0% found this document useful (0 votes)

6 views149 pages

Ways to Create Objects in JavaScript

Uploaded by

kunduubhajit1111

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

6 views149 pages

Ways to Create Objects in JavaScript

Uploaded by

kunduubhajit1111

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript

There are many ways to create objects in javascript as mentioned below:

Object literal syntax:

The object literal syntax (or object initializer), is a comma-separated set of

name-value pairs wrapped in curly braces.

var object = {
name: "Sudheer",
age: 34
};
Object literal property values can be of any data type, including array, function,
and nested object.

Note: This is one of the easiest ways to create an object.

Object constructor:

The simplest way to create an empty object is using the Object constructor.
Currently this approach is not recommended.

var object = new Object();

The Object() is a built-in constructor function so "new" keyword is not required.
The above code snippet can be re-written as:

var object = Object();

Object's create method:

The create method of Object is used to create a new object by passing the
specificied prototype object and properties as arguments, i.e., this pattern is
helpful to create new objects based on existing objects. The second argument is
optional and it is used to create properties on a newly created object.

The following code creates a new empty object whose prototype is null.

var object = [Link](null);

The following example creates an object along with additional new properties.

let vehicle = {
wheels: '4',
fuelType: 'Gasoline',
color: 'Green'
}
let carProps = {
type: {
value: 'Volkswagen'
},
model: {
value: 'Golf'
}
}

var car = [Link](vehicle, carProps);

[Link](car);
Function constructor:

In this approach, create any function and apply the new operator to create object
instances.
function Person(name) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = 21;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");
Function constructor with prototype:

This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for their properties
and methods,

function Person() {}
[Link] = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();
This is equivalent to creating an instance with [Link] method with a
function prototype and then calling that function with an instance and parameters
as arguments.

function func() {}

new func(x, y, z);

(OR)

// Create a new instance using function prototype.

var newInstance = [Link]([Link])

// Call the function

var result = [Link](newInstance, x, y, z),

// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise just use the new
instance.
[Link](result && typeof result === 'object' ? result : newInstance);
Object's assign method:

The [Link] method is used to copy all the properties from one or more source
objects and stores them into a target object.

The following code creates a new staff object by copying properties of his working
company and the car he owns.

const orgObject = { company: 'XYZ Corp'};

const carObject = { name: 'Toyota'};
const staff = [Link]({}, orgObject, carObject);
ES6 Class syntax:

ES6 introduces class feature to create objects.

class Person {
constructor(name) {
[Link] = name;
}
}

var object = new Person("Sudheer");

Singleton pattern:

A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time. Repeated calls to
its constructor return the same instance. This way one can ensure that they don't
accidentally create multiple instances.
var object = new (function () {
[Link] = "Sudheer";
})();
⬆ Back to Top

What is a prototype chain

Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on existing ones. It
is similar to inheritance in a class based language. i.e, When you create an object
using a constructor function or a class, the created object inherits properties
from a prototype object.

The prototype on object instance is available through [Link](object)

or __proto__ property whereas prototype on constructor function is available
through [Link].

Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind

The difference between Call, Apply and Bind can be explained with below examples,

Call: The call() method invokes a function with a given this value and arguments
provided one by one

var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };

var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

[Link](
greeting1 + " " + [Link] + " " + [Link] + ", " + greeting2
);
}

[Link](employee1, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
[Link](employee2, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?
Apply: Invokes the function with a given this value and allows you to pass in
arguments as an array

var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };

var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

[Link](
greeting1 + " " + [Link] + " " + [Link] + ", " + greeting2
);
}

[Link](employee1, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello John Rodson, How are
you?
[Link](employee2, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are
you?
Bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass any number of arguments

var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };

var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

[Link](
greeting1 + " " + [Link] + " " + [Link] + ", " + greeting2
);
}

var inviteEmployee1 = [Link](employee1);

var inviteEmployee2 = [Link](employee2);
inviteEmployee1("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
inviteEmployee2("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?
Call and Apply are pretty much interchangeable. Both execute the current function
immediately. You need to decide whether it’s easier to send in an array or a comma
separated list of arguments. You can remember by treating Call is for comma
(separated list) and Apply is for Array.

Bind creates a new function that will have this set to the first parameter passed
to bind().

⬆ Back to Top

What is JSON and its common operations

JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax, which was
popularized by Douglas Crockford. It is useful when you want to transmit data
across a network. It is basically just a text file with an extension of .json, and
a MIME type of application/json

Parsing: Converting a string to a native object

[Link](text);
Stringification: Converting a native object to a string so that it can be
transmitted across the network

[Link](object);
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of the array slice method

The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array as a new array object.
It selects the elements starting at the given start argument, and ends at the given
optional end argument without including the last element. If you omit the second
argument then it selects till the end of the array. This method can also accept
negative index which counts back from the end of the array.

Some of the examples of this method are,

let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = [Link](0, 2); // returns [1,2]
let arrayIntegers2 = [Link](2, 3); // returns [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = [Link](4); //returns [5]
let arrayIntegers4 = [Link](-3, -1); //returns [3, 4]
Note: Slice method doesn't mutate the original array but it returns the subset as a
new array.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of the array splice method

The splice() method adds/removes items to/from an array, and then returns the
removed item. The first argument specifies the array position/index for insertion
or deletion whereas the optional second argument indicates the number of elements
to be deleted. Each additional argument is added to the array.
Some of the examples of this method are:

let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = [Link](0, 2); // returns [1, 2];

original array: [3, 4, 5]
let arrayIntegers2 = [Link](3); // returns [4, 5]; original
array: [1, 2, 3]
let arrayIntegers3 = [Link](3, 1, "a", "b", "c"); //returns
[4]; original array: [1, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c", 5]
Note: Splice method modifies the original array and returns the deleted array.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between slice and splice

Some of the major differences in a tabular form:

Slice Splice
Doesn't modify the original array(immutable) Modifies the original
array(mutable)
Returns the subset of original array Returns the deleted elements as array
Used to pick the elements from array Used to insert/delete elements to/from
array
⬆ Back to Top

How do you compare Object and Map

Objects are similar to Maps in that both let you set keys to values, retrieve those
values, delete keys, and detect whether something is stored at a key. Due to this
reason, Objects have been used as Maps historically. But there are important
differences that make using a Map preferable in certain cases:

