassembling your computer, ensure you have a clear workspace
and follow safety guidelines.
1. Power Off and Disconnect:
Unplug: Turn off your computer and disconnect it from the power outlet.
Remove Peripherals: Disconnect all external devices like monitors, keyboards, and
mice.
2. Open the Case:
Locate the Case Screws: These are usually found on the back or sides of the case.
Remove Screws: Carefully unscrew the case panels, starting with the side panel
that houses the motherboard.
3. Disconnect Components:
Power Supply: Disconnect the power supply cables from the motherboard, hard
drives, and optical drives.
Storage Devices: Remove any data cables (SATA or IDE) from hard drives and
optical drives.
Motherboard Components: Disconnect any cables or wires attached to the
motherboard, such as USB, audio, and network cables.
4. Remove Motherboard:

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 Release the Standoffs: Unscrew any standoffs holding the motherboard in place.
Lift Carefully: Gently lift the motherboard and remove it from the case.
5. Remove Other Components:
CPU Cooler: If applicable, remove the CPU cooler by detaching its mounting clips
or screws.
CPU: Carefully remove the CPU from the motherboard.
Expansion Cards: Remove any expansion cards (like graphics cards or sound cards)
from their PCIe slots.
6. Remove Additional Components:
Fans: Remove any case fans or power supply fans.
Front Panel Connectors: Disconnect any cables connected to the front panel of the
case (e.g., power button, USB ports).

Points to Remember

• There are some types of computers: Personal Computers (PCs), Workstations, Servers,
Mainframes, Supercomputers
• Computers are classified into different categories based on various factors such as:
Based on Size and Processing Power, based on Purpose, Based on Function
• Assembling and disassembling a computer are two opposite processes involved in
handling computer hardware, where assembling a computer involves putting together
various components to create a functional computer system, while disassembling a
computer is the process of taking a computer apart, which might be done for various
reasons, such as repairs, upgrades, or recycling.

• Steps for Disassembling a Computer System

1. Power Off and Disconnect

2. Open the Case
3. Disconnect Components
4. Remove Motherboard
5. Remove Other Components
6. Remove Additional Components

Application of learning outcome 1.4

You are a technician at XYZ Company, and you have been assigned the task of disassembling
a computer system, you are tasked to disassemble the computer carefully, ensuring that all
components are handled safely and stored properly for future reassembly or replacement.

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 Indicative content 1.5: Installation of New Hardware Component

Duration: 3 hrs

Practical Activity 1.5.1: Installing a New Hardware Component

Task:

1: Read the key reading 1.5.2

2: Referring to the key reading 1.5.2 you are requested to install new hardware.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.
5: Perform the activity in the application of learning 1.5

Key readings 1.5.1: installing new hardware in a computer:

Here are the general steps for installing new hardware in a computer:
1. Identification of the new hardware component
[Link] (Central Processing Unit):
Identification: Usually, a square or rectangular chip located in the motherboard’s
CPU socket. It may have a protective cover.
Installation: Align the notches on the CPU with the socket, lift the lever, place the
CPU in gently, and secure it.
[Link] (Random Access Memory):
Identification: Long, narrow sticks typically located in slots on the motherboard,
often with clips on either end.
Installation: Open the clips, align the notch on the RAM with the slot, and press
down firmly until the clips snap back into place.
C. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit):
Identification: A larger card that slots into the PCIe (Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express) slot on the motherboard, often with one or more fans.
Installation: Remove the appropriate expansion slot cover on the case, align the
GPU with the PCIe slot, and press down until it clicks into place. Secure it with
screws if necessary.
D. Storage Drives (HDD/SSD):
Identification: Hard disk drives (HDDs) are larger, while solid-state drives (SSDs)
can be 2.5-inch drives or M.2 form factors (a small stick).

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 Installation: For 2.5-inch drives, secure them in a drive bay using screws. For M.2
drives, align it with the M.2 slot on the motherboard, insert at an angle, and
secure it with a screw.
E. Motherboard:
Identification: The main circuit board that houses the CPU, RAM, and expansion
slots. It has various ports and connectors.
Installation: Place the motherboard in the case, aligning it with standoffs, and
secure it with screws.
F. Power Supply Unit (PSU):
Identification: A rectangular box typically located at the bottom or top of the
case. It has multiple cables for power connections.
Installation: Secure the PSU in its designated area, usually with screws, and
connect the appropriate cables to the motherboard, CPU, and other
components.
G. Cooling Solutions (Fans/Heatsinks):
Identification: Fans are typically circular, while heatsinks are metal blocks with
fins.
Installation: For CPU coolers, apply thermal paste, if necessary, align the cooler
with the CPU, and secure it according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Attach
case fans to the appropriate mounting points.
H. Case:
Identification: The outer shell that houses all components. It has various ports
and drive bays.
Installation: Ensure all components fit within the case, and secure them using
screws or clips.
I. Peripheral Devices:
Identification: Devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers that connect
externally.
Installation: Connect using USB, HDMI, or other relevant ports.
J. Cables and Connectors:
Identification: Various cables, including SATA cables for storage, power cables
from the PSU, and data cables.
Installation: Connect each cable to the appropriate ports, ensuring they are
securely plugged in.
[Link] hardware component Compatibility
A. Check the Motherboard Specifications:
CPU Compatibility: Verify that the CPU you want to install is compatible with your
motherboard’s socket type. Check the motherboard's documentation or
manufacturer’s website for a CPU compatibility list.

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 RAM Compatibility: Check the type (DDR4, DDR5, etc.) and maximum capacity of
RAM supported by the motherboard. Also, confirm the maximum number of
RAM slots available.
Expansion Slots: Ensure that the motherboard has the necessary PCIe slots for
your GPU and any other expansion cards you plan to install.
B. Verify Power Supply Requirements:
Wattage: Ensure that your power supply unit (PSU) has enough wattage to
support all components, especially the CPU and GPU. Use online PSU calculators
to estimate the total wattage needed.
Connectors: Check that the PSU has the required connectors for your
motherboard (24-pin ATX, 4/8-pin CPU power) and GPU (6-pin, 8-pin, etc.).
C. Storage Compatibility:
Interface Type: Confirm that your motherboard supports the type of storage
drives you plan to use (SATA, M.2 NVMe, etc.). Check the number of available
SATA ports if using traditional HDDs or SSDs.
Form Factor: Ensure that your case has enough space for the storage drives you
want to install, especially for larger HDDs or multiple SSDs.
D. Graphics Card (GPU) Compatibility:
Physical Space: Ensure that your case has enough physical space for the GPU.
Check the GPU length and compare it with the available space in your case.
PCIe Slot: Confirm that your motherboard has a compatible PCIe x16 slot
available for the GPU.
E. Cooling Solutions:
CPU Cooler Compatibility: Check that the CPU cooler is compatible with your CPU
socket and fits within your case. Verify the height of the cooler if you have a
compact case.
Case Fans: Ensure that your case has enough fan mounting points and that the
fans are compatible with the case (size and connector type)
F. Case Compatibility:
Motherboard Form Factor: Ensure that the case supports the motherboard size
(ATX, microATX, mini-ITX).
Cooling and Airflow: Check that the case allows for adequate airflow and has
space for additional cooling solutions if needed.
[Link] of new hardware installation procedures
A. Open the Computer Case
Use a screwdriver to remove the side panel of the case to access the internal
components.
B. Locate the Hardware Slot or Space
Identify the correct slot or area for the hardware (e.g., PCIe slot for a GPU, RAM
slots, M.2 for an SSD).

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 C. Install the Hardware
Gently align and insert the new hardware into the appropriate slot or connection
point. Ensure it is seated properly and secure it with screws if needed.
D. Connect Necessary Cables
Attach any required power or data cables (e.g., connecting the PSU to the GPU
or storage device to the motherboard).
E. Close the Case
Reattach the side panel of the case and screw it back into place.
F. Power On the computer
Plug the computer back in, power it on, and enter the BIOS/UEFI to ensure the
new hardware is recognized.
G. Install Drivers (if needed)
Once in the operating system, install any necessary drivers or software to ensure
the hardware functions correctly.
H. Test the Hardware
• Run tests to verify that the new hardware is working properly (e.g., benchmarks
for GPUs, performance checks for storage devices).

Points to Remember

• While installing a new hardware component pass through the following steps:

1. Turn Off and Unplug the Computer

2. Open the Computer Case
3. Locate the Hardware Slot or Space
4. Install the Hardware
5. Connect Necessary Cables
6. Close the Case
7. Power On
8. Install Drivers (if needed)
9. Test the Hardware

Application of learning 1.5.

ABC Company hired you as a computer technician and you are tasked with refurbishing an
aging desktop computer system. The goal is to install the new hardware to improve
performance and extend its lifespan.

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45 | C o m p u t e r S y s t e m R e f u r b i s h m e n t – T r a i n e e M a n u a l
 Indicative content 1.6: Assembling Computer System

Duration: 3hrs

Practical Activity 1.6.1: Assembling Computer System

Task:

1: Read the key reading 1.6.1

2: Referring to the key reading 1.6.1 you are requested to assemble computer system.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.
5: Perform the activity in the application of learning 1.6

Key readings 1.6.1: Assembling Computer System

Steps of assembling Computer system
1. Gather Your Tools and Components:
Tools Needed: A Phillips-head screwdriver, anti-static wrist strap (optional but
recommended), and cable ties for organization.
Components Needed: CPU, RAM, motherboard, power supply unit (PSU), storage
drives (HDD/SSD), graphics card (if applicable), case, and cooling solutions.
2. Prepare Your Workspace:
✓ Choose a clean, flat surface with good lighting.
✓ Ensure you have enough space to lay out all components and tools.
3. Install the Power Supply Unit (PSU)
✓ Open the computer case.
✓ Insert the PSU into the designated space in the case and secure it with screws.
✓ Ensure the PSU cables are accessible for later connections.
4. Install the Motherboard
✓ Install standoffs in the case to prevent the motherboard from touching the case.
✓ Carefully place the motherboard in the case, aligning it with the I/O shield and
screw holes.
✓ Secure the motherboard with screws.
5. Install the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
✓ Open the CPU socket on the motherboard.
✓ Align the CPU with the socket (match the corner markers) and gently place it in
the socket.
✓ Close the socket lever to secure the CPU.
6. Install CPU Cooler

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 ✓ Apply a small amount of thermal paste to the CPU if needed.
✓ Attach the CPU cooler, following the manufacturer's instructions.
✓ Connect the cooler’s fan to the motherboard (typically to the CPU_FAN header).
7. Install Memory (RAM)
✓ Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard.
✓ Align the RAM sticks with the slots and press them in until the latches click into
place.
8. Install Storage (SSD/HDD)
✓ If using an M.2 SSD, insert it into the M.2 slot on the motherboard and secure it.
✓ For 2.5” or 3.5” drives (SSD/HDD), place them in the drive bays and secure them
with screws.
✓ Connect the storage device to the motherboard using SATA cables (if required).
9. Install the Graphics Card (GPU)
✓ Insert the GPU into the PCIe slot on the motherboard.
✓ Secure the GPU to the case using screws.
✓ Connect power cables from the PSU to the GPU (if necessary).
10. Connect Power and Data Cables
✓ Connect the 24-pin ATX power connector from the PSU to the motherboard.
✓ Connect the 8-pin CPU power cable to the motherboard.
✓ Connect SATA power and data cables to storage drives.
✓ Connect front panel cables (power button, USB, audio, etc.) to the motherboard.
11. Test the System
✓ Plug the system into power and connect a monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
✓ Power on the system and check if it boots into BIOS/UEFI.
II. While customizing appearance of a computer system Perform following:
Performing appearance customization on a computer system can enhance your
user experience and make your workspace more visually appealing.
Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you customize the appearance of your
computer, focusing on both hardware and software aspects:
1. Customize the Desktop Background:
Windows: Right-click on the desktop and select "Personalize." Choose
"Background" and select an image or slideshow from your files or the built-in
options.
2. Change the Theme:
Windows: In the "Personalization" menu, select "Themes" to choose a pre-
installed theme or create your own by customizing colors, sounds, and
backgrounds.
3. Customize Taskbar and Dock:
Windows: Right-click on the taskbar to access settings. You can lock the taskbar,
change its position, and customize which icons appear.

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 4. Adjust Icon Appearance:
Windows: Right-click on the desktop, select "View," and choose icon size (small,
medium, large). You can also change individual icon properties by right-clicking
on them.
5. Change Font Styles and Sizes:
Windows: Go to "Settings" > "Ease of Access" > "Display" to adjust text size. For
more advanced font customization, you might need third-party software.
6. Customize Folder Icons:
Windows: Right-click on a folder, select "Properties," then go to the "Customize"
tab to change the folder icon.
7. Install and Use Custom Themes:
Windows: Explore third-party websites for custom themes. Use tools like
"UltraUXThemePatcher" to enable third-party themes but proceed with caution.

Points to Remember

• While assembling a computer system pass through the following steps:

1. Install the Power Supply Unit (PSU)
2. Install the Motherboard
3. Install the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4. Install CPU Cooler
5. Install Memory (RAM)
6. Install Storage (SSD/HDD)
7. Install the Graphics Card (GPU)
8. Connect Power and Data Cables
9. Test the System

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 Application of learning 1.6.

A small business owner has recently purchased a new computer component. The owner has
attempted to assemble the computer system themselves but has encountered difficulties.
You are requested to assemble and customize computer system.

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 Indicative content 1.7: Installation of Computer System Drivers and Software

Duration: 3 hrs

Theoretical Activity 1.7.1: Description of computer system drivers and software

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions related to the software:

I. What are the criteria to consider while checking software compatibility?
II. Define device drivers
2: Provide the answer for the asked questions and write them on papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class
4: For more clarification, read the key readings 1.7.1. In addition, ask questions where
necessary.

Key readings 1.7.1.: Description of computer system drivers and software

Software compatibility checking

1. Criteria for Choosing Compatible Software
When selecting software for your computer system, compatibility is a crucial factor
to consider.
Here are some key criteria to evaluate:
1.1 Operating System Compatibility:
OS Version: Ensure the software is compatible with your specific operating system
(e.g., Windows 11, macOS Monterey, Ubuntu 22.04).
Bit Depth: Check if the software is 32-bit or 64-bit compatible to match your
system's architecture.
1.2 Hardware Requirements:
Processor: Verify that your processor meets the minimum and recommended
requirements.
RAM: Ensure you have sufficient RAM to run the software smoothly.
Storage: Check if your storage space is adequate for the software installation and
its data.
Graphics Card: If the software is graphics-intensive, ensure your graphics card
meets the requirements.
1.3 Software Dependencies:
Libraries and Frameworks: Some software may require additional libraries or
frameworks to function correctly.

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 Compatibility Checks: Verify that these dependencies are installed and compatible
with your system.
1.4 Feature Set:
Functionality: Assess if the software offers the features and capabilities you need.
Customization: Consider if the software can be customized to your specific
requirements.
1.5 User Interface:
Ease of Use: Evaluate the software's user interface and how intuitive it is to
navigate.
Compatibility with Your Workflow: Consider if the software's interface and
features align with your preferred workflow.
1.6 Support and Updates:
Customer Support: Assess the availability and quality of the software developer's
customer support.
Updates: Check if the software receives regular updates and patches to address
bugs and security vulnerabilities.
2. Drivers
Drivers are a specific type of software that allow the operating system and other
programs to communicate with hardware devices. Each hardware component (like
a printer, graphics card, or network adapter) requires a driver to function properly.
Drivers translate high-level commands from the operating system into device-
specific operations, making the hardware usable by the system.
Drivers are essential software components in a computer system that allow the
operating system (OS) to communicate with hardware devices. They act as
intermediaries between the OS and the hardware, translating commands and data
so that both can understand each other. Here’s a detailed overview of drivers and
their importance:
2.1. Purpose of Drivers:
Communication: Drivers enable the operating system to send and receive data to
and from hardware devices, such as printers, graphics cards, sound cards, and
storage devices.
Functionality: They provide the necessary instructions for the OS to utilize the
features and functions of the hardware effectively.
Control: Drivers allow users and applications to control hardware devices through
the OS.
2.2. Types of Drivers:
Device Drivers: These are the most common type, designed for specific hardware
components. Examples include:
Graphics Drivers: Enable the OS to communicate with the graphics card, affecting
display settings and performance.

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 Printer Drivers: Allow the OS to send print jobs to the printer and manage printing
settings.
Audio Drivers: Enable sound output and control audio settings for sound cards or
integrated audio devices.
Kernel Drivers: These operate at the kernel level and manage hardware directly,
such as disk drivers for hard drives and SSDs.
Virtual Device Drivers: Used for virtual devices, such as virtual printers or virtual
network adapters, often found in virtualization software.
2.3. Importance of Drivers:
Performance: Proper drivers ensure that hardware operates efficiently and at its
intended performance level.
Compatibility: Drivers ensure that the hardware is compatible with the OS and
other software applications.
Functionality: Without the correct drivers, hardware devices may not work at all
or may have limited functionality.

Practical Activity 1.7.2: Installing computer system software

Task:

1: Read the key reading 1.7.2

2: Referring to the key reading 1.7.2 you are requested to install new software in the
computer
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 1.7.2: Installing computer system software

• Software Installation Procedures
Here are the general steps involved in installing software on a computer:
✓ Download the Software:
Locate the software you want to install. This could be from the software
developer's website, an app store, or a third-party distribution platform.
Download the installation file (usually an .exe, .dmg, or .deb file).
✓ Run the Setup File:
Double-click the downloaded installation file to launch the setup wizard.
Follow the Instructions:
The setup wizard will guide you through the installation process.

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 You may be asked to agree to terms and conditions, choose an installation
location, and select features to install.
✓ Installation Progress:
The installer will extract and copy the necessary files to your computer. This may
take some time, depending on the size of the software.
✓ Complete Installation:
Once the installation is complete, you'll usually be prompted to restart your
computer for the changes to take effect.

• Install system software:

Installing system software typically involves several steps, which can vary
depending on the type of operating system you are installing (like Windows,
macOS, or Linux).
Here’s a general outline of the steps you might follow:
1. Prepare Your System: Ensure your hardware meets the minimum
requirements for the system software. Backup any important data to avoid loss
during installation.
2. Obtain the Software: Download the system software from the official
website or use installation media like a USB drive or DVD.
3. Create Installation Media (if necessary): If you’re using a USB drive, you
may need to create a bootable USB drive using tools like Rufus or the built-in tools
in your operating system.
4. Boot from Installation Media: Insert the installation media into your
computer and restart it. You may need to enter the BIOS/UEFI settings to change
the boot order to prioritize the installation media.
5. Start the Installation Process: Once your computer boots from the
installation media, follow the on-screen prompts to start the installation.
6. Select Installation Type: You may be given options such as a clean
installation or an upgrade. Choose the one that suits your needs.
7. Partitioning: If you’re doing a clean install, you may need to partition
your hard drive. This step allows you to allocate space for the new operating
system.
8. Follow On-Screen Instructions: Continue with the installation by
following the prompts, which may include selecting your language, time zone, and
keyboard layout.
9. Enter Product Key: If required, enter your product key to activate the
software.
10. Configure Settings: After installation, you may need to configure user
accounts, network settings, and privacy options.

