VISION INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE, ANKLESHWAR
TEST:04 (LOCOMTION AND MOVEMENT )
DATE: -18/02/2025 DURATION: 1 hrs.
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
CLASS: XI MARKS: 30
1. MCQs on Locomotion and Movement
1. Which of the following proteins is responsible for muscle contraction?
a) Tubulin
b) Myosin
c) Collagen
d) Keratin
2. The functional contractile unit of a muscle fiber is:
a) Myofibril
b) Myosin
c) Sarcomere
d) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
3. What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
a) Breakdown of ATP
b) Binding with troponin to remove tropomyosin blockage
c) Direct interaction with actin for contraction
d) Inhibiting myosin activity
4. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of smooth muscle?
a) Multinucleated and striated
b) Uninucleated and non-striated
c) Multinucleated and non-striated
d) Uninucleated and striated
5. Rickets in children is caused due to the deficiency of:
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B12
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin D
6. Which one of the following is a hinge joint?
a) Shoulder joint
b) Elbow joint
c) Hip joint
d) Ball-and-socket joint
7. In the human body, osteocytes are found in:
a) Cartilage
b) Ligaments
c) Bone
d) Tendons
8. The neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction is:
a) Dopamine
b) Serotonin
c) Acetylcholine
d) Epinephrine
9. Which of the following statements is correct regarding muscle contraction?
a) ATP is required for muscle relaxation only.
b) Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments.
c) Troponin binds to myosin directly.
d) Calcium ions inhibit muscle contraction.
10. The disease characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles is:
a) Arthritis
b) Muscular dystrophy
c) Osteoporosis
d) Gout
Answers with Explanations
1. b) Myosin
o Myosin is a motor protein that interacts with actin to cause muscle contraction
by using ATP.
2. c) Sarcomere
o The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber, composed of
actin and myosin filaments.
3. b) Binding with troponin to remove tropomyosin blockage
o Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that shifts
tropomyosin, exposing binding sites on actin for myosin interaction.
4. b) Uninucleated and non-striated
o Smooth muscles are involuntary, spindle-shaped, uninucleated, and lack
striations due to the irregular arrangement of actin and myosin.
5. d) Vitamin D
o Vitamin D deficiency leads to improper calcium and phosphate metabolism,
causing weak and deformed bones in children (rickets).
6. b) Elbow joint
o A hinge joint allows movement in one plane (like a door hinge), and the elbow
joint follows this mechanism.
7. c) Bone
o Osteocytes are mature bone cells embedded within the bone matrix, playing a
role in bone maintenance.
8. c) Acetylcholine
o Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that transmits signals from nerve endings
to muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction to trigger contraction.
9. b) Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments
o During muscle contraction, actin filaments slide over myosin filaments,
shortening the sarcomere length.
10. b) Muscular dystrophy
• Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive degeneration
and weakness of skeletal muscles due to mutations affecting dystrophin protein.
Answer Questions
1. Give the classification of synovial joints and fibrous joints. Provide one example of
each.
2. Draw the detailed ultrastructure of a muscle fiber, showing the muscle filaments in
various parts of the sarcomere
3. Describe any two muscular and two skeletal disorder, explaining its causes,
symptoms, and effects on the body.
4. a) How do troponin and tropomyosin regulate muscle contraction?
b) Describe the interaction between actin and myosin filaments.
5. Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
Answers to the Questions
1. Classification of Joints
A) Synovial Joints (Freely Movable Joints)
Synovial joints are characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity that allows free movement
between bones. They are classified into six types:
Type of Synovial Joint Example
Ball-and-Socket Joint Shoulder joint, Hip joint
Hinge Joint Elbow joint, Knee joint
Pivot Joint Atlas and Axis joint (neck)
Saddle Joint Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joint Wrist joint (Radiocarpal joint)
Gliding (Plane) Joint Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints (wrist and ankle)
B) Fibrous Joints (Immovable Joints)
Fibrous joints lack a synovial cavity and allow little to no movement. They are classified into
three types:
Type of Fibrous Joint Example
Sutures Skull bones
Syndesmoses Distal tibiofibular joint
Gomphoses Teeth and jawbones
2. Detailed Ultrastructure of a Muscle Fiber (Sarcomere Diagram)
3. Muscular and Skeletal Disorders
Muscular Disorders
1. Muscular Dystrophy
• Cause: Genetic mutation affecting the dystrophin protein.
• Symptoms: Progressive muscle weakness, difficulty in movement, muscle
degeneration.
• Effects: Loss of muscle function, difficulty in walking, respiratory and cardiac
complications.
2. Myasthenia Gravis
• Cause: Autoimmune disorder where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors at the
neuromuscular junction.
• Symptoms: Muscle weakness, drooping eyelids (ptosis), difficulty in speaking and
swallowing.
• Effects: Reduced muscle contraction leading to fatigue and weakness.
Skeletal Disorders
1. Osteoporosis
• Cause: Deficiency of calcium, vitamin D, hormonal imbalance (estrogen deficiency),
aging.
• Symptoms: Brittle bones, frequent fractures, back pain, posture deformities.
• Effects: Bones become weak, increasing fracture risk, leading to immobility in severe
cases.
2. Arthritis
• Cause: Inflammation of joints due to aging, autoimmune conditions, or infections.
• Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility.
• Effects: Cartilage degradation, leading to severe pain and limited movement.
4. a) How Do Troponin and Tropomyosin Regulate Muscle Contraction?
• Troponin is a regulatory protein attached to tropomyosin and actin. It has binding
sites for calcium ions.
• Tropomyosin is a protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin filaments in a
relaxed muscle.
• Regulation Mechanism:
o When calcium ions bind to troponin, it causes a conformational change.
o This moves tropomyosin away from actin’s myosin-binding sites.
o Myosin can then form cross-bridges with actin, leading to muscle contraction.
b) Interaction Between Actin and Myosin Filaments
1. Cross-Bridge Formation: Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin
filaments.
2. Power Stroke: Myosin pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere
using ATP.
3. Detachment: ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin.
4. Reattachment: ATP is hydrolyzed, re-energizing myosin for another contraction
cycle.
5. Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
The Sliding Filament Theory explains how muscles contract by the sliding movement of
actin filaments over myosin filaments.
Mechanism:
1. Signal Initiation: A nerve impulse releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular
junction.
2. Calcium Release: The signal triggers calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
3. Troponin-Tropomyosin Shift: Calcium binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to
expose actin's myosin-binding sites.
4. Cross-Bridge Formation: Myosin heads attach to actin, forming cross-bridges.
5. Power Stroke: Myosin pulls actin toward the sarcomere center, shortening the
muscle.
6. ATP-Dependent Release: ATP binds to myosin, detaching it from actin.
7. Relaxation: Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and
tropomyosin covers the actin sites again.
This process repeats until the contraction stops, allowing the muscle to relax.