The keys of an Object can be Strings and Symbols, whereas they can be any value for
a Map, including functions, objects, and any primitive type.
The keys in a Map are ordered while keys added to Object are not. Thus, when
iterating over it, a Map object returns keys in the order of insertion.
You can get the size of a Map easily with the size property, while the number of
properties in an Object must be determined manually.
A Map is an iterable and can thus be directly iterated, whereas iterating over an
Object requires obtaining its keys in some fashion and iterating over them.
An Object has a prototype, so there are default keys in an object that could
collide with your keys if you're not careful. As of ES5 this can be bypassed by
creating an object(which can be called a map) using [Link](null), but this
practice is seldom done.
A Map may perform better in scenarios involving frequent addition and removal of
key pairs.
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between == and === operators

JavaScript provides both strict(===, !==) and type-converting(==, !=) equality
comparison. The strict operators take type of variable in consideration, while non-
strict operators make type correction/conversion based upon values of variables.
The strict operators follow the below conditions for different types,

Two strings are strictly equal when they have the same sequence of characters, same
length, and same characters in corresponding positions.
Two numbers are strictly equal when they are numerically equal, i.e., having the
same number value. There are two special cases in this,
NaN is not equal to anything, including NaN.
Positive and negative zeros are equal to one another.
Two Boolean operands are strictly equal if both are true or both are false.
Two objects are strictly equal if they refer to the same Object.
Null and Undefined types are not equal with ===, but equal with == . i.e,
null===undefined --> false, but null==undefined --> true
Some of the example which covers the above cases:

0 == false // true
0 === false // false
1 == "1" // true
1 === "1" // false
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false
NaN == NaN or NaN === NaN // false
[]==[] or []===[] //false, refer different objects in memory
{}=={} or {}==={} //false, refer different objects in memory
⬆ Back to Top

What are lambda expressions or arrow functions

An arrow function is a shorter/concise syntax for a function expression and does
not have its own this, arguments, super, or [Link]. These functions are best
suited for non-method functions, and they cannot be used as constructors.

Some of the examples of arrow functions are listed as below,

const arrowFunc1 = (a, b) => a + b; // Multiple parameters

const arrowFunc2 = a => a * 10; // Single parameter
const arrowFunc3 = () => {} // no parameters
⬆ Back to Top

What is a first class function

In Javascript, functions are first class objects. First-class functions means when
functions in that language are treated like any other variable.

For example, in such a language, a function can be passed as an argument to other

functions, can be returned by another function and can be assigned as a value to a
variable. For example, in the below example, handler functions assigned to a
listener

const handler = () => [Link]("This is a click handler function");

[Link]("click", handler);
⬆ Back to Top

What is a first order function

A first-order function is a function that doesn’t accept another function as an
argument and doesn’t return a function as its return value.

const firstOrder = () => [Link]("I am a first order function!");

⬆ Back to Top

What is a higher order function

A higher-order function is a function that accepts another function as an argument
or returns a function as a return value or both. The syntactic structure of higher
order function will be as follows,

const firstOrderFunc = () =>

[Link]("Hello, I am a First order function");
const higherOrder = (ReturnFirstOrderFunc) => ReturnFirstOrderFunc();
higherOrder(firstOrderFunc);
You can also call the function which you are passing to higher order function as
callback function.

The higher order function is helpful to write the modular and reusable code.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a unary function

A unary function (i.e. monadic) is a function that accepts exactly one argument. It
stands for a single argument accepted by a function.

Let us take an example of unary function,

const unaryFunction = (a) => [Link](a + 10); // Add 10 to the given argument
and display the value
⬆ Back to Top

What is the currying function

Currying is the process of taking a function with multiple arguments and turning it
into a sequence of functions each with only a single argument. Currying is named
after a mathematician Haskell Curry. By applying currying, an n-ary function turns
into a unary function.

Let's take an example of n-ary function and how it turns into a currying function,

const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;

[Link](multiArgFunction(1, 2, 3)); // 6

const curryUnaryFunction = (a) => (b) => (c) => a + b + c;

curryUnaryFunction(1); // returns a function: b => c => 1 + b + c
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2); // returns a function: c => 3 + c
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2)(3); // returns the number 6
Curried functions are great to improve code reusability and functional composition.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a pure function

A Pure function is a function where the return value is only determined by its
arguments without any side effects. i.e, If you call a function with the same
arguments 'n' number of times and 'n' number of places in the application then it
will always return the same value.

Let's take an example to see the difference between pure and impure functions,

//Impure
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = (number) => [Link](number);
//Pure
const pureAddNumber = (number) => (argNumberArray) =>
[Link]([number]);

//Display the results

[Link](impureAddNumber(6)); // returns 1
[Link](numberArray); // returns [6]
[Link](pureAddNumber(7)(numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]
[Link](numberArray); // returns [6]
As per the above code snippets, the Push function is impure itself by altering the
array and returning a push number index independent of the parameter value, whereas
Concat on the other hand takes the array and concatenates it with the other array
producing a whole new array without side effects. Also, the return value is a
concatenation of the previous array.

Remember that Pure functions are important as they simplify unit testing without
any side effects and no need for dependency injection. They also avoid tight
coupling and make it harder to break your application by not having any side
effects. These principles are coming together with the Immutability concept of ES6:
giving preference to const over let usage.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of the let keyword

The let statement declares a block scope local variable. Hence the variables
defined with let keyword are limited in scope to the block, statement, or
expression on which it is used. Whereas variables declared with the var keyword
used to define a variable globally, or locally to an entire function regardless of
block scope.

Let's take an example to demonstrate the usage,

let counter = 30;

if (counter === 30) {
let counter = 31;
[Link](counter); // 31
}
[Link](counter); // 30 (because the variable in if block won't exist here)
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between let and var

You can list out the differences in a tabular format

var let
It has been available from the beginning of JavaScript Introduced as part of
ES6
It has function scope It has block scope
Variable declaration will be hoisted, initialized as undefined Hoisted but not
initialized
It is possible to re-declare the variable in the same scopeIt is not possible to
re-declare the variable
Let's take an example to see the difference,

function userDetails(username) {
if (username) {
[Link](salary); // undefined due to hoisting
[Link](age); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'age' before initialization
let age = 30;
var salary = 10000;
}
[Link](salary); //10000 (accessible due to function scope)
[Link](age); //error: age is not defined(due to block scope)
}
userDetails("John");
⬆ Back to Top

What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword

let is a mathematical statement that was adopted by early programming languages
like Scheme and Basic. It has been borrowed from dozens of other languages that use
let already as a traditional keyword as close to var as possible.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you redeclare variables in a switch block without an error

If you try to redeclare variables in a switch block then it will cause errors
because there is only one block. For example, the below code block throws a syntax
error as below,

let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0:
let name;
break;

case 1:
let name; // SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
To avoid this error, you can create a nested block inside a case clause and create
a new block scoped lexical environment.

let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0: {
let name;
break;
}
case 1: {
let name; // No SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is the Temporal Dead Zone

The Temporal Dead Zone(TDZ) is a specific period or area of a block where a
variable is inaccessible until it has been intialized with a value. This behavior
in JavaScript that occurs when declaring a variable with the let and const
keywords, but not with var. In ECMAScript 6, accessing a let or const variable
before its declaration (within its scope) causes a ReferenceError.