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 11. Install Updates and Drivers: Once the installation is complete, check for
any updates and install necessary drivers for your hardware.
12. Restore Data: If you backed up data, you can now restore it to your new
system.
13. Final Checks: Ensure everything is working properly and customize your
settings as needed.
• Installing Application Software:
Installing application software typically involves a few straightforward steps.
Here’s a general guide:
1. Check System Requirements: Before you begin, ensure that your device meets
the minimum system requirements for the software.
2. Download the Software: If you’re installing from the internet, visit the official
website or a trusted source to download the installation file. If you have a physical
copy, insert the CD/DVD or connect the USB drive.
3. Run the Installer: Locate the downloaded file (usually in your Downloads
folder) or access the physical media. Double-click the installation file to start the
installation process.
4. Follow the Installation Wizard: Most applications will launch an installation
wizard. Follow the on-screen instructions, which may include accepting terms of
service, choosing an installation location, and selecting components to install.
5. Configure Settings: Some applications may allow you to customize settings
during installation. Adjust these according to your preferences.
6. Complete the Installation: Once you've followed all the prompts, the
installation process will begin. This may take a few minutes. When it’s finished,
you’ll usually see a confirmation message.
7. Launch the Application: After installation, you can typically find the application
in your Start Menu (Windows) or Applications folder (Mac). Click to launch it.
8. Update the Software: After installation, check for any available updates to
ensure you have the latest features and security patches.
9. Register or Activate: If the software requires a license key or registration,
follow the prompts to activate it

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 Points to Remember

• When selecting software for your computer system, compatibility is a crucial factor
to consider. Here are some key criteria to evaluate which are: Operating System
Compatibility, Hardware Requirements, Software Dependencies, Feature Set, User
Interface, Support and Updates
• A device driver is a type of software that allows a computer's operating system to
communicate with a specific hardware device.
• Here are the general steps involved in installing software on a computer:
1. Select the type of software to be installed.
2. Download the Software /having installer setup.
3. Run the Setup File
4. Follow the Instructions
5. Installation Progress
6. Complete Installation

Application of learning 1.7.

Mid-sized company, has just on boarded new employees. They need to install a new
software and install device drivers in their computers to complete daily tasks. However, they
are not familiar with the installation process. You are asked to install both system software
and application software.

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 Indicative content 1.8: Perform Computer System Test

Duration: 1 hr

Theoretical Activity 1.8.1: Description of computer system testing

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions

i. Provide clear description about:
a. System functionality
b. System performance
c. System stress test
2: Provide the answers for the asked questions and write them on flipchart/papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class.
4: Ask questions for more clarification if necessary.
5: For more clarification, read the key readings 1.8.1.

Key readings 1.8.1.: Description of computer system test

[Link] Functionality Testing
This involves verifying that all components and features of the system are
working as intended. It ensures that the system can perform its basic functions
accurately and without errors. Key aspects of functionality testing include:
• UI Testing: Checking the user interface for responsiveness, intuitiveness,
and correct behavior.
• Feature Testing: Verifying that each individual feature or function works
as expected.
• Data Validation: Ensuring that the system can handle valid and invalid
data inputs appropriately.
• Integration Testing: Testing how different components or modules
interact with each other.
[Link] Performance Testing
This focuses on evaluating the system's performance under various conditions,
including load, stress, and peak usage. It helps identify bottlenecks and areas for
optimization. Performance testing includes:
• Load Testing: Simulating increasing user loads to assess how the system
handles peak usage.
• Stress Testing: Pushing the system to its limits to identify its breaking point
and evaluate its stability.

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 • Benchmarking: Comparing the system's performance against industry
standards or benchmarks.
[Link] Stress Testing
This is a more intensive form of performance testing that involves subjecting the
system to extreme conditions to identify its limitations and vulnerabilities. Stress
testing can include:
• CPU Stress: Pushing the CPU to its maximum capacity to evaluate its ability
to handle heavy workloads.
• Memory Stress: Overloading the system's memory to assess its
responsiveness and stability.
• Disk I/O Stress: Simulating heavy read/write operations to evaluate the disk
subsystem's performance.
• Network Stress: Flooding the network with excessive data to evaluate its
bandwidth and latency.

Practical Activity 1.8.2: Perform computer system testing

Task:

1: Read the key reading 1.8.2

2: Referring to the key reading 1.8.2 you are requested to go to the computer Lab to perform
computer system testing.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 1.8.2: Perform computer system testing.

Here are general steps for performing system testing

[Link] the Testing Process
Define Objectives: Determine what you want to achieve with the testing (e.g.,
validate functionality, performance, security).
Identify Scope: Define which parts of the system will be tested and which will not.
Select Testing Methods: Choose appropriate testing methodologies (e.g., manual
testing, automated testing).
2. Gathering Requirements
Collect Documentation: Gather all relevant documentation, including requirements
specifications, design documents, and user manuals.

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 Understand User Needs: Ensure you have a clear understanding of user
expectations and system requirements.
3. Designing Test Cases
Create Test Scenarios: Develop high-level scenarios that reflect user interactions
with the system.
Write Detailed Test Cases: For each scenario, create detailed test cases that specify
inputs, execution steps, expected results, and actual results.
Prioritize Test Cases: Rank test cases based on criticality and risk to focus on the
most important areas first.
4. Setting Up the Test Environment
Prepare the Environment: Set up hardware, software, and network configurations
needed for testing.
Install the System: Ensure the application or system is correctly installed and
configured in the test environment.
[Link] Test Cases
Run Tests: Execute the test cases according to the defined steps.
Document Results: Record the outcomes of each test, noting any discrepancies
between expected and actual results.
[Link] Defects
Log Issues: If any defects or issues are found, document them in a defect tracking
system with detailed information for developers.
Prioritize Defects: Classify defects based on severity and impact on the system.
7. Retesting and Regression Testing
Fix Defects: Work with the development team to resolve any identified issues.
Retest: Once defects are fixed, retest to ensure that the issues have been resolved.
Perform Regression Testing: Check that new changes have not adversely affected
existing functionality.
8. Performance Testing
Conduct Performance Tests: Evaluate the system’s performance under various
conditions, including load testing, stress testing, and soak testing.
Analyze Performance Metrics: Review performance data to identify any bottlenecks
or areas for improvement.
9. User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
Involve End Users: Allow end users to test the system in a real-world scenario to
confirm it meets their needs.
Gather Feedback: Collect feedback from users and make any necessary
adjustments.
10. Final Review and Reporting
Compile Test Results: Summarize the results of all testing activities, including
successful tests and outstanding issues.

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 Prepare Test Summary Report: Create a report that outlines the testing process,
findings, and recommendations for further action.
11. Closure
Review and Sign Off: Conduct a final review with stakeholders to ensure satisfaction
with the testing process and results.
Document Lessons Learned: Note any insights gained during testing for future
projects.

Performing a comprehensive computer system test involves evaluating various

aspects of the system, including functionality, performance, and stress testing.
Here’s a breakdown steps of how you can conduct each type of test:
1. System Functionality Testing
Objective: To ensure that all features and functions of the system work as intended.
Steps:
Identify Requirements: Gather all functional requirements and specifications of the
system.
Create Test Cases: Develop test cases that cover all functionalities, such as user
login, data entry, report generation, and any other critical features.
Execute Test Cases: Run the test cases and document the outcomes. Verify that
each function behaves as expected.
Record Results: Note any discrepancies or bugs found during testing and categorize
them based on severity.
Retesting: After bugs are fixed, retest to ensure that the issues are resolved.
2. System Performance Testing
Objective: To evaluate the system's responsiveness, speed, and overall performance
under normal conditions.
Steps:
Define Performance Criteria: Establish benchmarks for acceptable performance,
such as response times, throughput, and resource usage.
Select Testing Tools: Use tools like Apache JMeter, LoadRunner, or like simulate user
interactions.
Conduct Tests: Run tests under normal load conditions to measure performance
metrics. This may include:
Response Time: Time taken to complete requests.
Throughput: Number of transactions processed in a given time.
Resource Utilization: Monitor CPU, memory, and network usage during operation.
Analyze Results: Compare the metrics against the defined criteria to determine if
the system meets performance expectations.
3. System Stress Testing

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 Objective: To determine how the system behaves under extreme conditions and
identify its breaking point.
Steps:
Define Stress Levels: Establish what constitutes a stress level for the system (e.g.,
double the expected maximum load).
Use Stress Testing Tools: Implement tools like Apache JMeter or LoadRunner to
simulate high load scenarios.
Execute Stress Tests: Gradually increase the load until the system reaches its limits.
This can include:
Load Testing: Gradually increase user load.
Spike Testing: Sudden increase in load to test immediate response.
Soak Testing: Run at high load for an extended period to check for memory leaks or
performance degradation.
Monitor System Behavior: Observe how the system responds, including error rates,
response times, and resource utilization.
Document Findings: Record the results, noting the point of failure and any
performance degradation observed.

Points to Remember

• System Functionality Testing involves verifying that all components and features of the
system are working as intended. It ensures that the system can perform its basic functions
accurately and without errors.
• System Performance Testing focuses on evaluating the system's performance under
various conditions, including load, stress, and peak usage. It helps identify bottlenecks and
areas for optimization.
• System Stress Testing is a more intensive form of performance testing that involves
subjecting the system to extreme conditions to identify its limitations and vulnerabilities.
• Best Practices for Computer System Testing
1. Planning the Testing Process
2. Gathering Requirements
3. Designing Test Cases
4. Setting up the Test Environment
5. Executing Test Cases
6. Reporting Defects
7. Performance Testing
8. User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
9. Final Review and Reporting

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 Application of learning 1.8

A company is refurbishing a batch of used computers for resale. The computers have
undergone hardware repairs, cleaning, and software reinstallations. Before offering the
refurbished systems to customers, they need to conduct thorough testing to ensure their
reliability and functionality, as technician you are requested to test the computer system.

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 Learning outcome 1 end assessment

Written assessment

I. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. A workplace in computer refurbishment typically refers to:
a) A facility where computers are manufactured.
b) A place where people work on their personal computers.
c) A place where used or damaged computers are repaired and resold.
d) A facility where computer parts are sold.
2. PPE is primarily used to:
e) Protect employees from workplace hazards.
a) Enhance computer performance.
b) Improve employee productivity.
c) Make the workplace more aesthetically pleasing.
3. The main goal of ergonomic design in ICT is to:
a) Create a visually appealing workplace.
b) Increase computer speed.
c) Reduce the risk of discomfort and injury for users.
d) Make computers more expensive.
4. Safety in a computer workplace refers to:
a) Preventing accidents and injuries.
b) Ensuring computers are always working.
c) Making the workplace more comfortable.
d) Increasing computer sales.
5. Proper waste disposal in a computer workplace helps to:
a) Prevent accidents.
b) Improve computer performance.
c) Reduce the risk of attracting pests.
d) Make the workplace more colourful.
6. Which of the following is considered as the brain of the computer?
a) Motherboard
b) RAM
c) CPU
d) BIOS chip
7. A device that allows entering data and instruction into a computer system is called
a) Interaction
b) Terminal
c) Communication

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 d) Input
8. Which of the following are not input devices?
a) Keyboard, trackball, light pen
b) Barcode reader, OMR, OCR, MICR
c) Biometric sensor, scanner, Mic
d) Plotter, projector, headphones
9. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Google Docs are the examples of
a) An operating software
b) System software
c) Utility software
d) Application software
II. TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS:
1. Computer hardware refers to the intangible components of a computer system.
2. Software is considered a type of hardware
3. System software helps run applications.
4. Word processing and games are examples of system software.
5. The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
6. Expansion cards can be used to add features like sound or networking capabilities.
9. A keyboard is an output device.
10. A webcam is used to capture video input.
11. A printer is an input device.
12. Speakers are used to output audio signals.
13. It is not safe to disassemble a computer while it is still plugged into the power source.
14. Static electricity can damage internal components of a computer, such as the RAM or
motherboard.
15. It is not okay to skip installing thermal paste between the CPU and the heatsink, as it
is essential for proper cooling.
16. It is important to update drivers after installing new hardware in a computer.
17. Cleaning dust from computer components can improve the overall performance of
the system.
Practical assessment

XYZ is a refurbishing company wants to perform computer system renovation to their

computers to improve performance, enhance security and ensure compatibility with modern
software and hardware to their computer system. The renovation will involve Setting Working
Place, Selection of Computer system components, Selection of Tools, materials and
equipment, Disassembling Computer system, Installation of New hardware component,
Assembling Computer system, Installation of Computer system drivers and software, Perform
computer system test.

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 References

Akhtar, M. (2021). Troubleshooting: Fixing common problems in laptops. Amazon.

[Link]
ebook/dp/B09NVS3216
Cisco Press. (n.d.). Preparing a computer system. Retrieved from
[Link]
Crucial. (n.d.). Disassemble and rebuild a desktop computer. Retrieved from
[Link]
computer
Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative (GESCI). (n.d.). Criteria for selecting a
computer system. Retrieved from [Link]
content/courses/Computer/CS-F1-Computer-
systems/criteria_for_selecting_a_computer_system.html
iolo Technologies. (n.d.). How fast is my computer? Retrieved from
[Link]
computer
Johnson, M., & Chen, R. (2021). Optimizing legacy system renovation: Case studies
and analysis. Journal of Information Technology Management, 35(3), 123-134.
Mano, M. M. (1993). Computer system architecture (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. Retrieved
from [Link]
edition
Miller, S. (2023, April 15). Steps to modernize your office computer systems. IT
Solutions Today.
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). (n.d.).
Understanding computer systems: Information technology (Grade XI textbook,
Chapter 1). Retrieved from [Link]
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). (n.d.). Basic IT tools
– Part I (Grade XI textbook, Chapter 3). Retrieved from
[Link]
O'Leary, T. J., & O'Leary, L. I. (2018). Computer systems and maintenance: Upgrades
and management for efficiency. TechPress.
Springer. (n.d.). Lecture notes in networks and systems. Retrieved from
[Link]
Ultimate Computer Repair Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from
[Link]
ide_pdf

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Learning Outcome 2: Perform Computer System Restoration

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 Indicative Contents

2.1 Perform Computer System Motherboard Troubleshooting

2.2 Perform Computer System Software Troubleshooting

2.3 Perform Computer System Testing

Key Competencies for Learning Outcome 2: Perform Computer System

Restoration

Knowledge Skills Attitudes

• Description • Assembling • Being

computer system computer system Innovative
motherboard motherboard • Having
• Identification the • Performing organization
common faults of repair computer • Having safety
motherboard. system First
• Description of motherboard • Having
computer system • Performing flexibility
testing computer system • Having time
software Management
troubleshooting • Being Problem
• Performing Solving
computer system • Being Self-
testing motivated
• Being Detail-
oriented

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 Duration: 30hrs

Learning outcome 2 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:

1. Describe correctly computer system motherboard based on computer system

functionality
2. Describe correctly common faults of motherboard based on computer system
functionality
3. Identify appropriately faults of motherboard based on computer system
functionality
4. Perform correctly repair computer system motherboard according to the faults of
motherboard
5. Test appropriately computer system motherboard component based on computer
system functionality
6. Assemble correctly computer system motherboard based on computer system
functionality
7. Perform correctly Computer system software troubleshooting based on computer
system functionality
8. Perform correctly computer system testing based on computer system functionality

Resources

Equipment Tools Materials

• Power supply • Tweezers • Anti-static wrist

tester • Screwdrivers strap/mat
• Multi-meter • Soldering iron • Thermal paste
• Anti-static mat • Desoldering pump • Isopropyl alcohol
• SMD rework • Flashlight or and cotton swabs
station headlamp • Soldering wire
• Blower • Needle-nose pliers (tin)
• Wire cutter/striper • Labelling
materials
• Spare screws
• Soldering paste
• Electrical tape
and zip ties

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 • Desoldering wick

68 | C o m p u t e r S y s t e m R e f u r b i s h m e n t – T r a i n e e M a n u a l
 Indicative content 2.1: Perform Computer System Motherboard
Troubleshooting

Duration:15 hrs

Theoretical Activity 2.1.1: Description of computer system motherboard

Tasks:

1: Discuss and answer the following questions:

I. Define computer system motherboard
II. Explain the Main components of computer system motherboard and their function
III. State Interconnections and Communication of computer system on the
motherboard components
IV. What are computer system motherboard technologies
2: Present your findings to the trainer and your colleagues
3: Ask clarifying questions whenever necessary.
4: Read key readings 2.1.1 in trainee’s manual

Key readings 2.1.1: Description of computer system motherboard

1. Definition of computer system motherboard

A motherboard is the primary printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer system.
It serves as the central hub that connects and enables communication between
all the crucial electronic components of the system.
2. Main components of computer system motherboard and their function
The motherboard is the central circuit board of a computer, connecting and
powering various components. Here are its key components and their
functions:
1. Processor Socket:
• Function: Holds the central processing unit (CPU), the brain of the
computer.
• Purpose: Allows the CPU to communicate with the rest of the system.
2. Memory Slots:
• Function: Accommodates random access memory (RAM), which stores
data and instructions for the CPU.
• Purpose: Enables the CPU to access data quickly and efficiently.
3. Expansion Slots:

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 • Function: Provides connections for expansion cards, such as graphics cards,
sound cards, and network interfaces.
• Purpose: Allows for customization and expansion of the computer's
capabilities.
4. Chipset:
• Function: A set of integrated circuits that manages communication between
the CPU, RAM, and other components.
• Purpose: Ensures smooth operation and data transfer within the system.
5. Southbridge:
• Function: A part of the chipset that handles communication with slower
devices like storage drives and I/O ports.
• Purpose: Facilitates data transfer and control of peripheral devices.
6. BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System):
• Function: Firmware that controls the basic operations of the computer
when it's first powered on.
• Purpose: Initializes hardware components, loads the operating system, and
provides essential system information.
7. Power Supply Connector:
• Function: Connects to the power supply unit to provide electricity to the
motherboard and its components.
• Purpose: Ensures the system has sufficient power to operate.
8. I/O Ports:
• Function: Provides connections for external devices like keyboards, mice,
monitors, and USB devices.
• Purpose: Enables communication and interaction with the computer's
peripherals.
[Link] Battery: This small, button-like battery powers the CMOS
(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) memory, which stores BIOS
settings, date, and time even when the computer is powered off.
[Link] Connectors: These connectors link the motherboard to the
computer's power supply unit, providing power to all components on the
motherboard.
[Link] Sinks and Cooling Solutions: Many motherboards include heat sinks
and fan headers to dissipate heat generated by the CPU, chipset, and other
components
12. Connectors for Storage Devices: Motherboards include connectors for
various storage devices, such as SATA ports for hard drives and SSDs.
[Link] and Communication of computer system motherboard
components

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 Interconnections and communication between the various components on a
computer system motherboard are crucial for the proper functioning of the
computer. These components communicate through a combination of electrical
and data pathways. Here's how different motherboard components
interconnect and communicate:

1. CPU to RAM: The CPU communicates with the RAM through the
memory controller. The CPU reads and writes data to RAM for
temporary storage and quick access. The memory controller manages
data flow between the CPU and RAM.
2. CPU to Chipset: The CPU communicates with the chipset through a
high-speed connection. The chipset, particularly the Northbridge,
facilitates communication between the CPU and other high-speed
components like RAM and graphics cards.
3. Chipset to RAM: The chipset, specifically the Northbridge, manages the
data flow between the CPU and RAM. It controls data access and
transfer rates to ensure smooth operation.
4. Chipset to Southbridge: The Southbridge communicates with the
Northbridge to manage data transfer between lower-speed
components, such as USB ports, SATA connectors, audio, and
networking.
5. Expansion Slots to CPU and Chipset: Components installed in
expansion slots (e.g., graphics cards, sound cards) communicate with
the CPU or chipset depending on the slot type (e.g., PCIe). These
components may have their own processors and memory.
6. Storage Devices (SATA, M.2) to Chipset: Storage devices like hard
drives and SSDs connect to the motherboard via SATA connectors or
M.2 slots. The chipset, through the Southbridge, manages data transfer
between the storage devices and the CPU.
7. BIOS/UEFI to All Components: The BIOS/UEFI firmware initializes and
communicates with all motherboard components during the boot
process. It sets up the system and manages configuration settings.
8. Power Distribution: The power supply unit (PSU) connects to the
motherboard through power connectors. The motherboard distributes
power to all components, ensuring they receive the appropriate
voltage and current.
9. Connectors for Input/ Output (I/O) Ports: These connectors allow
peripheral devices like USB, audio jacks, Ethernet, HDMI, and
DisplayPort to communicate with the motherboard and, in turn, the
CPU.

