Chapter 1

FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS Le Thi Thanh Hai

Contents

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Functions
1.3. Graphs
1.4. Composition of functions
1.5. Inverse functions

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.1. Introduction
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Changes
Calculus
Motion

Derivative Integral

Limit
1.1. Introduction
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Derivatives
1.1. Introduction
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Integral
1.1. Introduction
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Mathematical Model

Real-world Abstraction Mathematical

problem model

Derive the result

Compare and
explain

Predictions
1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

Definition

For every x-value, there is only one y-value

 Inputs X make up the domain of

the function f.
 Outputs f  X    y  f ( x) / x  X 
make up the range of the function f.
 G   x, f ( x)  / x  X  is the graph
of the function f .
1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.1
1. f : R  R
is a function whose the domain is R and the
x  y  f ( x)  x 2
range is R+
2. f : R  R is not a function because f  1 does not
1
x  y  f ( x)  exist
x 1
3. f : R \ 1  R is a function whose the domain is R\{-1}
1 and the range is R\{0}.
x  y  f ( x) 
x 1

1 x 1 are not equal functions because they have

4. f ( x)  and g ( x)  2
x x x not the same domain.
1.2. Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.2 Solution

Identify the domain for

the given functions
1
a) f ( x) 
 x  2  x  3
1
b) g ( x)  x 
x
1.2. Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.3 Solution

Given

f ( x)  x 2  x  1.

Find
f ( x  1); f  x
1.2. Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.4 Solution

Let f be a piece-wise
function that given by

2 x  1 x  0
f ( x)   2 .
x  3 x  0

Calculate f(0); f(-2)

and f(5).
1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

Elementary functions
1. Polynomial Function

f ( x)  an x n  .....  a1 x  a0
where n is nonnegative integer and an,…, a1, a0 are constants.
2. Rational Function

p( x)
f ( x)  , q( x)  0
q( x)
where p(x), q(x) are polynominal functions.

3. Power Function

f ( x)  x r where r is any nonzero real number

1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

4. Trigonometric Function y
sin  
r
x
cos  
r
y sin 
tan   
x cos 
x cos 
cot   
y sin 
r 1
For all x  R , sec   
x cos 
a. sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 r 1
csc   
b. s in2x  2sin [Link] x y sin 
c. cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1  1  2sin 2 x
1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

5. Exponential Function
f ( x)  a x

where 0 < a ≠ 1 is called the base.

The domain is (-∞, +∞) and the range is (0, +∞).

6. Logarithmic Functions

f ( x)  log a x

where 0 < a ≠ 1. If a  e then we write f ( x)  ln x

The domain is (0, +∞) and the range is (-∞, +∞).

Remark y  log a x  x  a y
1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.5
Solution
An efficiency study of the
morning shift at an certain
factory indicates that an
average worker who arrives
on the job at 8:00 AM will
have assembled
f ( x)   x 3  15 x 2  6 x
iPads x hours later (0≤ x ≤ 8)
a) How many units will such
a worker have assembled by
10:00 AM?
b) How many units will such
a worker assemble between
9:00 AM and 10:00 AM?
1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.6 Solution

Solve the following

equations

a. 2 cos  sin   sin 

 2 8x
x2
b. 
4

c. 10 log 5 t  3log 2 t  20
1.2. Function Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.7 Solution

If a substance has an initial mass
of m0 and a half-life of h, then
after time t, the remaining mass
t
is 1 h
m  m0  
2
Suppose a radioactive substance
has a half-life of 20 days and
initially weighs of 5 grams.
How long will it take until only
1 gram remains?
1.3. Graphs
Le Thi Thanh Hai

The vertical line test

A curve in the plane is the graph of

a function if and only if it
intersects no vertical line more
than once.
1.3. Graphs Le Thi Thanh Hai

Symmetry
A function y = f(x) is a
• even function of x if f x  f  x
• odd function of x if f x   f  x
for every x in the function’s domain.

Even function Odd function

1.3. Graphs Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.8 Solution

Determine whether the

following functions are
odd, even or neither

a) y  x3  x
y  x3  x y  2x  5

b) y  2x  5
1.3. Graphs Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.9 Solution

Sketch the graphs of the

following functions.

a) y  x2  2

b) y  ex

c) y  ln( x)
1.4. Composition of functions Le Thi Thanh Hai

Definition

f ο g  x   f  g  x  
1.4. Composition of functions Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.10 Solution

Given
f ( x)  2 x  3
g  x   5 x.

Find

f g  ( x) and  g f  ( x)
1.4. Composition of functions Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.11 Solution

Given
 x  1, x  0
f ( x)   2
x , x  0

and g ( x)  x  2
Find (f o g )( x).
1.5. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Definition Horizontal Line Test

Let f : X → Y, then the function A function f has an inverse if
f -1:Y → X is the inverse of f if and only if no horizontal line
intersects the graph of f at more
f o f 1  x   f  f 1 ( x)   x, x  Y than one point.
f 1 o f  x   f 1  f ( x )   x, x  X

Note y  f 1 ( x)  x  f ( y )
1.5. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.12 Solution

Prove that f  x   x
and g  x   x 2 , x  0
are inverses
1.5. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.13 Solution

Find the inverse of

y = 4x – 12
if it exists.
1.5. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Functions Domain Range

1. y  cos 1 x 1  x  1 0 y 
1  
2. y  sin x 1  x  1   y
2 2
1  
3. y  tan x   x     y
2 2
4. y  cot 1 x   x   0 y 

5. y  sec x 1
x 1 0  y  , y 
2
1  
6. y  csc x x 1   y ,y0
2 2
1.5. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1.5. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.14 Solution

Find the exact value


of sec 1  2 
1.5. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.15 Solution

For -1 ≤ x ≤ 1, show
that

cos  sin 1 x   1  x 2
1.6. Inverse Functions
Le Thi Thanh Hai

Example 1.16 Solution

Solve the equation

 
1 2 1
tan x  4 tan x3 0
Homework GV: Lê Thị Thanh Hải

a
Homework GV: Lê Thị Thanh Hải