Let's see this behavior with an example,

function somemethod() {
[Link](counter1); // undefined
[Link](counter2); // ReferenceError
var counter1 = 1;
let counter2 = 2;
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression)

IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a JavaScript function that runs
as soon as it is defined. The signature of it would be as below,

(function () {
// logic here
})();
The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because any variables
declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the outside world. i.e, If you try
to access variables from the IIFE then it throws an error as below,

(function () {
var message = "IIFE";
[Link](message);
})();
[Link](message); //Error: message is not defined
⬆ Back to Top

How do you decode or encode a URL in JavaScript?

encodeURI() function is used to encode an URL. This function requires a URL string
as a parameter and return that encoded string. decodeURI() function is used to
decode an URL. This function requires an encoded URL string as parameter and return
that decoded string.

Note: If you want to encode characters such as / ? : @ & = + $ # then you need to
use encodeURIComponent().

let uri = "employeeDetails?name=john&occupation=manager";

let encoded_uri = encodeURI(uri);
let decoded_uri = decodeURI(encoded_uri);
⬆ Back to Top

What is memoization
Memoization is a functional programming technique which attempts to increase a
function’s performance by caching its previously computed results. Each time a
memoized function is called, its parameters are used to index the cache. If the
data is present, then it can be returned, without executing the entire function.
Otherwise the function is executed and then the result is added to the cache. Let's
take an example of adding function with memoization,

const memoizAddition = () => {

What is Hoisting
Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables, function declarations and
classes are moved to the top of their scope before code execution. Remember that
JavaScript only hoists declarations, not initialisation. Let's take a simple
example of variable hoisting,

[Link](message); //output : undefined

var message = "The variable Has been hoisted";
The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,

var message;
[Link](message);
message = "The variable Has been hoisted";
In the same fashion, function declarations are hoisted too

message("Good morning"); //Good morning

function message(name) {
[Link](name);
}
This hoisting makes functions to be safely used in code before they are declared.

⬆ Back to Top

What are classes in ES6

In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactic sugar over JavaScript’s existing
prototype-based inheritance. For example, the prototype based inheritance written
in function expression as below,

function Bike(model, color) {

[Link] = model;
[Link] = color;
}

[Link] = function () {
return [Link] + " bike has" + [Link] + " color";
};
Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative

class Bike {
constructor(color, model) {
[Link] = color;
[Link] = model;
}

getDetails() {
return [Link] + " bike has" + [Link] + " color";
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are closures

A closure is the combination of a function bundled(enclosed) together with its
lexical environment within which that function was declared. i.e, It is an inner
function that has access to the outer or enclosing function’s variables, functions
and other data even after the outer function has finished its execution. The
closure has three scope chains.

Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets

Outer function's variables
Global variables
Let's take an example of closure concept,

function Welcome(name) {
var greetingInfo = function (message) {
[Link](message + " " + name);
};
return greetingInfo;
}
var myFunction = Welcome("John");
myFunction("Welcome "); //Output: Welcome John
myFunction("Hello Mr."); //output: Hello Mr. John
As per the above code, the inner function(i.e, greetingInfo) has access to the
variables in the outer function scope(i.e, Welcome) even after the outer function
has returned.

⬆ Back to Top

What are modules

Modules refer to small units of independent, reusable code and also act as the
foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the JavaScript modules
export an object literal, a function, or a constructor

⬆ Back to Top

Why do you need modules

Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem

Maintainability
Reusability
Namespacing
⬆ Back to Top

What is scope in javascript

Scope is the accessibility of variables, functions, and objects in some particular
part of your code during runtime. In other words, scope determines the visibility
of variables and other resources in areas of your code.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a service worker

A Service worker is basically a script (JavaScript file) that runs in the
background, separate from a web page and provides features that don't need a web
page or user interaction. Some of the major features of service workers are Rich
offline experiences(offline first web application development), periodic background
syncs, push notifications, intercept and handle network requests and
programmatically managing a cache of responses.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker

Service worker can't access the DOM directly. But it can communicate with the pages
it controls by responding to messages sent via the postMessage interface, and those
pages can manipulate the DOM.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you reuse information across service worker restarts

The problem with service worker is that it gets terminated when not in use, and
restarted when it's next needed, so you cannot rely on global state within a
service worker's onfetch and onmessage handlers. In this case, service workers will
have access to IndexedDB API in order to persist and reuse across restarts.

⬆ Back to Top

What is IndexedDB
IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of larger amounts of
structured data, including files/blobs. This API uses indexes to enable high-
performance searches of this data.

⬆ Back to Top

What is web storage

Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers can store
key/value pairs locally within the user's browser, in a much more intuitive fashion
than using cookies. The web storage provides two mechanisms for storing data on the
client.

Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no expiration date.
Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is lost when the
browser tab is closed.
⬆ Back to Top

What is a post message

Post message is a method that enables cross-origin communication between Window
objects.(i.e, between a page and a pop-up that it spawned, or between a page and an
iframe embedded within it). Generally, scripts on different pages are allowed to
access each other if and only if the pages follow same-origin policy(i.e, pages
share the same protocol, port number, and host).

⬆ Back to Top

What is a Cookie
A cookie is a piece of data that is stored on your computer to be accessed by your
browser. Cookies are saved as key/value pairs. For example, you can create a cookie
named username as below,

[Link] = "username=John";
Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

Why do you need a Cookie

Cookies are used to remember information about the user profile(such as username).
It basically involves two steps,

When a user visits a web page, the user profile can be stored in a cookie.
Next time the user visits the page, the cookie remembers the user profile.
⬆ Back to Top

What are the options in a cookie

There are few below options available for a cookie,

By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but you can change
this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC time).
[Link] = "username=John; expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:00 UTC";
By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell the browser what
path the cookie belongs to using a path parameter.
[Link] = "username=John; path=/services";
⬆ Back to Top

How do you delete a cookie

You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date. You don't need
to specify a cookie value in this case. For example, you can delete a username
cookie in the current page as below.