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 10. Clock Signals: The clock generator on the motherboard generates
various clock signals that synchronize the operation of different
components. Timing and synchronization are crucial for proper system
operation.
11. Voltage Regulation: Voltage regulators on the motherboard ensure
that the power supplied to various components remains stable,
meeting their specific voltage requirements.
✓ CMOS Battery to CMOS Memory: The CMOS battery powers the CMOS
memory, which stores BIOS settings, date, and time. The BIOS
communicates with this memory to retrieve configuration information.
✓ Cooling and Temperature Monitoring: Sensors on the motherboard
monitor temperature, and cooling components (e.g., fans)
communicate with the motherboard to adjust their speed based on
temperature readings.
✓ On-board Audio and Networking Components: High-end
motherboards often have integrated audio codecs and network
controllers. These components communicate with the CPU and RAM
for data processing and transmission.
[Link] system motherboard technologies
✓ Computer system motherboard technology has evolved significantly
over the years to keep pace with the demands of modern computing.
Here are some key aspects of motherboard technology:

1. Form Factors: Motherboards come in different form factors, which dictate

their size and layout. Common form factors include ATX, Micro ATX, and
Mini-ITX. Smaller form factors are often used in compact systems and
HTPCs (Home Theater PCs).
a. ATX: The most common form factor for desktop computers.
b. MicroATX: A smaller version of ATX, often used in compact or
budget-friendly systems.
c. Mini-ITX: The smallest form factor, commonly used in small form
factor (SFF) systems.
d. Server Motherboards: Designed for high-performance servers with
multiple processors and large amounts of memory.
e. Laptop Motherboards: Smaller and more integrated motherboards
designed for laptops.
2. Chipset Advancements: Chipsets have become more integrated and
efficient. Modern chipsets include the Northbridge and Southbridge
functions integrated into a single chip. These chipsets are designed to

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 support various CPU and peripheral technologies, such as USB, SATA, and
PCIe.
3. CPU Socket and Compatibility: As CPUs have evolved, so have their
sockets. Motherboards need to support specific socket types to
accommodate the latest CPU models. For instance, Intel and AMD have
introduced various socket designs over the years, and motherboard
manufacturers must keep up with these changes.
4. Expansion Slot Evolution: Expansion slots, such as PCIe slots, have
advanced to support faster data transfer speeds and accommodate
modern graphics cards, network cards, and storage devices. The number
and type of expansion slots vary based on the motherboard's intended use.
5. Memory Support: Motherboards now support various types of RAMS,
such as DDR4 and DDR5. They also offer multiple RAM slots, providing
support for higher memory capacities and faster data transfer rates.
6. Storage Connectivity: Modern motherboards feature connectors for
various storage devices, including SATA for hard drives and SSDs, M.2 slots
for NVMe SSDs, and, in some cases, U.2 connectors. These connectors
support faster data transfer rates and storage technologies.
7. BIOS/UEFI Firmware: The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) has largely
been replaced by UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) firmware.
UEFI offers a more user-friendly interface, faster boot times, and advanced
features for hardware configuration.
8. Connectivity and Ports: Motherboards now come with a range of I/O
ports, including USB 3.0 and USB 3.1, HDMI, DisplayPort, Ethernet, and Wi-
Fi. These ports provide faster data transfer, improved video output
options, and seamless wireless connectivity.
9. Multi-GPU Support: Some motherboards support multiple graphics cards
for enhanced gaming and professional graphics performance.
Technologies like NVIDIA SLI and AMD Crossfire allow for multiple GPUs to
work in parallel.
10. On-board Audio and Networking: High-quality integrated audio solutions
and network controllers are common on modern motherboards. These
components are capable of delivering high-definition audio and fast
Ethernet or Wi-Fi connectivity.
11. Overclocking Features: Motherboards designed for enthusiasts often
include advanced features for CPU and RAM overclocking. These features
allow users to push their hardware to higher performance levels.
12. RGB Lighting and Aesthetics: Many motherboards feature RGB lighting
and customizable aesthetics to cater to gamers and PC enthusiasts looking
to personalize the appearance of their systems.

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 13. Advanced Cooling Solutions: Motherboards may include features like fan
headers and water pump connectors to support advanced cooling
solutions. Some motherboards also offer smart fan control to optimize
cooling performance.
14. Debug and Diagnostic Tools: Some motherboards include built-in
diagnostics, debug LEDs, and on-board buttons for troubleshooting and
system tuning.
15. Security Features: Modern motherboards often incorporate security
features like Secure Boot, Trusted Platform Module (TPM), and hardware-
based encryption to protect the system and data.

Theoretical Activity 2.1.2: Identification of common faults of motherboard

Tasks:

1. Discuss and answer the following questions:

I. What are the common faults categories on motherboard
II. Describe computer system unit testing.
2. Present your findings to the trainer and your colleagues
3. Ask clarifying questions whenever necessary.
4. Read key readings 2.1.2 in trainee’s manual

Key readings 2.1.2: Identification of common faults of motherboard

1. Categories of faults on computer system motherboard
1. Hardware Faults: These are physical issues that affect the motherboard's
components. Examples include:
o Component failures: Damaged processors, RAM modules, chipsets, or other
components.
o Physical damage: Broken traces, liquid spills, or physical impact.
2. Software-Related Faults: These issues arise from software conflicts or incorrect
configurations. Examples include:
o Driver conflicts: Incompatible or outdated device drivers.
o BIOS errors: Corrupt or misconfigured BIOS settings.
o Software-induced damage: Malicious software or software crashes can
sometimes affect the motherboard.
[Link] Motherboard Faults

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 Motherboards are crucial components in computer systems, and when they
malfunction, it can significantly impact a computer's performance. Here are some
common motherboard faults:
1. Power Supply Issues
• Insufficient power: The motherboard may not receive enough power from the
power supply unit (PSU), leading to instability or crashes.
• Power surges: Sudden voltage spikes can damage components on the
motherboard.
[Link]
• Excessive heat can damage components on the motherboard, leading to system
crashes or performance issues. Ensure proper cooling and ventilation.
• Excessive heat: Overheating can cause components on the motherboard to fail,
leading to system instability or crashes.
• Poor cooling: Inadequate cooling systems, such as fans or heat sinks, can
contribute to overheating.
3. Hardware Failures
• Processor damage: Faulty processors can prevent the motherboard from
functioning correctly.
• RAM issues: Defective RAM modules can cause memory errors and system
instability.
• Chipset failures: The chipset, which controls communication between
components, can malfunction, leading to various problems.
4. Software Conflicts
• Driver issues: Incompatible or outdated drivers can cause conflicts with the
motherboard and lead to system instability.
• BIOS problems: Corrupt or misconfigured BIOS settings can affect the
motherboard's functionality.
5. Physical Damage
• Liquid spills: Accidents involving liquids can short-circuit components on the
motherboard.
• Physical impact: Dropping or mishandling the computer can cause damage to the
motherboard.
6. Component Failures
• Capacitor failures: Electrolytic capacitors can leak or fail, leading to various issues.
• MOSFET failures: These power transistors can malfunction, affecting the
motherboard's power delivery.
7. Corrosion
• Exposure to moisture: Over time, exposure to moisture can cause corrosion on
the motherboard, leading to electrical problems.
8. Manufacturing Defects

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 • Faulty components: In rare cases, motherboards can have manufacturing defects
that cause issues.
9. Short Circuits: These can occur due to damaged traces, liquid spills, or foreign
objects on the motherboard. They can cause system instability, unexpected
shutdowns, or component failures.
[Link] the specific fault often requires a combination of troubleshooting
techniques
Pinpointing the exact cause of a motherboard fault often requires a combination
of troubleshooting techniques, as the symptoms can be similar for various issues.
Here's a breakdown of common methods:
1. Visual Inspection
• Physical damage: Look for visible signs of damage, such as bent pins, broken
traces, or liquid spills.
• Corrosion: Check for signs of corrosion, which can occur due to exposure to
moisture or chemicals.
2. Component Testing
• Processor: Use diagnostic tools to test the CPU for errors or performance issues.
• RAM: Conduct memory tests to identify faulty RAM modules.
• Chipset: Check for conflicts or malfunctions by isolating the chipset.
• Other components: Test other components like storage devices and expansion
cards.
3. BIOS Checks
• Configuration: Verify that BIOS settings are correct and not causing conflicts.
• Updates: Ensure the BIOS is up-to-date to address known issues.
4. Software Diagnostics
• Driver conflicts: Check for driver conflicts using device manager or diagnostic
tools.
• Malware scans: Scan for malware that might be affecting the motherboard's
functionality.
• Software updates: Update operating system and software to address known
issues.

5. Power Supply Testing

• Voltage checks: Use a multimeter to measure the voltage output of the power
supply.
• Load testing: Test the power supply under load to ensure it can deliver adequate
power.
6. Environmental Factors
• Temperature: Check if the motherboard is overheating due to inadequate
cooling.

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 • Humidity: High humidity can contribute to corrosion and other issues.
7. Process of Elimination
• Isolate components: Gradually remove components to identify the faulty one.
• Test with known-good components: Replace components with known-good
replacements to confirm the issue.
8. Specialized Tools
• Motherboard diagnostic cards: These cards can help identify specific hardware
faults.
• Logic analyzers: These tools can analyze digital signals on the motherboard.

2.1.3. Computer System Unit Testing and Motherboard Issues

Unit testing is a software development process that involves testing individual

components of a system in isolation. While it's primarily used for software, it can
also be applied to hardware components, including motherboards, to identify
and address potential issues.
Here's how unit testing can be used to solve motherboard issues:
1. BIOS Testing
• Functionality: Test the basic input/output system (BIOS) to ensure it is
functioning correctly. This includes checking boot sequence, hardware
detection, and configuration settings.
• Updates: Test the latest BIOS updates to see if they resolve any known issues.
2. Chipset Testing
• Compatibility: Test the chipset's compatibility with various hardware
components, such as processors, memory, and graphics cards.
• Functionality: Verify that the chipset is functioning correctly by testing its
communication with other components.
3. Memory Testing
• Stability: Use memory diagnostic tools to test the RAM modules for errors and
stability.
• Compatibility: Ensure the RAM modules are compatible with the motherboard's
specifications.
4. Processor Testing
• Performance: Use benchmarking tools to test the processor's performance and
identify any bottlenecks.
• Overheating: Monitor the processor's temperature to ensure it's not
overheating.
5. Expansion Slot Testing
• Functionality: Test the expansion slots to ensure they can accommodate
different devices, such as graphics cards and network cards.

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 • Compatibility: Verify that the expansion slots are compatible with the devices
being used.
6. I/O Port Testing
• Functionality: Test the various I/O ports (USB, Ethernet, audio, etc.) to ensure
they are working correctly.
• Compatibility: Ensure the ports are compatible with the devices being
connected.
7. Power Supply Testing
• Voltage: Measure the voltage output of the power supply to ensure it's within
specifications.
• Load testing: Test the power supply under load to see if it can deliver enough
power to the motherboard and other components.

Key characteristics of unit testing:

• Isolation: Unit tests are designed to test individual code units independently,
without relying on other parts of the system.
• Automation: Unit tests are often automated, making it easy to run them.

Theoretical Activity 2.1.3: Description of repair computer system motherboard

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

I. What do you mean of computer tracer repair?
II. Differentiate Soldering and desoldering
III. What are the components board level repair of PCB
IV. What are the components for testing on the motherboard of PC
V. What are the components needed for assembling computer system motherboard
2: Present your findings to the trainer and your colleagues
3: Ask clarifying questions whenever necessary.
4: Read key readings 2.1.4 in trainee’s manual

Key readings 2.1.3: Description of repair computer system

1. Computer tracer repair
Computer trace repair on the motherboard is the process of repairing damaged
or broken electrical pathways, known as traces, on the motherboard. These
traces are tiny copper lines that connect various components on the

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 motherboard, enabling to conduct electrical signals to flow enabling the
components to communicate and function properly.

Common Causes of Trace Damage

• Physical damage: Accidents or mishandling can cause physical breaks in the
traces.
• Corrosion: Exposure to moisture, chemicals, or temperatures fluctuation can
lead to corrosion, which can degrade the conductivity of the traces.
1. Manufacturing defects: occasionally Weak or Thin Traces cause insufficient
copper thickness during manufacturing can make traces fragile.
2. Cleaning:
Improper or high-pressure cleaning methods and the use of corrosive or poorly
rinsed chemicals during PCB preparation for inspection can degrade or
mechanically damage traces.
3. Bridging the Gap:
Typically refers to unintentional connections formed between two or more PCB
traces, pads, or components, and this can cause trace damage.

[Link] and desoldering computer system motherboard

2.1 Soldering:
Soldering is the process of joining two or more metal components together using
a filler material called solder, which is a low-melting-point alloy. Soldering is used
to create permanent and electrically conductive connections between
components and circuit boards.
2.2 Desoldering
Desoldering is the process of removing solder from electronic components,
circuit boards, or connections to allow for repairs, replacements, or
modifications. It is the reverse of soldering and is commonly performed during
PCB rework or when troubleshooting and repairing electronic devices.

[Link] Board-Level Repair on PCB

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 Board-level repair on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) involves working with various
components, each of which plays a crucial role in the functioning of electronic
devices. Understanding the common components used in board-level repair is
essential for identifying and fixing issues. Below is a description of the most
common components you may encounter during PCB repair.
1. Resistors
Function: Resistors limit the amount of current flowing through a circuit and help
control voltage levels. They are often used in signal conditioning, biasing
transistors, and protecting components from excessive current.
• Repair: Damaged resistors can be desoldered and replaced with one of the
same resistance values (measured in ohms) and its equivalence.
2. Capacitors
Function: Capacitors store and release electrical energy. They are used for signal
filtering, smoothing output voltage fluctuations, and decoupling signals in
electronic circuits.
• Types:
o Electrolytic capacitors: Larger, polarized components used for high-
capacitance needs (often visible with metal cans).
o Ceramic capacitors: Small, unpolarised capacitors used for lower
capacitance applications.
• Repair: Bulging or leaking capacitors (common in older motherboards) should
be replaced with capacitors of the same capacitance and voltage rating.
3. Diodes
Function: Diodes allow current to flow in one direction and block it in the
opposite direction. They are used for rectification (converting AC to DC), signal
demodulation, and protecting components from voltage spikes (as in the case of
Zener diodes).
• Types:
1. Standard (Rectifier) Diodes
o Description: These are the basic diodes used for rectification in power supplies,
allowing current to flow in one direction while blocking it in the opposite
direction.
o Applications: AC to DC conversion, power supplies, and general-purpose
rectification.
2. Zener Diodes
o Description: A diode that is designed to operate in reverse breakdown mode (in
reverse bias). It has a well-defined Zener voltage at which it starts to conduct in
reverse, making it useful for voltage regulation.
o Applications: Voltage regulation, surge protection, and as a voltage reference.
3. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

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 o Description: These diodes emit light when current flows through them in the
forward direction. The light's color depends on the material used to
manufacture the diode.
o Applications: Displays, indicator lights, lighting, and optoelectronic devices.
4. Schottky Diodes
o Description: Made with a metal-semiconductor junction rather than a P-N
junction, Schottky diodes have a lower forward voltage drop (typically around
0.2-0.3V) and faster switching speeds compared to standard diodes.
o Applications: High-speed switching circuits, power supplies, RF circuits, and
solar cells.
5. Photodiodes
o Description: A diode that generates current when exposed to light. Photodiodes
can operate in reverse bias and are sensitive to light in the visible and infrared
spectrum.
o Applications: Light detection, optical communication, solar cells, and light
sensors.
6. Varactor Diodes (Varicap Diodes)
o Description: A diode that behaves like a variable capacitor when reverse biased.
Its capacitance varies with the applied reverse voltage.
o Applications: Frequency tuning in oscillators, voltage-controlled oscillators
(VCOs), and RF circuits.
7. Avalanche Diodes
o Description: These diodes are designed to handle high reverse voltages and
operate in reverse breakdown mode without damage. They are often used for
voltage regulation and protection in high-voltage circuits.
o Applications: Voltage regulation, transient voltage suppression, and
protection against overvoltage.
8. Shockley Diodes
o Description: A four-layer diode that behaves like a switch, typically used in
triggering circuits. It can maintain an on or off state until an external trigger is
applied.
o Applications: Switching applications, phase control in AC circuits, and trigger
circuits for SCRs (Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers).
• Appearance: Small cylindrical or surface-mount components with a marking to
denote the cathode (negative side).
• Repair: Faulty diodes can cause incorrect voltage levels or prevent current flow
and need to be replaced with similar diodes of the same type.
4. Transistors

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 Function: Transistors act as switches or amplifiers. They control current flow in
circuits, allowing them to turn signals on and off or increase signal strength. They
are critical for power regulation, amplification, and logic circuits.
• Types:

1. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

• Construction: Consist of three layers of semiconductor material: Emitter, Base,

and Collector. There are two main types:
o NPN: Negative-Positive-Negative layers.
o PNP: Positive-Negative-Positive layers.
• Operation: In a BJT, current flows from the emitter to the collector through the
base, and the current flow is controlled by the small current applied at the base.
• Applications: Amplifiers, signal modulation, switching applications.

2. Field-Effect Transistors (FET)

• Construction: FETs are voltage-controlled devices with three primary regions:

Source, Gate, and Drain. The most common types of FETs are:
o Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET)
o Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
• Operation: In FETs, the current flows between the source and drain, and the
voltage applied at the gate controls the current flow.
• Applications: Switches, amplifiers, voltage regulation, digital logic circuits.

3. Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

• Construction: A combination of a MOSFET and a BJT, providing the high input

impedance and switching speed of a MOSFET with the high current-carrying
capability of a BJT.
• Operation: The IGBT is controlled by a voltage at the gate, like a MOSFET, but the
current flow is amplified like in a BJT.
• Applications: Power electronics (such as inverters, motor drives, and power
supplies).

• Appearance: Transistors are often black, three-legged components (either

through-hole or surface-mount).
• Repair: Damaged transistors need to be replaced, ensuring the new transistor
has the same type and current/voltage specifications.
5. Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Function: Integrated circuits are miniature circuits containing many transistors,
resistors, capacitors, and diodes on a single chip. They are used for various
functions, such as processing data (microcontrollers, processors), amplifying
signals, or managing power.

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 • Types:
o Microcontrollers: Include a CPU, memory, and input/output peripherals in one
chip.
o Operational amplifiers (Op-Amps): Used for amplifying voltage signals.
o Voltage regulators: Ensure consistent voltage levels for powering other
components.
• Appearance: ICs are rectangular chips with many pins on the sides, either in DIP
(Dual Inline Package) form or as surface-mount components.
• Repair: Faulty ICs are difficult to repair but can be replaced if a direct equivalent
part is available.
6. Inductors
Function: Inductors store energy in a magnetic field when current flows and
signal follows through them. They are used in power supplies, filters, and tuned
circuits to block high-frequency AC signals or smooth power supply outputs.
7. Voltage Regulators
Function: Voltage regulators ensure that components receive a steady and
correct voltage, regardless of fluctuations in the power supply. They are
essential in power supply circuits for providing stable DC output.
• Types:
o Linear regulators: Drop excess voltage to provide a constant output.
o Switching regulators: More efficient, using switching elements and inductors
to maintain voltage.
• Appearance: Voltage regulators are small rectangular components with three
pins (input, ground, and output) and are often mounted on heat sinks.
• Repair: Faulty voltage regulators may cause power issues and should be
replaced with regulators that match the input/output voltage ratings.
8. Connectors and Sockets
Function: Connectors provide mechanical and electrical connections between
components or different parts of the circuit. They include power connectors, I/O
ports, and chip sockets.
• Types:
o Pin headers: Used for connecting wires or external devices.
o USB/HDMI/Ethernet connectors: Common I/O connectors.
o Chip sockets: For housing integrated circuits.
• Appearance: Connectors can vary in size and shape, depending on the type (e.g.,
USB ports, Ethernet jacks, etc.).
• Repair: Damaged connectors can result in loose connections or no signal
transfer, and should be resoldered or replaced entirely.
4. Testing of the computer system motherboard component

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 When testing a motherboard, it's essential to focus on key components that can
significantly impact the overall system's performance and functionality. Here are
some of the critical components to test:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
o Functionality: Ensure the CPU is correctly installed and functioning properly.
o Overheating: Check for excessive heat and ensure adequate cooling.
o Benchmarking: Use benchmarking software to assess the CPU's performance.
2. Memory (RAM):
o Functionality: Verify that all RAM modules are installed correctly and functioning
properly.
o Compatibility: Ensure the RAM is compatible with the motherboard.
o Error Checking: Use memory diagnostic tools to scan for errors.
3. Chipset:
o Functionality: Check if the chipset is working correctly and communicating
effectively with other components.
o BIOS Updates: Ensure the BIOS is up-to-date to address chipset-related issues.
4. Expansion Slots:
o Functionality: Test different expansion slots to ensure they are working properly.
o Compatibility: Verify that expansion cards are compatible with the
motherboard's slots.
5. I/O Ports:
o Functionality: Test USB ports, audio ports, network ports, and other I/O ports to
ensure they are working correctly.
o Connectivity: Verify that devices can be connected and recognized by the
system.
6. BIOS:
o Updates: Ensure the BIOS is up-to-date to address potential issues and improve
compatibility.
o Settings: Check BIOS settings for any errors or incorrect configurations.
7. Power Supply:
o Voltage Output: Verify that the power supply is providing the correct voltage to
the motherboard.
o Stability: Ensure the power supply is stable and not causing fluctuations.
8. Cooling System:
o Adequate Cooling: Check that the CPU cooler and case fans are functioning
properly to prevent overheating.
[Link] needed for assembling computer system motherboard
Assembling a computer system motherboard involves several steps, and it's a
crucial part of building a computer Always work on a static-free surface and
ground yourself to prevent damage to components.

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 • Refer to Manuals: Consult the manuals for your motherboard, CPU, and other
components for specific instructions.
• ESD Precautions: Use ESD tools and techniques to prevent damage to sensitive
components.
• Cable Management: Organize cables neatly within the case to improve airflow
and aesthetics.
• Test Thoroughly: After assembly, test all components to ensure they're working
properly.
Here’s a basic guide to help you through the process:
What You’ll Need:
• Motherboard
• CPU (Processor)
• CPU Cooler
• RAM (Memory)
• Power Supply Unit (PSU)
• Storage (HDD/SSD)
• Graphics Card (if not using integrated graphics)
• Computer Case
• Screwdriver
• Anti-static wrist strap (optional, but recommended)

Practical Activity 2.1.4: Perform computer system motherboard

troubleshooting
Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.1.4

2: Referring to the key readings 2.1.4, you are requested to perform computer system
motherboard troubleshooting. This task should be done individually.
3: Apply precautions
4: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
5: Ask clarification where necessary

Key readings 2.1.4: Perform computer system motherboard

troubleshooting

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 Troubleshooting a computer motherboard can be a systematic process, as issues
can arise from various components. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you
through the troubleshooting process:
1. Preparation:
Gather Tools: Have a multimeter, screwdriver, anti-static wrist strap, and possibly
a POST (Power-On Self-Test) card ready.
Safety First: Ensure the computer is powered off and unplugged. Use an anti-
static wrist strap to prevent static electricity damage.
2. Visual Inspection:
Check for Physical Damage: Look for burnt areas, swollen or leaking capacitors,
and broken traces on the motherboard.
Inspect Connections: Ensure all power cables and data connectors are securely
attached to the motherboard and components.
3. Power Supply Check:
Test the Power Supply: Use a multimeter to check the output voltages from the
power supply. Ensure they are within the acceptable range (+3.3V, +5V, +12V).
Bypass the Power Supply: Short the green wire and any black wire on the 24-pin
connector to see if the PSU powers on.
4. Basic Boot Test:
Remove Non-Essential Components: Disconnect all peripherals and non-
essential hardware (extra RAM sticks, additional hard drives, etc.) to isolate the
problem.
Test with Minimal Configuration: Boot the system with just the CPU, one stick of
RAM, and the power supply connected. This helps identify if the motherboard is
functional.
5. Check the CPU:
Reseat the CPU: Remove the CPU and check for bent pins (if applicable). Reseat
it properly and ensure the cooler is attached.
Test with a Different CPU: If possible, test the motherboard with a compatible
CPU to rule out CPU failure.
[Link] RAM:
Reseat RAM Modules: Remove and reseat the RAM sticks to ensure they are
properly connected.
Test Each Stick Individually: If multiple RAM sticks are installed, test each one
individually in different slots to identify faulty modules or slots.
Use Diagnostic Tools: If the system boots, run memory diagnostic tools like
Memtest86 to check for errors.
7. Check for Short Circuits:
Inspect for Shorts: Remove the motherboard from the case and place it on a non-
conductive surface to check for shorts.

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 Check Standoffs: Ensure that all motherboard standoffs are properly placed and
not causing any shorts.
8. Test Expansion Slots:
Check PCIe Slots: Insert a graphics card or other expansion cards to test the
functionality of the PCIe slots.
Use a POST Card: If available, use a POST card to diagnose issues during the boot
process. It can provide error codes that help identify hardware failures.
9. Test I/O Ports:
Check USB and Other Ports: Connect devices to USB, audio, and other ports to
ensure they are functioning correctly.
Use Diagnostic Tools: Software tools can help test the functionality of various I/O
ports if the system boots.
10. Check BIOS/UEFI:
Check USB and Other Ports: Connect devices to USB, audio, and other ports to
ensure they are functioning correctly.
Use Diagnostic Tools: Software tools can help test the functionality of various I/O
ports if the system boots
[Link]’s a detailed guide on performing trace repairs on a motherboard:

Steps for Trace Repair on a Motherboard:

1. Identify the Problem: Determine what issues are occurring with the motherboard
(e.g., failure to boot, random crashes).
2. Gather Tools and Material: Tools Needed (Soldering iron and solder, Desoldering
pump or braid, Multimeter, Utility knife or scalpel, Tweezers)
3. Prepare the Work Area: Work in a static-free area to prevent electrostatic
discharge (ESD) damage to sensitive components. Use an anti-static wrist strap if
available.
4. Remove Components: Carefully detach all components connected to the
motherboard, including RAM, CPU, and expansion cards.
5. Use Isopropyl Alcohol: Clean the area around the damaged trace with isopropyl
alcohol and a soft brush to remove dust and debris.
6. Conductive link: If the damage is minor (small breaks or cracks), apply conductive
ink to bridge the gap in the trace. Allow it to dry according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
7. Check Continuity: After the repair, use a multimeter to check continuity across
the repaired trace to ensure it is functioning properly.
8. Reassemble the Motherboard: Reinstall Components

2.A. Soldering motherboard on PC follow steps:

1. Gather Materials:

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 • Soldering iron: A tool that heats the solder.
• Solder wire: The material used to create the solder joint.
• Flux (optional): A chemical agent that helps improve solder flow and adhesion.
2. Prepare the Components:
• Ensure that the components to be soldered are clean and free of contaminants.
3. Heat the Soldering Iron:
• Plug in the soldering iron and allow it to reach the appropriate temperature. The
ideal temperature will depend on the type of solder and the components being
soldered.
4. Apply Solder:
• Touch the tip of the soldering iron to the joint to heat it.
• Apply solder to the joint, allowing it to melt and flow over the components.
• Remove the solder and then the soldering iron, leaving a clean, smooth joint.
B. When Desoldering a motherboard pass through the following steps:
Desoldering is the process of removing soldered connections from a circuit board
or electronic component, allowing you to replace or rework components without
damaging the board or surrounding components.
Here are the steps for desoldering a motherboard:
1. Prepare your workspace. Make sure you have a clean, well-lit area to
work in. Gather your tools, including a desoldering pump, solder sucker, soldering
iron, tweezers, and a magnifying glass.
2. Turn off and unplug your computer. This is essential to prevent electrical shock.
3. Remove the motherboard from the case. Carefully disconnect any cables
attached to the motherboard, such as power, SATA, and USB cables.
4. Identify the component you want to desolder. This may be a chip, resistor, or
other electronic component.
5. Heat the solder joint with a soldering iron. Apply the tip of the soldering iron to
the solder joint for a few seconds until the solder melts.
6. Use a desoldering pump to remove the solder. Place the tip of the desoldering
pump over the molten solder and gently squeeze the handle. The pump will suck
up the solder.
7. Remove the component. Once the solder is removed, you can carefully lift the
component off the motherboard.
8. Clean the area. Use a damp cloth or cotton swab to clean any residual solder or
flux from the motherboard.
9. Reinstall the motherboard and connect the cables. Once you have finished
desoldering the component, you can reinstall the motherboard and connect the
cables.
10. Test your computer. Turn on your computer and test the component you
desoldered to make sure it is working properly.

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 In brief Here are the steps for desoldering:
1. Gather Materials:
• Desoldering iron or desoldering pump: Tools used to remove solder.
2. Prepare the Component:
• Ensure the component you want to remove is accessible and that you can reach
the soldered connections.
3. Heat and Remove Solder:
• Use a desoldering iron or desoldering pump to heat the solder on the joint,
melting it.
• With a desoldering pump, press the trigger while heating the solder, and it will
suck up the melted solder.
4. Remove Component: After the solder is removed, gently lift or pull the
component out of its socket or through-hole.
5. Inspect and Clean: Examine the removed component and the board to ensure
no damage has occurred. Clean the area to remove any remaining flux or debris.

Practical Activity 2.1.5: Assembling computer system motherboard

Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.1.5

2: Referring to the key readings 2.1.5, you are requested to assemble the computer system
motherboard.
3: Apply safety precautions
4: Present your work to the trainer and whole class
5: Ask clarifications where necessary

Key readings 2.1.5: Assembling computer system motherboard

Assembling the Motherboard

Assembling a motherboard involves carefully connecting various components to

create a functional computer system. Here's a step-by-step guide:
1. Prepare the Workspace:
o Ensure a clean and static-free environment.
o Use an anti-static wrist strap to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage.
2. Install the CPU:
o Open the CPU socket's protective cover.

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 o Align the CPU with the socket pins and gently press it into place.
o Secure the CPU with the retention mechanism (e.g., clips or screws).

3. Install the CPU Cooler:

o Apply thermal paste to the CPU's heat spreader.

o Alignthe CPU cooler with the socket and secure it in place using the mounting
mechanism.
4. Install RAM:

o Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard.

o Ensure the RAM modules are properly oriented and seated in the slots.
o Secure the modules with the retention clips.

5. Install Expansion Cards:

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 o Insert expansion cards (e.g., graphics card, sound card) into the appropriate slots
on the motherboard.
o Secure them with the retention clips.
6. Connect Storage Devices:
o Connect hard drives or solid-state drives (SSDs) to the motherboard's SATA ports.
o Secure the storage devices to the chassis.

7. Connect Other Components:

o Connect the power supply to the motherboard using the 24-pin ATX connector.
o Connect the front panel connectors (e.g., power button, reset button, USB ports)
to the motherboard.
o Connect any other necessary cables (e.g., audio, network).

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 8. Mount the Motherboard:
o Carefully place the motherboard into the computer case, aligning the mounting
holes with the standoffs.
o Secure the motherboard using screws or other fastening mechanisms.

9. Connect Cables:
o Connect the power supply cable to the motherboard.
o Connect any other necessary cables, such as those for peripherals.
10. Close the Case:
• Secure the side panel of the case and ensure all cables are routed properly.

Points to Remember

• Computer trace repair is the process of repairing damaged or broken conductive

traces on a printed circuit board (PCB).
• There is different between soldering and desoldering computer system motherboard
where Soldering involves applying molten solder to the joints between electrical
components and heating transistors to create a permanent bond. While Desoldering
is the process of removing solder from a joint.
• There are the Components board level repair on PCB such as: Diodes, Capacitor,
inductor, ICs, Voltage Regulators, Transistors, etc……
• Components testing through to motherboard are: Power Supply, CPU, RAM, Storage
Devices, Expansion Cards, cooling system, I/O Ports etc…
• Components needed to assemble motherboard are: CPU, RAM, Storage Devices,
Expansion Cards etc…

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 • Troubleshooting a computer motherboard can be a systematic process, as issues can
arise from various components. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you through the
troubleshooting process:
1. Preparation
2. Power Supply Check
3. Basic Boot Test
4. Check the CPU:
5. Check for Short Circuits
6. Test I/O Port

Application of learning 2.1

The IT department receives a service request from an employee whose workstation will not
boot. Initial checks reveal potential motherboard issues. You are requested to troubleshoot
the motherboard to Perform repair computer system motherboard, assembling computer
system motherboard and, if necessary, repair or replace it to get the workstation back up and
running.

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 Indicative content 2.2:Perform Computer System Software Troubleshooting

Duration: 10hrs

Theoretical Activity 2.2.1: Description of computer system software

Troubleshooting
Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

According to the Computer system software troubleshooting, define the following
term:
i. Common faults
ii. Data Recovery
iii. Factory reset
iv. Restoration of operating system
v. Upgrading hardware Firmware
vi. Computer system unit testing
2: Present your findings to the trainer and your colleagues
3: Ask clarifying questions whenever necessary.
4: Read key readings 2.2.1 in trainee’s manual

Key readings 2.2.1.: Description of computer system software

[Link] the Common Faults

Common faults in computer systems refer to frequent issues that can affect
performance or functionality. These can include hardware failures (like a
malfunctioning hard drive or faulty RAM), software errors (such as corrupted files
or buggy applications), connectivity problems (like network issues), and power-
related issues (like overheating or power supply failures). Identifying these faults
involves troubleshooting to determine the root cause of the problem.

2. Data Recovery
Data recovery is the process of retrieving lost, corrupted, or inaccessible data from
storage devices such as hard drives, SSDs, USB drives, or backup media. This can
be necessary due to accidental deletion, hardware failure, malware attacks, or
system crashes. Data recovery methods may include using specialized software
tools, hardware repair, or professional data recovery services.
Data recovery software is a specialized tool designed to retrieve lost or deleted
data from storage devices such as hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash
drives.

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 Performing computer data recovery can be a complex and delicate process,
depending on the nature of the data loss and the specific circumstances. Data loss
can occur due to various reasons, including accidental deletion, hardware failures,
file system corruption, and more.
Recovering data from a faulty motherboard can be challenging and often requires
professional assistance. The specific steps involved will depend on the nature of
the fault and the extent of the damage.
Here are some general approaches that may be considered:
1. Data Recovery Services:
o Specialized Companies: Consider contacting a professional data recovery
company. They have specialized tools and expertise to extract data from damaged
storage devices, even when the motherboard is faulty.
2. Hardware Replacement:
o If possible: If the motherboard fault is isolated and the storage devices are still
functional, you might be able to replace the motherboard and recover data from
the intact storage devices. This requires technical expertise and careful handling.
3. Data Extraction Tools:
o Specialized Software: In some cases, specialized data recovery software can be
used to extract data directly from the faulty motherboard, but this is often a
complex process and may not be successful in all cases.
Popular Data Recovery Software
• Recuva: A free and easy-to-use data recovery tool.
• EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard: A comprehensive data recovery software with
advanced features.
• MiniTool Power Data Recovery: Another popular choice with a user-friendly
interface.
3. Factory Reset
A factory reset is a process that restores a device to its original system state as it was
when first purchased. This typically involves erasing all data, settings, and installed
applications. It is often used to troubleshoot severe issues, prepare a device for
resale, or clear personal data before disposal. Factory resets are commonly
performed on smartphones, tablets, and computers.
There are different ways to reset a computer:
• Hardware Reset: Pressing and holding the power button until the computer shuts
down and then pressing it again to restart.
• Software Reset: Using the "Restart" option within the operating system's menu.
• Specific Commands: Some operating systems or devices have specific commands
or procedures for resetting.
4. Restoration of Operating System

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 Restoration of the operating system refers to the process of returning the OS to a
previous state or reinstalling it to resolve issues or improve performance. This can
involve using recovery media, restoring from a backup, or using built-in system
recovery tools. The goal is to restore functionality, fix system errors, or remove
malware.

5. Upgrading Hardware Firmware

Upgrading hardware firmware involves updating the embedded software that
controls the hardware components of a computer or device. Firmware upgrades
can improve performance, add new features, fix bugs, or enhance security. This
process typically requires downloading the latest firmware version from the
manufacturer’s website and following specific instructions to install it.
Performing a firmware upgrade, often referred to as "flashing" or "updating"
firmware, is a process that involves updating the software code that controls the
hardware components of a device. Firmware upgrades can provide bug fixes, new
features, improved performance, and security enhancements.
Important Considerations Before You Begin:
1. Backup: Before upgrading firmware, ensure that you have a backup of any
critical data on the device. Firmware updates can sometimes cause data loss or
device malfunctions.
2. Manufacturer's Instructions: Always follow the manufacturer's
instructions and guidelines for firmware updates. These instructions can usually be
found on the manufacturer's website or in the product's user manual.
3. Power and Connectivity: Ensure the device has a stable power source and
is connected to the network (if required) throughout the update process. A power
failure or loss of connectivity during a firmware update can cause serious issues.
6. Computer System Unit Testing
Computer system unit testing is a process that evaluates individual components of
a computer system, such as the CPU, memory, and storage devices, to ensure they
are functioning correctly. This testing may involve running diagnostic software,
checking for hardware errors, and verifying performance benchmarks. Unit testing
helps identify faults before deploying the system or during maintenance.

Unit testing plays a crucial role in troubleshooting computer system software by

providing a structured approach to isolating and identifying specific issues within
individual components of the system.
How Unit Testing Aids in Troubleshooting
1. Isolation of Problems:
o Pinpointing faulty units: By testing individual components in isolation, unit testing
can quickly identify which part of the system is causing the problem.