[Link] =
"username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";
Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you delete the right
cookie. Some browsers doesn't allow to delete a cookie unless you specify a path
parameter.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage
Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and session
storage,

Feature Cookie Local storage Session storage

Accessed on client or server side Both server-side & client-side client-side
only client-side only
Lifetime As configured using Expires option until deleted until tab is
closed
SSL support Supported Not supported Not supported
Maximum data size 4KB 5 MB 5MB
⬆ Back to Top

What is the main difference between localStorage and sessionStorage

LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even when the
browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration time) whereas in
sessionStorage data gets cleared when the page session ends.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you access web storage

The Window object implements the WindowLocalStorage and WindowSessionStorage
objects which has localStorage([Link]) and
sessionStorage([Link]) properties respectively. These properties
create an instance of the Storage object, through which data items can be set,
retrieved and removed for a specific domain and storage type (session or local).
For example, you can read and write on local storage objects as below

[Link]("logo", [Link]("logo").value);
[Link]("logo");
⬆ Back to Top

What are the methods available on session storage

The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and clearing the session
data

// Save data to sessionStorage

[Link]("key", "value");

// Get saved data from sessionStorage

let data = [Link]("key");

// Remove saved data from sessionStorage

[Link]("key");
// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage
[Link]();
⬆ Back to Top

What is a storage event and its event handler

The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been changed in the
context of another document. Whereas onstorage property is an EventHandler for
processing storage events. The syntax would be as below

[Link] = functionRef;
Let's take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs the storage key
and it's values

Why do you need web storage

Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally,
without affecting website performance. Also, the information is never transferred
to the server. Hence this is a more recommended approach than Cookies.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you check web storage browser support

You need to check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage before using
web storage,

if (typeof Storage !== "undefined") {

// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you check web workers browser support

You need to check browser support for web workers before using it

if (typeof Worker !== "undefined") {

// code for Web worker support.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}
⬆ Back to Top

Give an example of a web worker

You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for counting example

Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to increment the count value.
Let's name it as [Link]
let i = 0;

function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()", 500);
}

timedCount();
Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the HTML page

Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker object by checking for
browser support. Let's name this file as web_worker_example.js
if (typeof w == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("[Link]");
}
and we can receive messages from web worker

[Link] = function (event) {

[Link]("message").innerHTML = [Link];
};
Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for messages (even
after the external script is finished) until it is terminated. You can use the
terminate() method to terminate listening to the messages.
[Link]();
Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to undefined you can reuse the
code
w = undefined;
⬆ Back to Top

What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM

WebWorkers don't have access to below javascript objects since they are defined in
an external files

Window object
Document object
Parent object
⬆ Back to Top

What is a promise
A promise is an object that may produce a single value some time in the future with
either a resolved value or a reason that it’s not resolved(for example, network
error). It will be in one of the 3 possible states: fulfilled, rejected, or
pending.

The syntax of Promise creation looks like below,

const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

// promise description
});
The usage of a promise would be as below,

const promise = new Promise(

(resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("I'm a Promise!");
}, 5000);
},
(reject) => {}
);

[Link]((value) => [Link](value));

The action flow of a promise will be as below,

Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

Why do you need a promise

Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations. They provide an alternative
approach for callbacks by reducing the callback hell and writing the cleaner code.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the three states of promise

Promises have three states:

Pending: This is an initial state of the Promise before an operation begins

Fulfilled: This state indicates that the specified operation was completed.
Rejected: This state indicates that the operation did not complete. In this case an
error value will be thrown.
⬆ Back to Top

What is a callback function

A callback function is a function passed into another function as an argument. This
function is invoked inside the outer function to complete an action. Let's take a
simple example of how to use callback function

function callbackFunction(name) {
[Link]("Hello " + name);
}

function outerFunction(callback) {
let name = prompt("Please enter your name.");
callback(name);
}

outerFunction(callbackFunction);
⬆ Back to Top

Why do we need callbacks

The callbacks are needed because javascript is an event driven language. That means
instead of waiting for a response javascript will keep executing while listening
for other events. Let's take an example with the first function invoking an API
call(simulated by setTimeout) and the next function which logs the message.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a callback hell

Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which makes code
hard to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous logic. The callback hell
looks like below,

async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});
⬆ Back to Top

What are server-sent events

Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a browser to receive
automatic updates from a server via HTTP connection without resorting to polling.
These are a one way communications channel - events flow from server to client
only. This has been used in Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news
feeds etc.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you receive server-sent event notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications. For
example, you can receive messages from server as below,

if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {

var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
[Link] = function (event) {
[Link]("output").innerHTML += [Link] + "<br>";
};
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you check browser support for server-sent events

You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using it as below,

if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {

// Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
} else {
// No server-sent events supported
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the events available for server sent events

Below are the list of events available for server sent events

Event Description
onopen It is used when a connection to the server is opened
onmessage This event is used when a message is received
onerror It happens when an error occurs
⬆ Back to Top

What are the main rules of promise

A promise must follow a specific set of rules:

A promise is an object that supplies a standard-compliant .then() method

A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected state
A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition into any
other state.
Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.
⬆ Back to Top

What is callback in callback

You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the actions
sequentially one by one. This is known as callbacks in callbacks.

loadScript("/[Link]", function (script) {

[Link]("first script is loaded");

loadScript("/[Link]", function (script) {

[Link]("second script is loaded");

loadScript("/[Link]", function (script) {

[Link]("third script is loaded");
// after all scripts are loaded
});
});
});
⬆ Back to Top

What is promise chaining

The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after another using
promises is known as Promise chaining. Let's take an example of promise chaining
for calculating the final result,

new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);
})
.then(function (result) {
[Link](result); // 1
return result * 2;
})
.then(function (result) {
[Link](result); // 2
return result * 3;
})
.then(function (result) {
[Link](result); // 6
return result * 4;
});
In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then() handlers with
the below work flow,
The initial promise resolves in 1 second,
After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and then return a
promise with the value of result * 2.
After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging the result(2) and
return a promise with result * 3.
Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the result(6) and
return a promise with result * 4.
⬆ Back to Top

What is [Link]
[Link] is a promise that takes an array of promises as an input (an iterable),
and it gets resolved when all the promises get resolved or any one of them gets
rejected. For example, the syntax of [Link] method is below,

[Link]([Promise1, Promise2, Promise3]) .then(result) =>

{ [Link](result) }) .catch(error => [Link](`Error in promises $
{error}`))
Note: Remember that the order of the promises(output the result) is maintained as
per input order.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of the race method in promise

[Link]() method will return the promise instance which is firstly resolved or
rejected. Let's take an example of race() method where promise2 is resolved first

var promise1 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(resolve, 500, "one");
});
var promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, "two");
});

[Link]([promise1, promise2]).then(function (value) {

[Link](value); // "two" // Both promises will resolve, but promise2 is
faster
});
⬆ Back to Top

What is a strict mode in javascript

Strict Mode is a new feature in ECMAScript 5 that allows you to place a program, or
a function, in a “strict” operating context. This way it prevents certain actions
from being taken and throws more exceptions. The literal expression "use strict";
instructs the browser to use the javascript code in the Strict mode.