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 o Reduced troubleshooting scope: This narrows down the area of investigation,
saving time and effort.
2. Verification of Fixes:
o Validating changes: After applying potential fixes or updates, unit tests can verify
that the problem has been resolved without introducing new issues.
o Preventing regressions: This helps ensure that changes made to address one
problem don't inadvertently cause problems elsewhere in the system.
3. Regression Testing:
o Detecting unintended side effects: Unit tests can help identify unintended
consequences of changes made to the system.
o Maintaining system stability: This helps maintain the overall stability and
reliability of the software.
4. Root Cause Analysis:
o Identifying underlying causes: By systematically testing different components,
unit testing can help uncover the root cause of a problem, rather than just treating
the symptoms.
o Preventing future occurrences: This enables more effective problem-solving and
can help prevent similar issues from occurring in the future.
Common Unit Testing Techniques in Troubleshooting
• Test-Driven Development (TDD): Writing tests before writing code can help
identify potential issues early in the development process.
• Behavior-Driven Development (BDD): Focusing on the desired behavior of the
system can help ensure that the software is meeting its intended purpose.
• White-Box Testing: Examining the internal structure and logic of the code can help
identify potential flaws or inefficiencies.
• Black-Box Testing: Testing the system's functionality without considering its
internal implementation can help identify external issues or compatibility
problems.

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 Practical Activity 2.2.2: Performing data recovery on computer system

Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.2.2

2: Referring to the key readings (2.2.2) you are requested to go to the computer lab to
perform data recovery on PC. This task should be done individually.
3: Apply safety precautions.
4: Present your work to the trainer and whole class
5: Ask clarifications where necessary

Key readings 2.2.2: Performing data recovery on computer system

Identification of common fault when performing computer system software

troubleshooting
When performing software troubleshooting on a computer system, identifying
common faults is crucial for effective resolution. Here are some frequent
software-related issues, their potential causes, and troubleshooting steps:
1. Application Crashes or Freezes
Symptoms: Applications suddenly close, hang, or become unresponsive.
Potential Causes:
Software bugs or glitches.
Incompatibility with the operating system or other applications.
Insufficient system resources (RAM or CPU).
Troubleshooting Steps:
Restart the application and check for updates.
Uninstall and reinstall the application.
Check system resource usage in Task Manager and close unnecessary programs.
Run the application in compatibility mode.
2. Operating System Fails to Boot
Symptoms: The computer does not start the operating system and shows error
messages.
Potential Causes:
Corrupted system files or boot configuration.
Recent software installation or updates causing conflicts.
Troubleshooting Steps:
Boot into Safe Mode and try to uninstall recent updates or software.
Use built-in recovery options to repair the operating system.
Run the System File Checker (SFC) tool to fix corrupted files

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 3. Slow System Performance
Symptoms: The computer takes a long time to respond or load applications.
Potential Causes:
Too many background processes or start-up programs.
Malware infections.
Insufficient disk space or fragmented hard drive.
Troubleshooting Steps:
Open Task Manager to identify and end resource-heavy processes.
Disable unnecessary start-up programs.
Run a malware scan using antivirus software.
Perform disk clean up and defragment the hard drive (for HDDs).
4. Software Update Failures
Symptoms: Updates for the operating system or applications fail to install.
Potential Causes:
Corrupted update files or insufficient disk space.
Network issues or firewall settings blocking updates.
Troubleshooting Steps:
Check for available disk space and clear unnecessary files.
Restart the computer and try the update again.
Temporarily disable antivirus or firewall software and attempt the update.
Manually download and install updates from the official website.
5. Driver Issues
Symptoms: Hardware components (like printers or graphics cards) do not
function correctly.
Potential Causes:
Outdated or incompatible drivers.
Corrupted driver files.
Troubleshooting Steps:
Open Device Manager and check for any devices with warning icons.
Update drivers by right clicking the device and selecting "Update driver."
Uninstall and reinstall the problematic driver.
6. Network Connectivity Problems
Symptoms: Unable to connect to the internet or network resources.
Potential Causes:
Incorrect network settings or configurations.
Outdated or corrupted network drivers.
Firewall or security software blocking connections.
Troubleshooting Steps:
Run the network trouble-shooter from the settings menu.
Reset network settings if necessary.
Check and update network adapter drivers.

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 Temporarily disable firewall or security software to test connectivity.
7. File Corruption or Inaccessibility
Symptoms: Files cannot be opened or display error messages
Here are general guidelines for recovering data on computer system:
Steps for Data Recovery on a PC:
1. Stop Using the Affected Drive:
o To prevent further data loss, avoid writing new data to the drive where the files
were lost.
2. Assess the Situation:
o Determine how the data was lost (accidental deletion, formatting, corruption) to
choose the best recovery method.
3. Choose a Data Recovery Method:
o Depending on the situation, you can use:
o Backup Restoration: If you have backups (cloud or external), restore files from
there.
o Data Recovery Software: Use third-party software if no backups are available.
4. Download and Install Recovery Software:
o Select a reputable data recovery tool (such as Recuva, EaseUS Data Recovery
Wizard, or Disk Drill).
o Install the software on a different drive to avoid overwriting lost data.
5. Run the Data Recovery Software:
o Open the software and select the drive or location where the data was lost.
o Choose a scan option (quick or deep scan) depending on the extent of data loss.
6. Review the Scan Results:
o Once the scan is complete, browse through the recovered files. Most software
will categorize them by type (documents, images, etc.).
o Check for the specific files you want to recover.
7. Recover the Files:
o Select the files you want to restore and choose a recovery location (preferably on
a different drive).
o Follow the prompts to complete the recovery process.
8. Verify Recovered Data:
o After recovery, check the integrity of the files to ensure they are usable and not
corrupted.
9. Backup Important Data:
o To prevent future data loss, establish a regular backup routine using external
drives or cloud services.
10. Consider Professional Help (if needed):
o If the data is critical and recovery software does not work, consider seeking
professional data recovery services.

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 Practical Activity 2.2.3: Performing factory reset

Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.2.3

2: Referring to the key readings (2.2.3) you are requested to go to the computer lab to
perform factory reset. This task should be done individually.
3: Apply safety precautions.
4: Present your work to the trainer and whole class
5: Ask clarifications where necessary

Key readings 2.2.3: Performing factory reset

Performing a factory reset on a computer or device can help restore it to its
original settings, erasing all personal data, applications, and custom
configurations. Here’s a general guide for performing a factory reset on both
Windows and macOS systems, as well as on Android and iOS devices.

For Windows:
1. Backup Your Data:
Before proceeding, back up any important files, as a factory reset will erase all
data.
2. Open Settings:
Click on the **Start” menu and select “Settings (the gear icon).
3. “Go to Update & Security”:
Click on Update & Security.
4. Select Recovery:
In the left sidebar, click on “Recovery”.
5. Start Reset Process:
Under the “Reset this PC” section, click the “Get started” button.
6. “Choose an Option”:
You’ll see two options:
“Keep my files”: Removes apps and settings but keeps personal files.
“Remove everything”: Removes all personal files, apps, and settings. Choose this
for a complete factory reset.
Optionally, choose to “clean the drive” if you plan to sell or give away the
computer.
7. Further Options (if you chose "Remove everything"):
Decide whether to remove files from just the drive where Windows is installed or
from all drives.

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 8. Confirm and Reset:
Follow the prompts to confirm your choice and start the reset process. The
computer will restart several times.
9. Set Up Windows:
After the reset, you will go through the initial setup process, similar to when you
first got the computer

Practical Activity 2.2.4: Restoring operating system

Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.2.4

2: Referring to the key readings (2.2.4) you are requested to go to the computer lab to
perform data recovery. This task should be done individually.
3: Apply safety precautions.
4: Present your work to the trainer and whole class
5: Ask clarifications where necessary

Key readings 2.2.4: Restoring operating system

Restoring an operating system can mean different things depending on the
context, such as restoring from a backup, repairing the OS, or performing a clean
installation. Here’s a guide for different scenarios for both Windows.
For Windows:
Option 1: Restore from a Backup
1. Backup Your Data:
Ensure any important files are backed up to avoid data loss.
2. Open Settings:
Click on the “Start” menu and select “Settings” (the gear icon).
3. “Go to Update & Security”:
Click on “Update & Security”.
4. “Select Backup”:
In the left sidebar, click on “Backup”.
5. “Restore Files”:
If you used File History, click on “More options” under “Back up using File History”
and select “Restore files from a current backup”.
Option 2: Repair Windows
1. Create a Windows Installation Media:

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 Download the Windows Media Creation Tool from the Microsoft website and
create a bootable USB drive.
2. Boot from Installation Media:
Insert the USB drive and restart your computer. Press the appropriate key to
enter the boot menu (often F12, Esc, or Del).
3. Select Repair Your Computer:
Choose “Repair your computer” on the installation screen.
4. Troubleshoot:
Select “Troubleshoot”, then “Advanced options”.
5. Choose Repair Option:
You can select “Startup Repair” or “System Restore” to fix issues.
Option 3: Clean Install Windows
1. Backup Your Data:
Ensure all important files are backed up.
[Link] Installation Media:
Use the Windows Media Creation Tool to create a bootable USB drive.
3. Boot from USB:
Restart your computer and boot from the USB drive.
4. Install Window:
Follow the prompts to install Windows, selecting “Custom” when asked about the
installation type for a clean install.
5. “Set Up Windows”:
Once the installation is complete, go through the initial setup process.

Practical Activity 2.2.5: Upgrading firmware

Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.2.5

2: Referring to the key readings (2.2.5) you are requested to go to the computer lab to
upgrade firmware. This task should be done individually.
3: Apply safety precautions.
4: Present your work to the trainer and whole class
5: Ask clarifications where necessary

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 Key readings 2.2.5: Upgrading firmware
Sure, here are the steps required to upgrade firmware on a PC:

1. Check for firmware updates.

The first step is to check if there are any new firmware updates available for your
PC hardware. You can usually check for updates on the manufacturer's website or
by using a utility program.

The first step in upgrading firmware on your PC hardware is to check for any new
updates available. Here's how you can do it:

Manufacturer's Website:
• Visit the official website of your PC hardware manufacturer.
• Look for the "Support" or "Downloads" section.
• Search for firmware updates specific to your device model.
• Download the latest firmware update if available.

2. Download the firmware update.

Here is an image of a computer screen showing a firmware update download

progress bar with the words "Downloading Firmware" above it.
Once you've found the firmware update, the next step is to download it to your
computer. Follow these steps:
• Click the download button. The download button will usually be located next to
the firmware update file.
• Choose a save location. Select a folder on your computer where you want to save

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 the firmware update file.
• Wait for the download to complete. The download time will vary depending on
the size of the firmware update file and your internet connection speed.
3. Prepare your PC.

Before you begin the firmware update process, you will need to prepare your PC.
This may involve closing all running programs, disconnecting any external devices,
and backing up your important data.

• Close all running programs and applications. This ensures that no programs are
interfering with the update process.
• Disconnect any external devices. This includes USB devices, external hard drives,
and printers.
• Back up your important data. Firmware updates can sometimes go wrong, so it's
crucial to have a backup of your important files just in case.

4. Start the firmware update.

The firmware update process will vary depending on your PC hardware. However,
in general, you will need to start the update program and follow the on-screen
instructions.

• Locate the firmware update file. Find the firmware update file that you

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 downloaded earlier.
• Double-click the file. This will usually launch the update program.
• Follow the on-screen instructions. The update program will guide you through
the process.
• Confirm the update. You may be asked to confirm that you want to proceed with
the update.
• Wait for the update to complete. The update process may take some time, so be
patient.

5. Monitor the update process.

The firmware update process may take some time to complete. It is important to
monitor the process and make sure that it is not interrupted.

6. Verify the update.

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 Once the firmware update is complete, you should verify that it was successful. Y
ou can do this by checking the firmware version number or by testing the new fe
atures of the firmware.

Points to Remember

• Identify the Common Faults involves diagnosing frequent issues in software systems,
such as bugs, compatibility problems, and performance bottlenecks.
• Data recovery refers to the process of retrieving lost or corrupted data from storage
devices.
• A factory reset restores a device to its original settings by erasing all data and installed
applications.
• Restoration of Operating System is the process involves reinstalling or reverting the
operating system to a previous state to fix errors or enhance performance.
• Upgrading firmware involves updating the software that controls hardware
components.
• Unit testing evaluates individual components of a computer system to ensure they
function correctly.
• Here are the steps to be followed when performing computer system software
troubleshoot:
1. Identification of common faults
2. Perform data recovery
3. Perform factory reset
4. Restoration of operating system
5. Perform firmware upgrade

Application of learning 2.2

IT support team receives a help desk ticket from an employee who reports that their
computer is running slowly, frequently freezing, and that some applications aren’t
responding. You are requested to identify common faults, perform data recovery, perform
factory reset, restore operating system and perform firmware upgrade for resolving it to
improve the computer's performance and functionality.

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 Indicative content 2.3: Perform Computer System Testing

Duration: 5hrs

Theoretical Activity 2.3.1: Description of computer system software and

hardware testing
Tasks:

1: Discuss and answer the following questions:

i. Describe hardware testing
ii. Describe software testing
2: Present your findings to the trainer and your colleagues
3: Ask clarifying questions whenever necessary.
4: Read key readings 2.3.1 in trainee’s manual

Key readings 2.3.1: Description of computer system software and hardware

Perform Computer System Testing
1. Hardware Testing
Hardware testing involves verifying and validating the physical components of a
computer system, such as the CPU, RAM, motherboard, hard drives, and other
peripheral devices. The goal is to ensure that all components work as intended,
are compatible with each other, and can handle expected workloads.
Objectives of Hardware Testing:
Ensure that all physical components are operational.
Detect hardware defects early to prevent system failures.
Validate that the hardware components meet performance benchmarks.
Check the compatibility between hardware components.
Test durability and resistance to stress or failures.

Common Tools for Hardware Testing:

CPU-Z: For detailed information on the CPU, RAM, and motherboard.
MemTest86: For testing RAM integrity.
HWiNFO: For comprehensive hardware diagnostics and monitoring.
CrystalDiskMark: For testing hard drive or SSD performance.
Prime95: For stress testing the CPU under heavy workloads.
Here are some common hardware tests and methods you can use to assess the
health of your hardware components:
1. Visual Inspection:

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 Start with a visual inspection to look for loose cables, damaged connectors, or
any physical damage to hardware components. This can include checking for
loose RAM modules, damaged ports, or bent pins on connectors.
2. BIOS/UEFI Diagnostics:
• Access the BIOS or UEFI setup utility during boot by pressing a
designated key (e.g., F2, F12, Delete). Most BIOS/UEFI systems offer
built-in diagnostics that can test hardware components such as RAM,
CPU, and storage drives.
3. Memory (RAM) Testing:
• Use built-in diagnostic tools like Windows Memory Diagnostic (on
Windows) to check the integrity of your RAM modules. These tests can
identify memory related issues.
4. Hard Drive/SSD Testing:
o Verify the health of your storage drive (HDD or SSD) using
diagnostic software provided by the drive manufacturer or
third-party tools like CrystalDiskInfo or HD Tune.

5. CPU Testing:
• Stress tests the CPU to evaluate its stability and performance. Software
like Prime95 or Intel Processor Diagnostic Tool can help you do this.
6. Network and Connectivity Testing:
• Confirm that network connections (both wired and wireless) are
functioning correctly. You can test network speeds and verify
connections to shared resources.
7. Power Supply Unit (PSU) Testing:
• Test the PSU's voltage outputs and stability using a multimeter to
ensure its providing consistent and safe power to your components.
8. Sound and Audio Testing:
Check audio output by testing your computer's built-in speakers or external
audio devices. Make sure sound quality and volume levels are as expected.
9. USB Port and Data Transfer Testing:
• Test USB ports and data transfer speeds by connecting devices and
transferring data. Ensure that data is transferred at the expected rate.
10. Battery Testing (for laptops):
• Assess the battery health on laptops by checking its charge capacity
and overall condition using built-in diagnostic tools or third-party
battery monitoring software.
11. Power-On Self-Test (POST):

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 • Pay attention to any error messages or beep codes that occur during
the boot process, as these can provide clues about hardware
problems.
2. Software Testing
Software testing ensures that the software running on the computer system
works correctly and efficiently, meeting the requirements for functionality,
performance, security, and usability. Software testing can be done at different
levels and stages of development to catch bugs, performance issues, or security
vulnerabilities.
Objectives of Software Testing:
Ensure that software meets functional and performance requirements.
Detect and resolve bugs, errors, or defects in the software.
Validate that the software is secure and does not introduce vulnerabilities.
Verify that the software is compatible with other software and hardware
components.
Ensure software stability under various workloads and conditions.
Key Aspects of Software Testing:
Common Tools for Software Testing:
Selenium: For automated web application testing.
JUnit: For unit testing in Java applications.
JMeter: For performance and load testing of web applications.
Postman: For API testing and verification.
Burp Suite: For security testing, particularly for web applications.
Here are common types and methods of software testing:
[Link] Testing:
• Unit Testing: Test individual components or functions of the software
to ensure they work correctly.
• Integration Testing: Verify that different components or modules of
the software interact as expected.
• System Testing: Evaluate the entire system to confirm it meets the
specified requirements.
• User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Let end-users test the software to
ensure it meets their needs and expectations.
[Link]-Functional Testing:
• Performance Testing: Assess the software's speed, responsiveness,
and scalability. Includes load testing, stress testing, and scalability
testing.
• Security Testing: Identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the
software to protect it from security threats and breaches.

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 • Usability Testing: Evaluate the software's user-friendliness and user
interface design.
• Compatibility Testing: Ensure that the software works on various
devices, browsers, and operating systems.
Accessibility Testing: Verify that the software is accessible to users with
disabilities.
Regression Testing:
o Repeatedly test the software after making changes to ensure
that new code doesn't introduce new defects or break existing
functionality.
Exploratory Testing:
o Testers explore the software without predefined test cases,
allowing them to discover issues that may not be covered by
scripted tests.
Ad Hoc Testing:
o Informal testing where testers freely explore the software and
perform random tests without predefined test cases.

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 Practical Activity 2.3.2: Testing computer system hardware

Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.3.2

2: Referring to the key readings (2.3.2) you are requested to go to the computer lab to test
computer system hardware. This task should be done individually.
3: Apply safety precautions.
:. Present your work to the trainer and whole class
5: Ask clarifications where necessary

Key readings 2.3.2: Testing computer system hardware

Performing hardware testing on a computer system is essential for diagnosing
and ensuring the functionality of various components. Here’s a step-by-step
guide to effectively test the hardware of a computer system:
Steps to Perform Computer Hardware Testing
1. Preparation:
Gather Tools: You may need a screwdriver, anti-static wrist strap, and diagnostic
tools or software (like MemTest86, HWMonitor, or manufacturer-specific
utilities).
Backup Data: If applicable, back up any important data to prevent loss during
testing.
2. Visual Inspection:
Power Off and Unplug: Turn off the computer and unplug it from the power
source.
Open the Case: Use a screwdriver to remove the side panel of the case.
Inspect Components: Look for any visible signs of damage, such as burnt
components, bulging capacitors, or loose connections.
3. Check Power Supply:
Test Power Supply Unit (PSU): If the computer does not power on, use a power
supply tester or a multimeter to check the PSU's output voltages.
Inspect Cables: Ensure all power cables are securely connected to the
motherboard and components.
4. Run POST (Power-On Self-Test):
Turn On the Computer: Power on the system and listen for beep codes or observe
diagnostic LEDs. Refer to the motherboard manual for beep code meanings.
Observe Boot Behavior: If the system fails to boot, it may indicate hardware
issues.
5. Test RAM:

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 Run Memory Diagnostics: Use tools like Windows Memory Diagnostic or
MemTest86 to check for faulty RAM.
Reseat RAM Modules: If issues are detected, try reseating the RAM or testing
each module individually in different slots.
6. Check Hard Drive:
Run Hard Drive Diagnostics: Use tools like CrystalDiskInfo or the built-in
Windows CHKDSK utility to check the health of the hard drive.
Listen for Noises: Unusual clicking or grinding noises may indicate a failing drive.
7. Test Graphics Card:
Check Connection: Ensure the graphics card is seated properly and that power
connectors are attached.
Run Benchmarking Software: Use software like FurMark or 3DMark to stress test
the graphics card and check for stability and performance.
8. Inspect Other Peripherals:
Test Input Devices: Check the functionality of the keyboard, mouse, and any
other peripherals by connecting them to another system or using different ports.
Test USB Ports: Use known working USB devices to verify that the ports are
functioning.
9. Check Cooling System:
Inspect Fans: Ensure all fans (CPU, case, GPU) are operational and free of dust.
Monitor Temperatures: Use software like HWMonitor or Core Temp to check the
temperatures of CPU and GPU during operation.
10. Run System Diagnostics:
Use Built-in Tools:Many manufacturers provide diagnostic tools that can be run
from BIOS/UEFI or as bootable media.
Follow Manufacturer Instructions: Run the diagnostics as per the instructions
provided by the hardware manufacturer.
11. Reassemble and Retest:
Close the Case: Once testing is complete, ensure all components are secure, and
close the case.
Power On: Turn the computer back on to see if any issues persist.

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 Practical Activity 2.3.3: Testing computer system software

Task:

1: Read the key readings 2.3.3

2: Referring to the key readings (2.3.3) you are requested to go to the computer lab to test
computer system software. This task should be done individually.
3: Apply safety precautions.
4: Present your work to the trainer and whole class
5: Ask clarifications where necessary

Key readings 2.3.3: Testing computer system software

Testing software on a computer system involves several systematic steps to ensure

that the software functions correctly and meets the specified requirements. Here’s a
detailed breakdown of the testing process:
1. Requirement Analysis:
Understand Requirements: Review the software requirements to understand what
needs to be tested.
Identify Testable Requirements: Determine which requirements can be translated
into test cases.
2. Test Planning:
Define Objectives: Establish the goals of testing (e.g., functionality, performance,
security).
Select Testing Types: choose the types of testing to be performed (e.g., unit testing,
integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing).
3. Test Data Preparation
The data needed to execute the test cases.
4. Test Environment Setup:
Configure the Test Environment: Set up the hardware and software environment
where testing will be conducted.
Install the Software: Deploy the software application in the test environment.
5. Test Execution:
Execute the test cases as per the test plan.
Record the outcomes of each test case, noting any discrepancies between expected
and actual results.
[Link] Reporting:
If any test case fails, log the defect with detailed information (steps to reproduce,
screenshots, etc.).

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 Classify defects based on their severity and impact on the system.
[Link] Closure:
After defects are fixed, retest the affected areas and perform regression testing to
ensure that new changes haven’t introduced new issues.
Assess the extent of testing to ensure all critical areas have been covered.
Document the testing process, results, and any lessons learned.
[Link] and Feedback:
Hold meetings with the development and testing teams to discuss the testing
outcomes.
Computer system software testing involves a systematic approach to ensure that the
system meets its requirements and functions as intended.
[Link]:
Update Test Cases: As the software evolves, update test cases to reflect changes in
requirements or functionality.
Continuous Testing: Implement automated testing or continuous integration
practices to ensure ongoing quality.
Here are the general steps for conducting computer system software testing:
1. Planning the Testing Process
Define Objectives: Determine what you want to achieve with the testing (e.g.,
validating functionality, ensuring performance).
Identify Scope: Specify the components of the system that will be tested (hardware,
software, interfaces).
Create a Test Plan: Outline the testing strategy, resources needed, timelines, and
responsibilities.
2. Requirements Analysis
Gather Requirements: Collect functional and non-functional requirements from
stakeholders.
Review Requirements: Ensure that the requirements are clear, complete, and
testable.
[Link] Test Cases
Develop Test Scenarios: Create high-level scenarios based on the requirements.
Write Detailed Test Cases: For each scenario, write detailed test cases that outline
the steps, expected results, and acceptance criteria.
[Link] Up the Testing Environment
Prepare Hardware and Software: Ensure that the necessary hardware, software, and
network configurations are in place.
Install the System: Set up the system to be tested, including any required
dependencies.
5. Execute Test Cases
Perform Testing: Run the test cases according to the plan, documenting the results.

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 Record Defects: Log any issues or defects encountered during testing, including steps
to reproduce and severity.
6. Verify and Validate
Confirm Fixes: If defects were found, ensure they are addressed and retest the
affected areas.
Conduct Regression Testing: Verify that new changes have not adversely affected
existing functionality.
7. Performance Testing
Assess Performance Metrics: Conduct tests to measure response times, load
handling, and resource utilization.
Analyze Results: Compare performance against established benchmarks and identify
any bottlenecks.
[Link] Acceptance Testing (UAT)
Involve End Users: Have actual users test the system to validate that it meets their
needs and expectations.
Collect Feedback: Gather insights from users and make necessary adjustments.
9. Final Review and Sign-Off

Point to remember

• Computer system testing is a crucial process to ensure the quality and reliability of a
system. It involves both hardware testing and software testing.
• Hardware testing focuses on the physical components of the system, verifying their
functionality, performance, compatibility, and environmental resilience.
• Software testing focuses on the applications, operating system, and other software
components, testing them individually, together, and as a whole system.
• Steps for Testing Hardware Components on a PC

1. Gather Tools
2. Check for Physical Damage
3. Check Power Supply Unit (PSU
4. Run Memory Diagnostics
5. Check Hard Drive/SSD Health
6. Check for POST (Power-On Self-Test
7. Peripheral Devices

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 Application of learning 2.3

ABC Innovations Inc. aims to deliver a reliable and high-performing TechBook Pro laptop to
its customers. The results from both testing phases will guide final adjustments and
improvements before the product launch, ensuring a positive user experience and reducing
post-launch issues. As technicians you required for solving a testing both the hardware and
software components, the technician can effectively diagnose and resolve the computer's
performance issues, ensuring customer satisfaction.

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 Learning outcome 2 end assessment

Written assessment

Q1. Choose or cycle the right answer

1. What is the primary function of a motherboard in a computer system?
A. It stores data and programs.
B. It processes information.
C. It connects all the components of the computer.
D. It displays output on the screen.
5. Which of the following components is typically not directly connected to the
motherboard?
A. CPU
B. RAM
C. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
D. Monitor
6. What is the term for the expansion slots on a motherboard that allow for additional
components like graphics cards or sound cards?
A. Ports
B. Sockets
C. Buses
D. Slots
7. Which of the following factors is most important when choosing a motherboard for a
computer build?
A. Color
B. Brand
C. Compatibility with other components
D. Weight
8. What is the chipset on a motherboard responsible for?
A. Controlling the flow of data between components
B. Providing power to the motherboard
C. Storing BIOS settings
D. Displaying information on the screen
9. Which type of motherboard is typically used in laptops?
A. ATX
B. Micro-ATX
C. Mini-ITX
D. BTX
10. Which component is responsible for connecting the motherboard to other devices like
keyboards and mice?
A. CPU

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 B. RAM
C. I/O ports
D. BIOS
11. What is the difference between a socket and a slot on a motherboard?
A. Sockets are for larger components, while slots are for smaller ones.
B. Sockets are used for connecting cables, while slots are for inserting cards.
C. Sockets are for connecting the CPU, while slots are for connecting RAM.
D. There is no difference between sockets and slots.
12. Which of the following is not a type of bus used in computer systems?
A. PCI Express (PCIe)
B. Serial ATA (SATA)
C. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
D. Parallel ATA (PATA)
13. What is the term for the physical connections between components on a
motherboard?
A. Buses
B. Sockets
C. Slots
D. Ports
14. Which component is typically the last to be connected to the motherboard after it is
installed in the case?
A. CPU
B. Storage drives
C. Graphics card
D. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
15. What should be done after completing the assembly of the motherboard to ensure
proper functionality?
A. Install the operating system.
B. Test the system by booting it up
C. Clean the case and components.
D. All the above
16. If a component is not functioning correctly after assembly, what is the first step to
troubleshoot the issue?
A. Replace the component
B. Check the connections
C. Update the BIOS
D. Install a new operating system
17. What is the best way to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage when handling
motherboard components?
A. Wear an ESD wrist strap
B. Ground yourself before touching components

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 C. Avoid touching components with bare hands
D. All of the above
Q2: Fill the empty space
I) _____ is a type of bus used for connecting expansion cards like graphics cards and sound
cards.
II) The _____ form factor is the most common standard for motherboards used in desktop
computers.
III) _____ motherboards combine multiple components, such as the CPU, GPU, and memory,
onto a single chip.
IV) _____ technology helps to improve the efficiency and reduce the power consumption of
the motherboard.

Q3. Match the fault in Column A with its corresponding description in Column B.
Column A Column B answer
A. BIOS corruption I) Damaged or lose power supply A…..
connections
B. Overheating II) Incorrect BIOS settings or B….
firmware updates
C .Short circuit. III) Excessive heat causing C…..
component failure
D. Power supply issues Faulty components or damaged D…..
traces on the motherboard

Q4. Match the testing method in Column A with its corresponding description in Column B.
Column A Column B answer
[Link]-box testing A. Testing based on the internal 1….
structure and design of the system
[Link]-box testing B. Testing based on the specified 2….
input and expected output of the
system
3. Integration testing | C. Testing individual components of 3….
the system in isolation
[Link] testing D. Testing the entire system as a 4….
whole

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 [Link] testing E. Testing to ensure that changes to 5….
the system have not introduced
new bugs

Q5. True or False

a) Soldering is the process of joining two or more pieces of metal using a heated metal
alloy called solder.
b) Desoldering is the process of removing solder from a joint.
c) Using a thermal paste to improve heat dissipation can help prevent motherboard
failure.
d) It is always necessary to remove the motherboard from the computer case before
soldering or desoldering components.
e) Solder flux helps to clean the metal surfaces before soldering and prevents oxidation.

Practical assessment

You have been asked to set up Computer system refer to hardware and software maintenance
in XYZ computer lab. The users will not be using the computers because they have some
issues relates to motherboard issues and software upgrading on system operating system or
software not update. XYZ have been hired by a company, ABC Solutions Inc., to solve those
problem in order to perform in good condition as desoldering motherboard, soldering
motherboard, assembling motherboard, reinstall, upgrade firmware, and update any
application on computer system

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 References

Digital Trends. (n.d.). Common motherboard problems and how to fix them.
Retrieved from [Link]
problems-and-how-to-fix-them/

GeeksforGeeks. (n.d.). How to create a system restore point in Windows 10.

Retrieved from [Link]
point-in-windows-10/

JavaTpoint. (n.d.). How to factory reset a computer. Retrieved from

[Link]

JavaTpoint. (n.d.). How to install a computer motherboard. Retrieved from

[Link]

[Link]. (2022). How to fix common software issues. Retrieved from

[Link]

Tenorshare. (n.d.). 4DDiG hard drive recovery. Retrieved from

[Link]

TutorialsPoint. (n.d.). Computer motherboard. Retrieved from

[Link]
.htm

Viewpoint USA. (n.d.). Test automation best practices. Retrieved from

[Link]

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Learning Outcome 3: Perform Computer System Conversion

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 Indicative Contents

3.1 Identification of Computer System Transformation Requirement

3.2 Applying Computer System Transformation Techniques

3.3 Assembling New Computer System

3.4 Perform Computer System Test

3.5 Elaboration of System Report

Key Competencies for Learning Outcome 3: Perform Computer System

Conversion

Knowledge Skills Attitudes

• Description of • Applying • Being

computer system Computer Innovative
transformation system • Having
• Description of transformation organization
computer system techniques • Having safety
components • Assembling new First
• Description of computer system • Having
Computer system • Performing flexibility
transformation computer system • Having time
techniques test. Management
• Description of • Elaborating • Being Problem
computer system System report Solving
test • Being Self-
motivated
• Being Detail-
oriented

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 Duration: 20hrs

Learning outcome 3 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:

1. Describe correctly computer system transformation based on computer system

functionality.
2. Identify appropriately computer system components based on repurposing goals.
3. Identify appropriately computer system transformation techniques based on
computer system functionality.
4. Describe correctly computer system test based on system expected functionality.
5. Apply properly Computer system transformation techniques based on intended
use.
6. Assemble properly new computer system based on repurposing goals.
7. Perform successfully System testing based on system expected functionality.
8. Elaborate effectively Refurbishment report based on work done

Resources

Equipment Tools Materials

• Power supply • Tweezers • Anti-static wrist

tester • Screwdrivers strap/mat
• Oscilloscope • Soldering iron • Thermal paste
• Multi-meter • Desoldering pump • Isopropyl alcohol
• Function • Flashlight or and cotton swabs
generator headlamp • Soldering wire
• Anti-static mat • Needle-nose pliers (tin)
• SMD rework • Wire cutter/striper • Labelling
station materials
• Blower • Spare screws
• Soldering paste
• Electrical tape
and zip ties
• Desoldering wick

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 Indicative content 3.1: Identify Computer System Transformation
Requirements

Duration: 4 hrs

Theoretical Activity 3.1.1: Description of computer system transformation

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

i. Define computer system transformation
ii. Describe the purpose computer system transformation
iii. What are the computer system technologies?
iv. Identify computer system components.
2: Provide the answers for the asked questions and write them on flipchart/papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class.
4: For more clarification, read the key readings 3.1.1.

Key readings 3.1.1 Description computer system transformation

Description computer system transformation
1. Computer system transformation
1.1 Definition
A computer system transformation refers to a significant change or upgrade to
the infrastructure, architecture, or functionality of a computer system.
1.2 Purpose computer system transformation
• Improving Performance: Upgrading hardware and software to increase the
speed, efficiency, and reliability of the system.
• Enhancing Security: Implementing modern security measures to protect
against cyber threats, data breaches, and other vulnerabilities.
• Increasing Scalability: Ensuring that the system can handle increased loads
and can be easily expanded as the organization grows.
• Cost Efficiency: Reducing operational costs through more efficient use of
resources, such as energy, storage, and processing power, often by adopting
cloud solutions or virtualization.
• Ensuring Compliance: Updating systems to meet current regulatory and
industry standards, ensuring legal and ethical compliance.
• Facilitating Innovation: Providing a robust and flexible IT environment that
supports new technologies and innovative practices, allowing the
organization to stay competitive.

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 • Supporting Business Goals: Aligning IT capabilities with the strategic goals
of the organization to drive business success and growth.
• Enabling Digital Transformation: Integrating digital technologies into all
aspects of the business to transform operations, improve customer
interactions, and create new business models.
1.3 Computer system technologies
A computer system technology is comprised of various components and
technologies that work together to perform computing tasks. These computer
system technologies can be broadly categorized into hardware, software, and
network technologies.
1.3.1. Computer System Hardware Technologies
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that performs
calculations and processes instructions. Innovations include multi-core
processors for improved performance and efficiency.
Memory (RAM and Storage): RAM (Random Access Memory) provides
temporary storage for data being processed, while storage (HDDs and SSDs)
retains data long-term. Advances include faster and larger storage options, such
as NVMe SSDs.
Motherboards: The main circuit board that connects all components.
Technology improvements focus on integration and supporting more devices,
such as USB-C and Thunderbolt ports.
Graphics Processing Units (GPUs): Specialized processors designed for
rendering graphics. They have evolved for use in gaming, AI, and deep learning
applications.
Input/Output Devices: These include peripherals like keyboards, mice,
monitors, and printers. Recent advancements include touchscreens, voice
recognition, and virtual reality devices.
1.3.2. Computer System Software Technologies
Operating Systems (OS): Software that manages hardware and software
resources. Popular OSs include Windows, macOS, and Linux. Trends include
increased security features and support for cloud computing.
Application Software: Programs designed to perform specific tasks, such as
word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems. Software-
as-a-Service (SaaS) is increasingly popular.
Development Tools: Software that helps developers create applications,
including Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), version control
systems, and testing frameworks. Innovations focus on automation and
collaboration features.

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 Middleware: Software that connects different applications or services, enabling
communication and data management between them. It plays a crucial role in
distributed systems and microservices architecture.
1.3.3 Computer System Network Technologies
Networking Hardware: Devices such as routers, switches, and access points
that connect computers and other devices. Innovations include high-speed
Ethernet, Wi-Fi 6, and 5G technology for faster and more reliable connections.
Network Protocols: Sets of rules that govern data communication over
networks. Common protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP. Advancements
focus on enhancing security (e.g., HTTPS) and improving data transmission
efficiency.
Cloud Computing: The delivery of computing services (storage, processing, etc.)
over the internet. Technologies like virtualization and containerization enable
scalable and flexible resource management.
Cybersecurity: Technologies and practices designed to protect networks and
data from unauthorized access or attacks. This includes firewalls, encryption,
and intrusion detection systems.
[Link] of computer system components
2.1. Hardware Components
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
• The primary processor that executes instructions and performs calculations.
• Technologies: Multi-core processors, hyper-threading, advanced
microarchitecture.
2. Memory (RAM):
• Volatile memory used to store data and instructions temporarily while a
computer is in use.
• Technologies: DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM, LPDDR (Low Power DDR).
3. Storage:
• Non-volatile memory used to store data permanently.
• Technologies: Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), Solid State Drives (SSDs), NVMe (Non-
Volatile Memory Express).
4. Motherboard:
• The main circuit board that connects and allows communication between all
components.
• Technologies: PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), USB
(Universal Serial Bus).
5. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):
• Specialized processor for rendering images and videos.
• Technologies: CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture), Ray tracing, AI-
enhanced rendering.

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 6. Power Supply Unit (PSU):
• Converts electrical power from an outlet into usable power for the computer’s
components.
• Technologies: Modular PSUs, 80 Plus certification.
7. Input/output Devices:
• Devices used for user interaction and data input/output.
• Technologies: Touchscreens, mechanical keyboards, high-DPI mice, VR
headsets.
2.2. Software Components
System software:
The software that manages hardware resources and provides services for
application software.
Technologies: Virtualization, containerization, microkernels.
Application Software:
Programs that perform specific tasks for users.
Technologies: Cloud-based applications, AI-driven applications, cross-platform
development.

Point to remember

• A computer system transformation refers to a significant change or upgrade to the

infrastructure, architecture, or functionality of a computer system.
• Purpose of Computer System Transformation are improving Performance, Enhancing
Security, Increasing Scalability, Cost Efficiency, Facilitating Innovation
• The computer system technologies can be broadly categorized into: Computer System
Hardware Technologies, Computer System Software Technologies, and Computer System
Network Technologies
• Computer system components are classified based on: Hardware Components and
software components.

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 Indicative content 3.2: Applying Computer System Transformation Techniques

Duration: 4 hrs

Theoretical Activity 3.2.1: Identification of computer system transformation

techniques

Tasks:

1: Discuss and answer the following questions:

[Link] are the categories of Computer system transformation techniques?
[Link] computer system transformation techniques be applied?
2: Present your findings to the trainer and your colleagues
3: Ask clarifying questions whenever necessary.
4: Read key readings 3.2.1 in trainee’s manual.