⬆ Back to Top

Why do you need strict mode

Strict mode is useful to write "secure" JavaScript by notifying "bad syntax" into
real errors. For example, it eliminates accidentally creating a global variable by
throwing an error and also throws an error for assignment to a non-writable
property, a getter-only property, a non-existing property, a non-existing variable,
or a non-existing object.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you declare strict mode

The strict mode is declared by adding "use strict"; to the beginning of a script or
a function. If declared at the beginning of a script, it has global scope.
"use strict";
x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared
and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope

x = 3.14; // This will not cause an error.

myFunction();

function myFunction() {
"use strict";
y = 3.14; // This will cause an error
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of double exclamation

The double exclamation or negation(!!) ensures the resulting type is a boolean. If
it was falsey (e.g. 0, null, undefined, etc.), it will be false, otherwise, it will
be true. For example, you can test IE version using this expression as below,

let isIE8 = false;

isIE8 = !![Link](/MSIE 8.0/);
[Link](isIE8); // returns true or false
If you don't use this expression then it returns the original value.

[Link]([Link](/MSIE 8.0/)); // returns either an Array or

null
Note: The expression !! is not an operator, but it is just twice of ! operator.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of the delete operator

The delete operator is used to delete the property as well as its value.

var user = { firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe", age: 20 };

delete [Link];

[Link](user); // {firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe"}

⬆ Back to Top

What is typeof operator

You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript
variable. It returns the type of a variable or an expression.

typeof "John Abraham"; // Returns "string"

typeof (1 + 2); // Returns "number"
typeof [1, 2, 3]; // Returns "object" because all arrays are also objects
⬆ Back to Top

What is undefined property

The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been assigned a value, or
declared but not initialized at all. The type of undefined value is undefined too.

var user; // Value is undefined, type is undefined

[Link](typeof user); //undefined
Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.

user = undefined;
⬆ Back to Top
What is null value
The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value. It is one of
JavaScript's primitive values. The type of null value is object. You can empty the
variable by setting the value to null.

var user = null;

[Link](typeof user); //object
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between null and undefined

Below are the main differences between null and undefined,

Null Undefined
It is an assignment value which indicates that variable points to no object. It is
not an assignment value where a variable has been declared but has not yet been
assigned a value.
Type of null is object Type of undefined is undefined
The null value is a primitive value that represents the null, empty, or non-
existent reference. The undefined value is a primitive value used when a
variable has not been assigned a value.
Indicates the absence of a value for a variable Indicates absence of variable
itself
Converted to zero (0) while performing primitive operationsConverted to NaN while
performing primitive operations
⬆ Back to Top

What is eval
The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string. The string
can be a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or sequence of statements.

[Link](eval("1 + 2")); // 3
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between window and document

Below are the main differences between window and document,

Window Document
It is the root level element in any web page It is the direct child of the
window object. This is also known as Document Object Model(DOM)
By default window object is available implicitly in the page You can access it
via [Link] or document.
It has methods like alert(), confirm() and properties like document, location
It provides methods like getElementById, getElementsByTagName, createElement
etc
⬆ Back to Top

How do you access history in javascript

The [Link] object contains the browser's history. You can load previous and
next URLs in the history using back() and next() methods.

function goBack() {
[Link]();
}
function goForward() {
[Link]();
}
Note: You can also access history without window prefix.

⬆ Back to Top
How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not
The mouseEvent getModifierState() is used to return a boolean value that indicates
whether the specified modifier key is activated or not. The modifiers such as
CapsLock, ScrollLock and NumLock are activated when they are clicked, and
deactivated when they are clicked again.

Let's take an input element to detect the CapsLock on/off behavior with an example,

<input type="password" onmousedown="enterInput(event)" />

What is isNaN
The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal number
(Not-a-Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the value equates to NaN.
Otherwise it returns false.

isNaN("Hello"); //true
isNaN("100"); //false
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between undeclared and undefined variables

Below are the major differences between undeclared(not defined) and undefined
variables,

undeclared undefined
These variables do not exist in a program and are not declared These variables
declared in the program but have not assigned any value
If you try to read the value of an undeclared variable, then a runtime error is
encountered If you try to read the value of an undefined variable, an undefined
value is returned.
⬆ Back to Top

What are global variables

Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of the code
without any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a local variable but if you
omit it then it will become global variable

msg = "Hello"; // var is missing, it becomes global variable

⬆ Back to Top

What are the problems with global variables

The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of local and
global scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code that relies on global
variables.
⬆ Back to Top

What is NaN property

The NaN property is a global property that represents "Not-a-Number" value. i.e, It
indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is very rare to use NaN in a
program but it can be used as return value for few cases

[Link](-1);
parseInt("Hello");
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of isFinite function

The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a finite, legal
number. It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or NaN (Not-a-
Number), otherwise it returns true.

isFinite(Infinity); // false
isFinite(NaN); // false
isFinite(-Infinity); // false

isFinite(100); // true
⬆ Back to Top

What is an event flow

Event flow is the order in which event is received on the web page. When you click
an element that is nested in various other elements, before your click actually
reaches its destination, or target element, it must trigger the click event for
each of its parent elements first, starting at the top with the global window
object.

There are two ways of event flow

Top to Bottom(Event Capturing)

Bottom to Top (Event Bubbling)
⬆ Back to Top

What is event bubbling

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first triggers on the
innermost target element, and then successively triggers on the ancestors (parents)
of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the outermost
DOM element(i.e, global window object).

By default, event handlers triggered in event bubbling phase as shown below,

<div>
<button class="child">Hello</button>
</div>

[Link]("click",
function () {
[Link]("Parent");
}
);
[Link]("click", function () {
[Link]("Child");
});
</script>
// Child
// Parent
⬆ Back to Top

What is event capturing

Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first captured by
the outermost element, and then successively triggers on the descendants (children)
of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the innermost
target DOM element.