Key readings 3.2.1: Identification of computer system transformation

techniques
Categories of Computer system transformation techniques:
[Link] based
[Link] based
[Link] and connectivity
[Link]
1.1. Software-Based Transformation Techniques
Refactoring: Improving the internal structure of existing code without altering its
external behaviour to enhance maintainability and performance.
Modularization: Dividing applications into smaller, independent modules or
services that can be developed and deployed separately.
Cloud Migration: Moving software applications to cloud environments to leverage
scalability, flexibility, and cost savings.
Microservices Architecture: Transitioning from monolithic applications to
microservices that allow for independent scaling and development.
Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): Automating the testing
and deployment processes to facilitate frequent and reliable software updates.
API Development: Creating application programming interfaces (APIs) to enable
integration with other services and enhance interoperability.
1.2. Hardware-Based Transformation Techniques
Upgrading Hardware: Replacing or upgrading existing hardware components (e.g.,
CPUs, RAM, storage) to improve performance and efficiency.

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 Virtualization: Using hypervisors to create virtual machines that allow multiple
operating systems to run on a single physical machine, improving resource
utilization.
Converged Infrastructure: Integrating computing, storage, and networking into a
single solution to simplify management and increase efficiency.
Edge Computing: Deploying computing resources closer to the data source to
reduce latency and bandwidth usage, improving response times for applications.
Hardware Acceleration: Utilizing specialized hardware (like GPUs or FPGAs) to
enhance the performance of specific applications, such as machine learning or data
processing.
1.3. Networking and Connectivity Transformation Techniques
Network Upgrades: Enhancing network infrastructure (e.g., upgrading routers,
switches, and cabling) to support higher speeds and greater reliability.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Implementing SDN to enable more flexible
and efficient network management by decoupling the control plane from the data
plane.
Network Function Virtualization (NFV): Virtualizing network services (like
firewalls, load balancers) to run on standard hardware instead of dedicated
appliances, improving scalability and reducing costs.
Wi-Fi 6 and 5G Implementation: Upgrading to the latest wireless technologies to
enhance connectivity, speed, and capacity for mobile and IoT devices.
Cloud Networking: Utilizing cloud-based networking solutions to improve
connectivity and manage traffic across distributed systems.
1.4. Hybrid Transformation Techniques
Hybrid Cloud Solutions: Combining on-premises infrastructure with public and
private cloud resources to achieve flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.
Multi-Cloud Strategies: Using multiple cloud service providers to avoid vendor
lock-in and optimize performance based on specific workloads.
Edge and Cloud Integration: Creating a hybrid model that leverages both edge
computing for real-time processing and cloud resources for storage and analytics.
Unified Communications: Integrating various communication methods (voice,
video, messaging) across both on-premises and cloud environments to enhance
collaboration.
Cross-Platform Development: Developing applications that can run on multiple
platforms (e.g., mobile, web, desktop) to reach a wider audience while optimizing
development resources
2. Computer system transformation techniques be applied in:
1. Enterprise IT Infrastructure:
Data Centers: Upgrading and optimizing server hardware, storage solutions, and
networking components to improve performance and reduce costs.

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 Cloud Services: Migrating applications and data to cloud environments for
scalability, flexibility, and cost savings.
2. Software Development:
Application Development: Implementing agile methodologies, microservices
architecture, and CI/CD practices to improve software delivery and quality.
Legacy System Modernization: Refactoring or rewriting legacy applications to
enhance maintainability and performance.
3. Healthcare:
Electronic Health Records (EHR): Transforming EHR systems to improve data
accessibility, interoperability, and user experience.
Telemedicine Solutions: Enhancing software and connectivity for remote patient
monitoring and virtual consultations.
4. Finance and Banking:
Payment Processing Systems: Modernizing payment systems to improve
transaction speed and security, including the adoption of block chain technology.
Risk Management Systems: Upgrading analytical tools and data processing
capabilities to better manage financial risks.
5. Retail and E-Commerce:
Inventory Management: Implementing real-time inventory tracking systems using
IoT and cloud solutions for improved efficiency.
Customer Experience: Enhancing e-commerce platforms with personalized
recommendations and seamless payment options.
6. Manufacturing:
Smart Manufacturing: Utilizing IoT and edge computing to optimize production
processes and monitor equipment in real-time.
Supply Chain Management: Transforming supply chain systems for better visibility
and efficiency through data analytics and cloud solutions
7. Telecommunications:
Network Upgrades: Implementing 5G technology and SDN to enhance
connectivity and support a growing number of devices.
Service Virtualization: Using NFV to virtualize network services, allowing for more
flexible and cost-effective service delivery.
8. Education:
Learning Management Systems (LMS): Upgrading LMS platforms to improve user
experience and incorporate new educational technologies.
Remote Learning Solutions: Enhancing connectivity and software tools to support
online education and collaboration.
9. Government and Public Sector:
E-Government Services: Transforming public service delivery through digital
platforms and improved data management.

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 Cybersecurity Enhancements: Upgrading security systems and protocols to
protect sensitive data and infrastructure.
10. Research and Development:
Data Analysis: Implementing advanced data analytics and machine learning
techniques to enhance research capabilities and insights.
Collaboration Tools: Using hybrid solutions to facilitate collaboration among
researchers across different locations.

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 Practical Activity 3.2.2: Applying computer system transformation techniques

Task:

1: Read the key reading 3.2.2

2: Referring to the key reading 3.2.2 you are requested to go in computer lab to apply
computer system transformation techniques.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 3.3.2: Applying computer system transformation

techniques

Using computer system transformation techniques involves a structured

approach to transitioning from one system or architecture to another. Here are
the key steps to effectively implement this process:
1. Assessment and Planning
• Analyze Current Systems: Evaluate the existing system's architecture,
functionality, and performance.
• Define Objectives: Clearly outline the goals for transformation, such as
improving efficiency, scalability, or user experience.
• Identify Stakeholders: Engage stakeholders (management, users, IT staff) to
gather requirements and expectations.
2. Select Transformation Techniques
• Choose Appropriate Techniques: Depending on your needs, select from various
techniques such as:
Software based: Software-based transformation involves leveraging software
solutions to optimize and modernize applications and processes.
Hardware based: Hardware-based transformation focuses on upgrading and
optimizing physical components to improve performance and efficiency.
Networking and connectivity: These techniques aim to enhance network
performance, flexibility, and connectivity.
Hybrid: Hybrid transformation techniques combine elements of various
approaches to achieve optimal flexibility and performance.
3. Create a Detailed Plan
• Develop a Transformation Roadmap: Outline the steps, timelines, and
resources required for the transformation process.
• Allocate Resources: Determine the budget, personnel, and tools needed for the
transformation.

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 4. Design the New System
• Architectural Design: Create a design for the new system architecture,
considering scalability, security, and performance.
• Technology Selection: Choose appropriate technologies and platforms that
align with the objectives.
5. Implementation
• Build the New System: Develop the new system components based on the
design.
• Data Migration: Plan and execute the transfer of data from the old system to
the new one, ensuring data integrity and consistency.
• Testing: Conduct rigorous testing (unit, integration, system, and user
acceptance testing) to identify and fix issues before deployment.
6. Deployment
• Rollout Strategy: Decide on a deployment strategy (big bang, phased, pilot) and
execute it.
• Monitor Performance: Continuously monitor the new system’s performance
and address any issues that arise.
7. Post-Implementation Review
• Evaluate Success: Assess the transformation process against the initial
objectives.
• Gather Feedback: Collect feedback from users and stakeholders to identify
areas for improvement.
• Iterate and Optimize: Make necessary adjustments based on feedback and
performance metrics.
Here are the general steps involved for different types of transformations:
[Link]-Based Transformation
1. Identify the need: Determine the specific areas where software
improvements can enhance the system's capabilities.
2. Assess current software: Evaluate the existing software infrastructure,
including its limitations and potential for optimization.
3. Select transformation techniques: Choose appropriate techniques
based on the identified needs, such as:
• Software upgrades: Install newer versions of software components to benefit
from updated features and security patches.
• Patch management: Apply patches and updates regularly to address
vulnerabilities and improve performance.
• Configuration optimization: Fine-tune software settings to optimize resource
utilization and performance.
• Software virtualization: Create virtual instances of software to improve flexibility,
scalability, and resource management.

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 • Cloud migration: Move software applications to a cloud environment to leverage
cloud-based services and infrastructure.
4. Implement and test: Implement the selected techniques, ensuring
compatibility with the existing system. Conduct thorough testing to validate the
changes and identify any potential issues.
5. Monitor and maintain: Continuously monitor the system's
performance and address any emerging problems. Implement ongoing
maintenance and updates to ensure optimal operation.
[Link]-Based Transformation
1. Identify hardware limitations: Determine the bottlenecks or constraints
that are hindering the system's performance.
2. Assess hardware options: Evaluate available hardware components and
their suitability for the desired improvements.
3. Select transformation techniques: Choose appropriate techniques
based on the identified limitations, such as:
• Hardware upgrades: Replace outdated or underperforming hardware
components with newer, more powerful ones.
• Hardware consolidation: Combine multiple physical servers into a single, more
efficient system.
• Hardware virtualization: Create virtual machines on a single physical server to
improve resource utilization and flexibility.
• Data center modernization: Upgrade the entire data center infrastructure to
improve efficiency, scalability, and reliability.
4. Implement and test: Install and configure the new hardware
components, ensuring compatibility with the existing system. Conduct thorough
testing to verify the changes and identify any potential issues.
5. Monitor and maintain: Continuously monitor the system's performance
and address any emerging problems. Implement ongoing maintenance and
updates to ensure optimal operation.
[Link] and Connectivity Transformation
1. Identify network bottlenecks: Determine the areas where network
performance is limiting the system's capabilities.
2. Assess network infrastructure: Evaluate the existing network
infrastructure, including its capacity, topology, and security measures.
3. Select transformation techniques: Choose appropriate techniques
based on the identified bottlenecks, such as:
• Network upgrades: Increase network bandwidth, improve latency, or enhance
security features.
• Network optimization: Fine-tune network settings to optimize traffic flow and
reduce congestion.

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 • Network virtualization: Create virtual networks to improve flexibility and
isolation.
• Wireless network deployment: Implement wireless networks to provide
connectivity in areas where wired connections are impractical.
4. Implement and test: Install and configure the new network components,
ensuring compatibility with the existing system. Conduct thorough testing to
verify the changes and identify any potential issues.
5. Monitor and maintain: Continuously monitor network performance and
address any emerging problems. Implement ongoing maintenance and updates
to ensure optimal operation.
[Link] Transformation
1. Identify hybrid benefits: Determine the specific advantages that a
hybrid approach can provide, such as increased flexibility, scalability, or cost-
effectiveness.
2. Assess existing infrastructure: Evaluate the current system's suitability
for a hybrid approach, including its compatibility with cloud-based services.
3. Select transformation techniques: Choose appropriate techniques
based on the identified benefits, such as:
• Hybrid cloud migration: Move selected applications or workloads to a
public cloud while retaining others on-premises.
• Hybrid cloud integration: Integrate on-premises and cloud-based
resources to create a unified environment.
• Hybrid cloud disaster recovery: Implement a hybrid cloud disaster
recovery plan to ensure business continuity.
4. Implement and test: Implement the hybrid transformation, ensuring
compatibility between on-premises and cloud-based components. Conduct
thorough testing to verify the changes and identify any potential issues.
5. Monitor and maintain: Continuously monitor the hybrid system's
performance and address any emerging problems. Implement ongoing
maintenance and updates to ensure optimal operation.

Point to remember

• There are transformation techniques such as: software based, hardware based,
networking and connectivity, Hybrid.
• There are primary uses of Computer system transformation techniques which are:
Modernization, Performance Optimization, Cost Reduction, Enhanced Security,
Scalability, Integration, and Innovation
• While using computer system transformation techniques involves a structured
approach to transitioning from one system or architecture to another.
• Here are the key steps to effectively implement this process:

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 1. Assessment and Planning,
2. Select Transformation Techniques,
3. Create a Detailed Plan,
4. Design the New System,
5. Implementation,
6. Deployment,
7. Post-Implementation Review

Application of learning 3.2

ABC Solutions Inc. is a mid-sized technology consulting firm that provides IT services and
software solutions to clients across various industries. The company has been experiencing
rapid growth, leading to challenges in managing its internal systems, workflows, and customer
relationships. To address these challenges, ABC Solutions is requesting you as technician to
implement various computer system transformation techniques.

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 Indicative content 3.3: Assembling New Computer System

Duration: 4 hrs

Practical Activity 3.3.1: Assembling new computer system

Task:

1: Read the key reading 3.3.1

2: Referring to the key reading 3.3.1 you are requested to go in computer lab to assemble
computer system.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.
5: Perform the activity in the application of learning 3.3

Key readings 3.3.1: Assembling new computer system

Steps to apply computer system assembling precaution.
1. Ensure that you wear the appropriate safety equipment, such as gloves and
safety glasses, when assembling communication equipment.
2. Read the safety warnings and instructions in the manual before attempting
to assemble the equipment.
3. Make sure you are familiar with the equipment and its components before
attempting to assemble it.
4. Make sure the area you are assembling the equipment in is free from dust
and other contaminants.
5. Unplug any power supplies and disconnect any cables before beginning
assembly.
6. Check all connections and cables for proper fit and secure them before
powering up the equipment.
Steps to assemble a new computer system
1. Gather Your Components:
• CPU: The brain of your computer.
• Motherboard: The base that connects everything.
• RAM: Short-term memory for the CPU.
• Storage: Hard drive or SSD for long-term storage.
• Graphics Card: For high-quality visuals (optional for basic tasks).
• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides power to all components.
• Case: Houses all components.
• Cooling System: CPU cooler and case fans (optional for basic setups).

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 2. Prepare Your Workspace:
• Choose a clean, static-free environment.
• Have a screwdriver and possibly a pair of tweezers handy.
• Ground yourself to avoid damaging components.
3. Install the CPU:
• Open the CPU socket on the motherboard.
• Remove the protective cover from the CPU.
• Align the pins correctly and gently insert the CPU into the socket.
• Secure the CPU with the retention mechanism.
4. Install the CPU Cooler:
• Apply thermal paste to the CPU.
• Align the cooler with the CPU socket and secure it according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
5. Install the RAM:
• Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard.
• Ensure the RAM modules are oriented correctly.
• Push the modules firmly into the slots until they click into place.
6. Install the Motherboard into the Case:
• Align the motherboard with the mounting points in the case.
• Secure the motherboard using screws.
• Connect any necessary cables from the case to the motherboard, such
as the front panel connectors.
7. Install the Storage Devices:
• Mount the hard drive or SSD into the designated bays in the case.
• Connect the storage device's data cable to the motherboard and the
power cable to the PSU.
8. Install the Graphics Card (if applicable):
• Locate the PCIe slot on the motherboard.
• Remove the protective cover (if present).
• Insert the graphics card into the slot and secure it with a retention clip.
• Connect the power cables from the PSU to the graphics card (if
required).
9. Install the Power Supply Unit:
• Mount the PSU into the designated space in the case.
• Connect the PSU's main power cable to the motherboard.
• Connect the power cables from the PSU to the other components (CPU,
motherboard, storage, graphics card).
10. Connect Peripherals:
• Connect your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other peripherals to the
appropriate ports on the motherboard or graphics card.

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 11. Power On and Test:
• Plug in the power cord to the PSU and the case.
• Press the power button on the case.
• If everything is connected correctly, the system should boot up.

Points to Remember

Steps to assemble a new computer system

1. Gather Your Components
2. Prepare Your Workspace
3. Install the CPU
4. Install the CPU Cooler
5. Install the RAM
6. Install the Motherboard into the Case
7. Install the Storage Devices
8. Install the Graphics Card (if applicable)
9. Install the Power Supply Unit
10. Connect Peripherals
11. Power On and Test

Application of learning 3.3

As a technician in a technical institution, you are requested to assemble a new computer

system. And you must follow the institution's safety protocols and assembling precautions to
avoid damaging components and ensure a successful build.

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 Indicative content 3.4: Perform Computer System Test

Duration: 4 hrs

Theoretical Activity 3.4.1: Description of computer system test

Tasks:

1: Provide clear explanation about:

[Link] Compatibilities
[Link] performance
[Link] functionality
2: Provide the answer for the asked questions and write them on papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class
4: For more clarification, read the key readings 3.4.1. In addition, ask questions where
necessary.

Key readings 3.4.1.: Description of computer system test

1. System Compatibilities
System compatibility refers to the ability of different components within a
computer system to work together seamlessly. This includes:
i. Hardware compatibility: Ensuring that various hardware components (e.g.,
CPU, GPU, RAM, storage devices) are compatible with each other and with the
system's motherboard.
ii. Software compatibility: Verifying that different software applications and
operating systems can run smoothly on the system without conflicts or errors.
iii. Driver compatibility: Ensuring that the necessary drivers for hardware devices
are installed and compatible with the operating system.
[Link] Performance
System performance refers to how well a computer system performs tasks. It
involves factors such as:
• Processing speed: The speed at which the CPU can execute instructions.
• Memory capacity: The amount of RAM available for storing data and running
applications.
• Storage speed: The speed at which data can be read from and written to storage
devices (e.g., hard drives, SSDs).
• Graphics performance: The ability of the GPU to render graphics and process
visual information.

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 • Overall responsiveness: How quickly the system responds to user input and
executes commands.
[Link] Functionality
System functionality refers to the ability of a computer system to perform its
intended tasks and functions correctly. This includes:
• Feature completeness: Ensuring that all advertised features and functions are
present and operational.
• Error handling: The system's ability to handle errors and unexpected situations
gracefully.
• Stability: The system's ability to run without crashing or freezing.
• User experience: How easy and intuitive the system is to use.
• Security: The system's ability to protect against security threats and
vulnerabilities.
In essence, system compatibility ensures that the components work together,
system performance determines how efficiently it works, and system
functionality ensures that it works as intended.

Practical Activity 3.4.2: Performing computer system testing

Task:

1: Read the key reading 3.4.2

2: Referring to the key reading 3.4.2 you are requested to go in computer lab to perform
computer system testing.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 3.4.2: Practical Activity 3.4.2: Performing computer system

testing
Performing computer system testing involves a systematic approach to ensure
that the system meets its requirements and functions as intended.
Here are the general steps for conducting computer system testing:
1. Planning the Testing Process
Define Objectives: Determine what you want to achieve with the testing (e.g.,
validating functionality, ensuring performance).
Identify Scope: Specify the components of the system that will be tested
(hardware, software, interfaces).

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 Create a Test Plan: Outline the testing strategy, resources needed, timelines, and
responsibilities.
2. Requirements Analysis
Gather Requirements: Collect functional and non-functional requirements from
stakeholders.
Review Requirements: Ensure that the requirements are clear, complete, and
testable.
[Link] Test Cases
Develop Test Scenarios: Create high-level scenarios based on the requirements.
Write Detailed Test Cases: For each scenario, write detailed test cases that
outline the steps, expected results, and acceptance criteria.
[Link] Up the Testing Environment
Prepare Hardware and Software: Ensure that the necessary hardware, software,
and network configurations are in place.
Install the System: Set up the system to be tested, including any required
dependencies.
5. Execute Test Cases
Perform Testing: Run the test cases according to the plan, documenting the
results.
Record Defects: Log any issues or defects encountered during testing, including
steps to reproduce and severity.
6. Verify and Validate
Confirm Fixes: If defects were found, ensure they are addressed and retest the
affected areas.
Conduct Regression Testing: Verify that new changes have not adversely
affected existing functionality.
7. Performance Testing
Assess Performance Metrics: Conduct tests to measure response times, load
handling, and resource utilization.
Analyze Results: Compare performance against established benchmarks and
identify any bottlenecks.
[Link] Acceptance Testing (UAT)
Involve End Users: Have actual users test the system to validate that it meets
their needs and expectations.
Collect Feedback: Gather insights from users and make necessary adjustments.
9. Final Review and Sign-Off
Review Results with Stakeholders: Present findings and get feedback from
relevant parties.
• Performing computer system testing based on system compatibility,
performance, and functionality involves distinct steps for each aspect.