You need to pass true value for addEventListener method to trigger event handlers
in event capturing phase.

<div>
<button class="child">Hello</button>
</div>

[Link]("click",
function () {
[Link]("Parent");
},
true
);

[Link]("click", function () {
[Link]("Child");
});
</script>
// Parent
// Child
⬆ Back to Top

How do you submit a form using JavaScript

You can submit a form using [Link][0].submit(). All the form input's
information is submitted using onsubmit event handler

function submit() {
[Link][0].submit();
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you find operating system details

The [Link] object contains information about the visitor's browser OS
details. Some of the OS properties are available under platform property,

[Link]([Link]);
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between document load and DOMContentLoaded events

The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML document has been
completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for assets(stylesheets, images, and
subframes) to finish loading. Whereas The load event is fired when the whole page
has loaded, including all dependent resources(stylesheets, images).

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between native, host and user objects

Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language defined by the
ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math, RegExp, Object, Function etc
core objects defined in the ECMAScript spec. Host objects are objects provided by
the browser or runtime environment (Node). For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM
nodes etc are considered as host objects. User objects are objects defined in the
javascript code. For example, User objects created for profile information.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript code
You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript

Chrome Devtools
debugger statement
Good old [Link] statement
⬆ Back to Top

What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks

Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks,

Pros:

It avoids callback hell which is unreadable

Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with [Link]()
Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the callback too late, too
early, many times and swallow errors/exceptions)
Cons:

It makes little complex code

You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between an attribute and a property

Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are defined on the
DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2 attributes type and value,

<input type="text" value="Name:">

You can retrieve the attribute value as below,

const input = [Link]("input");

[Link]([Link]("value")); // Good morning
[Link]([Link]); // Good morning
And after you change the value of the text field to "Good evening", it becomes like

[Link]([Link]("value")); // Good evening

[Link]([Link]); // Good evening
⬆ Back to Top

What is same-origin policy

The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from making requests
across domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a combination of URI scheme,
hostname, and port number. If you enable this policy then it prevents a malicious
script on one page from obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page
using Document Object Model(DOM).

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of void 0

Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be helpful to
eliminate the unwanted side-effect, because it will return the undefined primitive
value. It is commonly used for HTML documents that use href="JavaScript:Void(0);"
within an <a> element. i.e, when you click a link, the browser loads a new page or
refreshes the same page. But this behavior will be prevented using this expression.
For example, the below link notify the message without reloading the page

<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="alert('Well done!')">

Click Me!
</a>
⬆ Back to Top

Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language

JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An interpreter in
the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets each line, and runs it.
Nowadays modern browsers use a technology known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation,
which compiles JavaScript to executable bytecode just as it is about to run.

⬆ Back to Top

Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language

Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords, variables,
function & object names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.

⬆ Back to Top

Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript

No, they are entirely two different programming languages and have nothing to do
with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented Programming languages and
like many other languages, they follow similar syntax for basic features(if, else,
for, switch, break, continue etc).

⬆ Back to Top

What are events

Events are "things" that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript is used in HTML
pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some of the examples of HTML events
are,

Web page has finished loading

Input field was changed
Button was clicked
Let's describe the behavior of click event for button element,

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function greeting() {
alert('Hello! Good morning');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="greeting()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>
⬆ Back to Top

Who created javascript

JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at Netscape
Communications. Initially it was developed under the name Mocha, but later the
language was officially called LiveScript when it first shipped in beta releases of
Netscape.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the use of preventDefault method

The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable, meaning that the
default action or behaviour that belongs to the event will not occur. For example,
prevent form submission when clicking on submit button and prevent opening the page
URL when clicking on hyperlink are some common use cases.

document
.getElementById("link")
.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
[Link]();
});
Note: Remember that not all events are cancelable.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the use of stopPropagation method

The stopPropagation method is used to stop the event from bubbling up the event
chain. For example, the below nested divs with stopPropagation method prevents
default event propagation when clicking on nested div(Div1)

<p>Click DIV1 Element</p>

function secondFunc() {
alert("DIV 2");
}
</script>
⬆ Back to Top

What are the steps involved in return false usage

The return false statement in event handlers performs the below steps,

First it stops the browser's default action or behaviour.

It prevents the event from propagating the DOM
Stops callback execution and returns immediately when called.
⬆ Back to Top
What is BOM
The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to "talk to" the browser. It
consists of the objects navigator, history, screen, location and document which are
children of the window. The Browser Object Model is not standardized and can change
based on different browsers.

Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

What is the use of setTimeout

The setTimeout() method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression after
a specified number of milliseconds. For example, let's log a message after 2
seconds using setTimeout method,

setTimeout(function () {
[Link]("Good morning");
}, 2000);
⬆ Back to Top

What is the use of setInterval

The setInterval() method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression at
specified intervals (in milliseconds). For example, let's log a message after 2
seconds using setInterval method,

setInterval(function () {
[Link]("Good morning");
}, 2000);
⬆ Back to Top

Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded

JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language specification does
not allow the programmer to write code so that the interpreter can run parts of it
in parallel in multiple threads or processes. Whereas languages like java, go, C++
can make multi-threaded and multi-process programs.

⬆ Back to Top

What is an event delegation

Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you delegate a parent
element as the listener for all of the events that happen inside it.

For example, if you wanted to detect field changes inside a specific form, you can
use event delegation technique,

var form = [Link]("#registration-form");

// Listen for changes to fields inside the form

[Link](
"input",
function (event) {
// Log the field that was changed
[Link]([Link]);
},
false
);
⬆ Back to Top
What is ECMAScript
ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of JavaScript. ECMAScript
standardized by the ECMA International standards organization in the ECMA-262 and
ECMA-402 specifications. The first edition of ECMAScript was released in 1997.

⬆ Back to Top

What is JSON
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format that is used for data
interchanging. It is based on a subset of JavaScript language in the way objects
are built in JavaScript.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the syntax rules of JSON

Below are the list of syntax rules of JSON

The data is in name/value pairs

The data is separated by commas
Curly braces hold objects
Square brackets hold arrays
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose JSON stringify

When sending data to a web server, the data has to be in a string format. You can
achieve this by converting JSON object into a string using stringify() method.

var userJSON = { name: "John", age: 31 };

var userString = [Link](userJSON);
[Link](userString); //"{"name":"John","age":31}"
⬆ Back to Top

How do you parse JSON string

When receiving the data from a web server, the data is always in a string format.
But you can convert this string value to a javascript object using parse() method.

var userString = '{"name":"John","age":31}';

var userJSON = [Link](userString);
[Link](userJSON); // {name: "John", age: 31}
⬆ Back to Top

Why do you need JSON

When exchanging data between a browser and a server, the data can only be text.
Since JSON is text only, it can easily be sent to and from a server, and used as a
data format by any programming language.

⬆ Back to Top

What are PWAs

Progressive web applications (PWAs) are a type of mobile app delivered through the
web, built using common web technologies including HTML, CSS and JavaScript. These
PWAs are deployed to servers, accessible through URLs, and indexed by search
engines.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of clearTimeout method

The clearTimeout() function is used in javascript to clear the timeout which has
been set by setTimeout()function before that. i.e, The return value of setTimeout()
function is stored in a variable and it’s passed into the clearTimeout() function
to clear the timer.

For example, the below setTimeout method is used to display the message after 3
seconds. This timeout can be cleared by the clearTimeout() method.

function stop() {
clearTimeout(msg);
}
</script>
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of clearInterval method

The clearInterval() function is used in javascript to clear the interval which has
been set by setInterval() function. i.e, The return value returned by setInterval()
function is stored in a variable and it’s passed into the clearInterval() function
to clear the interval.

For example, the below setInterval method is used to display the message for every
3 seconds. This interval can be cleared by the clearInterval() method.

function stop() {
clearInterval(msg);
}
</script>
⬆ Back to Top

How do you redirect new page in javascript

In vanilla javascript, you can redirect to a new page using the location property
of window object. The syntax would be as follows,

function redirect() {
[Link] = "[Link]";
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you check whether a string contains a substring

There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a substring or not,
Using includes: ES6 provided [Link] method to test a string
contains a substring
var mainString = "hello",
subString = "hell";
[Link](subString);
Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environment, you can use [Link]
which returns the index of a substring. If the index value is not equal to -1 then
it means the substring exists in the main string.
var mainString = "hello",
subString = "hell";
[Link](subString) !== -1;
Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular expression's test
method([Link]), which allows for testing for against regular expressions
var mainString = "hello",
regex = /hell/;
[Link](mainString);
⬆ Back to Top

How do you validate an email in javascript

You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is
recommended to do validations on the server side instead of the client side.
Because the javascript can be disabled on the client side.

The above regular expression accepts unicode characters.

How do you get the current url with javascript

You can use [Link] expression to get the current url path and you can
use the same expression for updating the URL too. You can also use [Link] for
read-only purposes but this solution has issues in FF.

[Link]("[Link]", [Link]); // Returns full URL

⬆ Back to Top

What are the various url properties of location object

The below Location object properties can be used to access URL components of the
page,

href - The entire URL

protocol - The protocol of the URL
host - The hostname and port of the URL
hostname - The hostname of the URL
port - The port number in the URL
pathname - The path name of the URL
search - The query portion of the URL
hash - The anchor portion of the URL
⬆ Back to Top

How do get query string values in javascript

You can use URLSearchParams to get query string values in javascript. Let's see an
example to get the client code value from URL query string,
const urlParams = new URLSearchParams([Link]);
const clientCode = [Link]("clientCode");
⬆ Back to Top

How do you check if a key exists in an object

You can check whether a key exists in an object or not using three approaches,

Using in operator: You can use the in operator whether a key exists in an object or
not
"key" in obj;
and If you want to check if a key doesn't exist, remember to use parenthesis,

!("key" in obj);
Using hasOwnProperty method: You can use hasOwnProperty to particularly test for
properties of the object instance (and not inherited properties)
[Link]("key"); // true
Using undefined comparison: If you access a non-existing property from an object,
the result is undefined. Let’s compare the properties against undefined to
determine the existence of the property.
const user = {
name: "John",
};

[Link]([Link] !== undefined); // true

[Link]([Link] !== undefined); // false
⬆ Back to Top

How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object

You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You can also make
sure that the key you get is an actual property of an object, and doesn't come from
the prototype using hasOwnProperty method.

var object = {
k1: "value1",
k2: "value2",
k3: "value3",
};

for (var key in object) {

if ([Link](key)) {
[Link](key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1 ...
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you test for an empty object

There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions

Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries length along with
constructor type.
[Link](obj).length === 0 && [Link] === Object; // Since date
object length is 0, you need to check constructor check as well
Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length along with constructor
type.
[Link](obj).length === 0 && [Link] === Object; // Since date object
length is 0, you need to check constructor check as well
Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can use a for-in loop along with
hasOwnProperty.
function isEmpty(obj) {
for (var prop in obj) {
if ([Link](prop)) {
return false;
}
}

return [Link](obj) === [Link]({});

}
⬆ Back to Top

What is an arguments object

The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside functions that
contains the values of the arguments passed to that function. For example, let's
see how to use arguments object inside sum function,

function sum() {
var total = 0;
for (var i = 0, len = [Link]; i < len; ++i) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}

sum(1, 2, 3); // returns 6

Note: You can't apply array methods on arguments object. But you can convert into a
regular array as below.

var argsArray = [Link](arguments);

⬆ Back to Top

How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase

You can create a function which uses a chain of string methods such as charAt,
toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with the first letter in
uppercase.

function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
return [Link](0).toUpperCase() + [Link](1);
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the pros and cons of for loops

The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has both pros
and cons

Pros
Works on every environment
You can use break and continue flow control statements
Cons
Too verbose
Imperative
You might face off-by-one errors.
⬆ Back to Top

How do you display the current date in javascript

You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing the current date
and time. For example, let's display the current date in mm/dd/yyyy

var today = new Date();

var dd = String([Link]()).padStart(2, "0");
var mm = String([Link]() + 1).padStart(2, "0"); //January is 0!
var yyyy = [Link]();

today = mm + "/" + dd + "/" + yyyy;

[Link](today);
⬆ Back to Top

How do you compare two date objects

You need to use [Link]() method to compare date values instead of comparison
operators (==, !=, ===, and !== operators)

var d1 = new Date();

var d2 = new Date(d1);
[Link]([Link]() === [Link]()); //True
[Link](d1 === d2); // False
⬆ Back to Top

How do you check if a string starts with another string

You can use ECMAScript 6's [Link]() method to check if a
string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet supported in all
browsers. Let's see an example to see this usage,

"Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true

"Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false
⬆ Back to Top

How do you trim a string in javascript

JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any whitespaces present
at the beginning or ending of the string.