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 Here’s a breakdown of the testing steps tailored to each category:
1. System Compatibility Testing
Compatibility testing ensures that the software works across different
environments, including operating systems, hardware configurations, and
browsers.
Steps:
[Link] Compatibility Requirements
oGather information on supported operating systems, hardware configurations,
and browser versions.
oConsult system requirements documentation.
ii. Set Up Test Environments
oCreate multiple testing environments that reflect various configurations (e.g.,
different OS versions, browsers, devices).
oInclude various screen resolutions and settings.
iii. Design Compatibility Test Cases
oWrite test cases that focus on:
▪ Installation and configuration.
▪ Functionality across different environments.
▪ User interface rendering and responsiveness.
iv. Execute Compatibility Tests
oRun the application in each environment.
oValidate installation processes, functionality, and UI behavior.
v. Document Results and Issues
oRecord any compatibility issues encountered, including details about the
environment where the issue occurred.
oLog defects with severity levels and steps to reproduce.
vi. Retest and Verify
oAfter fixes are made, retest the affected configurations.
oEnsure that compatibility is maintained across all required environments.
2. System Performance Testing
Performance testing evaluates the responsiveness, speed, scalability, and
stability of the system under a specific workload.
Steps:
i. Define Performance Metrics
o Identify key performance indicators (KPIs) such as response time,
throughput, resource utilization, and maximum user load.
[Link] Up Test Environment
o Configure a performance testing environment that simulates production
conditions.
o Use performance testing tools (e.g., JMeter, LoadRunner, or Gatling).

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 iii. Design Performance Test Cases
o Create test scenarios that simulate realistic user loads and transactions.
o Include tests for peak loads, stress testing, endurance testing, and load testing.
iv. Execute Performance Tests
o Run the designed test cases under varying loads to measure system performance.
o Monitor resource utilization (CPU, memory, disk I/O) during tests.
v. Analyze Performance Results
o Collect and analyze performance data to identify bottlenecks or degradation.
o Compare results against predefined benchmarks and KPIs.
vi. Optimize and Retest
o Identify areas for optimization based on analysis (e.g., code improvements,
database tuning).
o Retest after making optimizations to verify improvements.
3. System Functionality Testing
Functionality testing focuses on verifying that the system operates according to
specified requirements and behaves as expected.
Steps:
i. Gather Functional Requirements
o Review functional specifications, user stories, and acceptance criteria.
o Understand user scenarios and expected behavior.
[Link] Test Cases
o Write detailed test cases for each functionality, including:
▪ Positive and negative scenarios.
▪ Edge cases.
▪ User interactions.
iii. Prepare Test Data
o Create or gather test data needed for executing test cases.
o Ensure data covers a wide range of scenarios, including valid, invalid, and
boundary inputs.
iv. Set Up Testing Environment
o Prepare a testing environment that closely resembles the production
environment.
v. Execute Functional Tests
o Run the test cases systematically.
o Validate that each function operates as expected and produces the correct
outputs.
vi. Log Defects and Issues
o Document any discrepancies between actual and expected results.
o Classify defects based on severity and impact.
vii. Retest and Validate

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 o After fixes are implemented, retest the affected functionalities.
o Confirm that all defects are resolved and that no new issues have arisen.

Points to Remember

• Computer system testing is a systematic process of evaluating a computer system to

ensure that it meets specified requirements and performs as intended.
• System compatibility refers to the ability of different components within a computer
system to work together seamlessly.
• System functionality refers to the ability of a computer system to perform its intended
tasks and functions correctly.
• Here are the general steps for conducting computer system testing:
1. Planning the Testing Process
2. Requirements Analysis
3. Design Test Cases
4. Set Up the Testing Environment
5. Execute Test Cases
6. Verify and Validate
7. Performance Testing
8. [Link] Acceptance Testing (UAT)
9. Final Review and Sign-Off

Application of learning 3.4

ABC Company, after assembling their new desktop computers as computer system
refurbishment technician, you are Hired by ABC Company to perform a series of tests to
ensure that all components are functioning properly.

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 Indicative content 3.5: Elaboration of System Report.

Duration: 4 hrs

Theoretical Activity 3.5.1: Description of computer system report.

Tasks:

1: Answer the following questions:

What do you understand about the following:
a. System report
b. Status before maintenance
c. Activity procedures
d. Status after maintenance
e. Conclusion and recommendation
2: Provide the answer for the asked questions and write them on flipchart /papers.
3: Present the findings/answers to the whole class
4: Ask questions where necessary.
5: For more clarification, read the key readings 3.5.1.

Key readings 3.5.1: Description of computer system report

1. system report
A system report for a refurbished computer provides detailed information about
its history, components, and condition.
2. Status before maintenance
This section describes the initial state of the computer system before any
maintenance activities were carried out. It provides a baseline for understanding
the system's condition and any issues that necessitated maintenance. Key
elements to include in this section are:
System Information: Describe the system's specifications, including hardware
components, operating system, and software.
Problem Statement: Identify the issues, errors, or performance problems that
prompted the need for maintenance. Include any error messages or symptoms
observed by users.
Maintenance Objectives: State the specific goals of the maintenance, such as
resolving a particular issue, improving system performance, or ensuring security
compliance.
3. Activity procedures

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 In this section, you outline the steps and procedures taken during the
maintenance activities. This provides a detailed account of the work performed,
helping to ensure transparency and accountability. Include the following
information:

Maintenance Plan: Describe the plan and strategy for addressing the identified
issues. This may include the sequence of actions, tools used, and timeframes.
Detailed Steps: Provide a step-by-step breakdown of the maintenance activities,
including any diagnostics, repairs, software updates, or component
replacements.
Tools and Resources: List the tools, software, and resources used during
maintenance, including any specialized diagnostic software or equipment.
Personnel: Identify the individuals or teams responsible for performing the
maintenance and their roles.
4. Status after maintenance
This section highlights the results of the maintenance activities and how they have
impacted the system's condition. It is important to compare the current status
with the initial status before maintenance. Key elements to include are:

Post-Maintenance System Information: Describe the system's specifications

after the maintenance, including any changes made to hardware, software, or
configurations.
Problem Resolution: Report on the successful resolution of identified issues,
error messages, or performance problems. If some issues were not resolved,
provide an explanation and plans for further actions.
System Performance:
Assess and report on any improvements in system performance, stability, or
reliability achieved through the maintenance activities.
Security and Compliance: Confirm that any security vulnerabilities or non-
compliance issues have been addressed and the system is now in compliance with
relevant standards.
5. Conclusion and recommendation
In this final section, you provide an overall assessment of the maintenance
activities and offer recommendations for the future.
This section helps stakeholders understand the impact of the maintenance and
what steps should be taken next. Include the following:
Conclusion: Summarize the main findings of the report, emphasizing whether the
maintenance objectives were achieved and any notable changes in the system's
status.

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 Recommendations: Offer recommendations for ongoing system maintenance,
potential improvements, or further actions.
This may include suggestions for regular system checks, preventative measures,
or future upgrades.
Lessons Learned: Share any lessons learned during the maintenance process that
could be applied to future maintenance activities or similar situations.

Practical Activity 3.5.2: Elaborating system report

Task:

1: Read the key reading 3.5.2

2: Referring to the key reading 3.5.2 you are requested to elaborate the system report.
3: Present your work to the trainer and whole class.
4: In addition, ask questions where necessary.

Key readings 3.5.2: Elaborating system report

Developing a computer system report involves a structured approach to gather,
analyze, and present information about the system's performance, functionality,
and status.
Here are the steps to create an effective computer system report:
[Link] the Purpose and Scope
Identify Objectives: Determine the primary purpose of the report (e.g.,
performance evaluation, pre-maintenance assessment).
Specify Scope: Define what aspects of the system will be covered (hardware,
software, performance metrics, etc.).
[Link] Information
Collect Data: Gather relevant data on system performance, functionality, and
issues from various sources, such as:
System monitoring tools
User feedback
Previous reports
Logs and performance metrics
Conduct Interviews: If necessary, interview stakeholders, users, or technical staff
to gather qualitative insights.
3. Analyze the Resolutions
Evaluate Effectiveness: Analyze the effectiveness of the solutions implemented.
Did they resolve the issues completely? Are there any lingering effects?

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 Identify Patterns: Look for common themes or patterns in the issues resolved,
which can help inform future maintenance or upgrades.
[Link] the Report Structure
Create an Outline: Develop a clear outline for the report, including sections such
as:
- Executive Summary
- Overview of Issues Encountered
- Resolution Process
- Performance Metrics Before and After Resolution
- Current System Status
- Recommendations for Future Improvements
- Conclusion
Determine Formatting: Decide on formatting elements such as headings, bullet
points, and tables for clarity.
[Link] the Report
Write Each Section: Begin drafting the report based on the outline, ensuring that
each section is clear and concise.
Use Visuals: Incorporate charts, graphs, and tables where appropriate to present
data visually and enhance understanding.
6. Review and Revise
Proofread: Check for spelling and grammatical errors, as well as clarity and
coherence.
Make Revisions: Incorporate feedback and make necessary adjustments to
improve the report.
[Link] the Report
Prepare the Final Version: Format the report according to organizational
standards, ensuring consistency in font, style, and layout.
Include Appendices: Attach any additional supporting documents, logs, or detailed
data as appendices.
Here is example of computer system report:
Date of Report: [Insert Date]
Time of Report: [Insert Time]
Reported by: [Your Name/IT Technician Name]
1. Overview of Issues
Provide a brief description of the issues encountered with the system.
• System Affected: [e.g., Laptop, Desktop, Server]
• Operating System: [e.g., Windows 10, macOS 11, Linux Ubuntu 20.04]
• Primary Issues:
o [Issue 1]
o [Issue 2]

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 o [Issue 3]
2. Issue Diagnosis and Troubleshooting
Summarize the steps taken to identify and diagnose the issues. Include any
diagnostic tools or tests performed.
• Initial Symptoms:
o [e.g., Slow boot time, frequent crashes, application freezing]
• Diagnosis Steps:
o Ran [Diagnostic Tool] to analyze hardware/software issues.
o Checked system logs for error messages. Relevant logs:
▪ [Error Log 1]
▪ [Error Log 2]
• Identified Root Causes:
o [Cause 1: e.g., Outdated drivers]
o [Cause 2: e.g., Corrupted files in OS]
o [Cause 3: e.g., Malware infection]
3. Resolution Steps
List the actions taken to resolve the identified issues. Include details about
updates, reconfigurations, or replacements.
• Action 1: [e.g., Updated graphics driver to version [Link].]
• Action 2: [e.g., Reinstalled OS after backup of data.]
• Action 3: [e.g., Removed malware using XYZ software.]
• Action 4: [e.g., Increased virtual memory allocation.]
4. Post-Resolution Testing
Summarize the tests performed to confirm the resolution was successful.
• Test 1: [e.g., Rebooted the system and confirmed boot time was reduced to 30
seconds.]
• Test 2: [e.g., Ran stress test on CPU; no overheating observed after 30 minutes.]
• Test 3: [e.g., No further crashes after opening multiple applications
simultaneously.]
5. Preventative Measures
Outline any measures implemented to prevent future issues.
• Measure 1: [e.g., Set up automatic OS updates.]
• Measure 2: [e.g., Installed a new antivirus program with regular scans scheduled.]
• Measure 3: [e.g., Added extra cooling to prevent hardware overheating.]
6. Final System Status
Provide a summary of the system's current performance after resolution.
• System Health: [e.g., Operating normally]
• Current Performance: [e.g., CPU utilization reduced, memory usage stable]
• No further issues detected after: [Monitoring duration, e.g., 2 hours of testing]

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 7. Recommendations (Optional)
Suggest any additional changes or upgrades that could improve system
performance or stability in the future.
• Recommendation 1: [e.g., Upgrade SSD for faster boot times.]
• Recommendation 2: [e.g., Add more RAM to improve multitasking.]
8. User Feedback
Record any feedback received from the system user (if applicable).
Report Conclusion
The system is now fully operational after resolving the aforementioned issues.
Continuous monitoring is recommended for the next [time frame] to ensure
stability.
Technician Signature: _____________________
Date: _____________________

Points to Remember

• A system report is a comprehensive document that provides detailed information

about a system, including its configuration, components, and performance. It is often
used to document the status of a system before and after maintenance or
troubleshooting procedures.
• Status before Maintenance this refers to the condition of the system prior to any
maintenance or repair work. It includes a description of the problem or issue being
addressed, any error messages or abnormal behavior, and the system's performance
at the time.
• Activity Procedures these are the steps taken to address the problem or issue. They
may involve hardware replacements, software updates, configuration changes, or
other troubleshooting techniques.
• Status after Maintenance this describes the condition of the system after the
maintenance or repair work has been completed. It includes information on whether
the problem has been resolved, any improvements in system performance, and any
remaining issues.
• Conclusion and Recommendation this section summarizes the overall outcome of the
maintenance or repair work. It may include a statement of whether the problem was
successfully resolved, any lessons learned from the experience, and recommendations
for preventing similar issues in the future.
• Here are the steps to create an effective computer system report:
1. Define the Purpose and Scope
2. Gather Information
3. Analyze the Resolutions

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 4. Organize the Report Structure
5. Draft the Report
6. Review and Revise
7. Finalize the Report

Application of learning 3.5.

You are a computer technician working in AZ Company, you are going to pass year in the
mission outside the country and you finish to resolve the problem arises in the computer
system, then you are requested to elaborate system report after resolving the issue
successfully that might help other in your absence if the same issue arise.

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 Learning outcome 3 end assessment

Theoretical assessment

I. Select the right answer

Q1. What is computer system transformation?
A. The process of changing the physical appearance of a computer
B. The act of upgrading a computer's hardware components
C. The process of modifying a computer's software to improve its functionality.
D. The evolution of computer systems over time, encompassing hardware, software,
and applications
Q2. Why do computer systems undergo transformation?
A. To make them look more aesthetically pleasing
B. To increase their processing power and efficiency
C. To reduce their cost
D. To make them obsolete
Q3. What technological advancement has had the most profound impact on computer system
transformation?
A. The invention of the transistor
B. The development of the internet
C. The creation of the first personal computer
D. The discovery of electricity
Q4. Which of the following is not a safety precaution when assembling a computer?
A. Wearing anti-static wristbands.
B. Using a grounded outlet.
C. Discharging static electricity by touching a metal object
D. Working on a carpeted floor
Q5. Before installing components, you should:
A. Clean them with a damp cloth
B. Inspect them for damage
C. Apply thermal paste to the processor
D. All of the above
Q6. If your system is not booting up, you should:
A. Check the power supply connections
B. Reseat the RAM modules
C. Inspect the motherboard for damage

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 D. All of the above
Q7. What is the primary purpose of documenting the system's status before maintenance?
A. To identify potential issues or risks
B. To evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance activities
C. To provide a baseline for comparison after maintenance
D. To document the system's configuration changes
Q8. Which of the following elements should be included in the "Status Before Maintenance"
section of a system report?
A. System performance metrics
B. Maintenance history
C. Future maintenance plans
D. All of the above
Q9. What is the importance of documenting the activity procedures followed during
maintenance?
A. To ensure consistency and reproducibility
B. To track the time spent on maintenance tasks
C. To evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance personnel
D. To document the system's configuration changes
Q10. Which of the following should be included in the "Activity Procedures" section of a
system report?
A. A detailed step-by-step guide
B. A list of tools and equipment used
C. The names of maintenance personnel involved
D. All of the above
Q11. What is the purpose of documenting the system's status after maintenance?
A. To identify potential issues or risks
B. To evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance activities
C. To provide a baseline for comparison before maintenance
D. To document the system's configuration changes
Q12. Which of the following elements should be included in the "Status After Maintenance"
section of a system report?
A. System performance metrics
B. Maintenance history
C. Future maintenance plans
D. All of the above
Q13. What is the primary goal of the "Conclusion and Recommendation" section of a system
report?

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 A. To summarize the key findings and provide actionable recommendations
B. To document the system's configuration changes
C. To evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance personnel
D. To track the time spent on maintenance tasks
Q14. Which of the following elements should be included in the "Conclusion and
Recommendation" section of a system report?
A. An assessment of the maintenance activities' success
B. Suggestions for future improvements
C. A summary of any issues encountered
D. All of the above
II. Read the following statement and respond by YES if it is correct or No if not
i. Virtualization is a hardware-based technique for transforming computer systems.
ii. Firmware updates are a hybrid technique that involves both hardware and software
components.
iii. Hardware upgrades, such as replacing a CPU or RAM, are a software-based technique
for transforming computer systems.
iv. Networking and connectivity techniques, like upgrading network infrastructure or
implementing new protocols, can significantly impact computer system performance.
v. Hybrid techniques combine elements of software-based and hardware-based
transformations to achieve optimal results.
III. Complete sentences using computer system transformation techniques: by using
Virtualization, Networking and connectivity techniques, improving productivity and
communication, optimizing resource utilization.
A. ……………………………………. enables multiple operating systems to run simultaneously on
a single physical server, ………………………………………….
B. ………………………………facilitate efficient data transfer and
collaboration……………………………………………………………

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IV. Matching Computer System Testing with the definition
I.
Term Definition answer
[Link]-based A) Combining software and 1……………….
Transformation hardware modifications to
achieve desired changes.
[Link]-based B) Enhancing the system's 2…………………….
Transformation communication and
interoperability with other
systems.
[Link] and C) Altering the system's 3……………………….
Connectivity capabilities by adding or
replacing hardware
components..
4. Hybrid Transformation D)Modifying the system's 4………………………..
behavior through software
changes.

i. Matching Computer System Testing with the definition.

Term Definition answer
1. System Compatibility A)The ability of hardware 1……………….
and software components to
work together seamlessly.
2. System Performance B)The speed and 2…………………….
responsiveness of the
system.
[Link] Functionality C)The ability of the system to 3……………………….
perform its intended
functions reliably and
efficiently.
[Link] Testing D)The process of verifying 4………………………..
that the system meets
specified requirements.

Practical assessment

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ABC Company has been experiencing performance issues with their existing computer system.
The system is outdated and struggling to handle the increasing workload system. To address
these challenges, ABC Company is requesting you to transform their computer system.
END

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 References

Intel. (n.d.). IT transformation resources. Retrieved from

[Link]
[Link]

Portal Systems. (n.d.). Reporting – Definition and explanation. Retrieved from

[Link]

SlideShare. (n.d.). Computer hardware assembling. Retrieved from

[Link]
83336217/83336217

TechTarget. (n.d.). Digital transformation. Retrieved from

[Link]

TestDevLab. (2022). Compatibility testing: Definition, importance & examples.

Retrieved from [Link]
importance-examples

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 Mm, YYY
October, 2024

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