" Hello World ".trim(); //Hello World

If your browser(<IE9) doesn't support this method then you can use below polyfill.

if (![Link]) {
(function () {
// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
[Link] = function () {
return [Link](rtrim, "");
};
})();
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you add a key value pair in javascript

There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object. Let's take a
simple object to explain these solutions.

var object = {
key1: value1,
key2: value2,
};
Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the name of the property
object.key3 = "value3";
Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when the name of the
property is dynamically determined.
obj["key3"] = "value3";
⬆ Back to Top
Is the !-- notation represents a special operator
No,that's not a special operator. But it is a combination of 2 standard operators
one after the other,

A logical not (!)

A prefix decrement (--)
At first, the value decremented by one and then tested to see if it is equal to
zero or not for determining the truthy/falsy value.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you assign default values to variables

You can use the logical or operator || in an assignment expression to provide a
default value. The syntax looks like as below,

var a = b || c;
As per the above expression, variable 'a 'will get the value of 'c' only if 'b' is
falsy (if is null, false, undefined, 0, empty string, or NaN), otherwise 'a' will
get the value of 'b'.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you define multiline strings

You can define multiline string literals using the '\n' character followed by line
terminator('').

var str =
"This is a \n\ very lengthy \n\ sentence!";
[Link](str);
But if you have a space after the '\n' character, there will be indentation
inconsistencies.

⬆ Back to Top

What is an app shell model

An application shell (or app shell) architecture is one way to build a Progressive
Web App that reliably and instantly loads on your users' screens, similar to what
you see in native applications. It is useful for getting some initial HTML to the
screen fast without a network.

⬆ Back to Top

Can we define properties for functions

Yes, We can define properties for functions because functions are also objects.

fn = function (x) {
//Function code goes here
};

[Link] = "John";

[Link] = function (y) {

//Profile code goes here
};
⬆ Back to Top

What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a function

You can use [Link] syntax to find the number of parameters expected by a
function. Let's take an example of sum function to calculate the sum of numbers,
function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4) {
return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
}
[Link]; // 4 is the number of parameters expected.
⬆ Back to Top

What is a polyfill
A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality on older
browsers that do not natively support it. For example, Silverlight plugin polyfill
can be used to mimic the functionality of an HTML Canvas element on Microsoft
Internet Explorer 7.

There are two main polyfill libraries available,

[Link]: It is a modular javascript library used for cutting-edge ECMAScript

features.
[Link]: It provides polyfills that are required for browser needs.
⬆ Back to Top

What are break and continue statements

The break statement is used to "jump out" of a loop. i.e, It breaks the loop and
continues executing the code after the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) {
break;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}
The continue statement is used to "jump over" one iteration in the loop. i.e, It
breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs, and continues
with the next iteration in the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) {
continue;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are js labels

The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript. We can then
use these labels to refer back to the code later. For example, the below code with
labels avoids printing the numbers when they are same,

var i, j;

loop1: for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

loop2: for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i === j) {
continue loop1;
}
[Link]("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
}
}

// Output is:
// "i = 1, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 1"
⬆ Back to Top

What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top

It is recommended to keep all declarations at the top of each script or function.
The benefits of doing this are,

Gives cleaner code

It provides a single place to look for local variables
Easy to avoid unwanted global variables
It reduces the possibility of unwanted re-declarations
⬆ Back to Top

What are the benefits of initializing variables

It is recommended to initialize variables because of the below benefits,

It gives cleaner code

It provides a single place to initialize variables
Avoid undefined values in the code
⬆ Back to Top

What are the recommendations to create new object

It is recommended to avoid creating new objects using new Object(). Instead you can
initialize values based on it's type to create the objects.

Assign {} instead of new Object()

Assign "" instead of new String()
Assign 0 instead of new Number()
Assign false instead of new Boolean()
Assign [] instead of new Array()
Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
Assign function (){} instead of new Function()
You can define them as an example,

var v1 = {};
var v2 = "";
var v3 = 0;
var v4 = false;
var v5 = [];
var v6 = /()/;
var v7 = function () {};
⬆ Back to Top

How do you define JSON arrays

JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and arrays contain javascript
objects. For example, the JSON array of users would be as below,

"users":[
{"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
{"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
{"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you generate random integers

You can use [Link]() with [Link]() to return random integers. For example,
if you want generate random integers between 1 to 10, the multiplication factor
should be 10,

[Link]([Link]() * 10) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 10

[Link]([Link]() * 100) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
Note: [Link]() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive), and 1
(exclusive)

⬆ Back to Top

Can you write a random integers function to print integers within a range
Yes, you can create a proper random function to return a random number between min
and max (both included)

function randomInteger(min, max) {

return [Link]([Link]() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
}
randomInteger(1, 100); // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
randomInteger(1, 1000); // returns a random integer from 1 to 1000
⬆ Back to Top

What is tree shaking

Tree shaking is a form of dead code elimination. It means that unused modules will
not be included in the bundle during the build process and for that it relies on
the static structure of ES2015 module syntax,( i.e. import and export). Initially
this has been popularized by the ES2015 module bundler rollup.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the need of tree shaking

Tree Shaking can significantly reduce the code size in any application. i.e, The
less code we send over the wire the more performant the application will be. For
example, if we just want to create a “Hello World” Application using SPA frameworks
then it will take around a few MBs, but by tree shaking it can bring down the size
to just a few hundred KBs. Tree shaking is implemented in Rollup and Webpack
bundlers.

⬆ Back to Top

Is it recommended to use eval

No, it allows arbitrary code to be run which causes a security problem. As we know
that the eval() function is used to run text as code. In most of the cases, it
should not be necessary to use it.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a Regular Expression

A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. You
can use this search pattern for searching data in a text. These can be used to
perform all types of text search and text replace operations. Let's see the syntax
format now,

/pattern/modifiers;
For example, the regular expression or search pattern with case-insensitive
username would be,

/John/i;
⬆ Back to Top

What are the string methods that accept Regular expression

There are six string methods: search(), replace(), replaceAll(), match(),
matchAll(), and split().

The search() method uses an expression to search for a match, and returns the
position of the match.

var msg = "Hello John";

var n = [Link](/John/i); // 6
The replace() and replaceAll() methods are used to return a modified string where
the pattern is replaced.

var msg = "ball bat";

var n1 = [Link](/b/i, "c"); // call bat
var n2 = [Link](/b/i, "c"); // call cat
The match() and matchAll() methods are used to return the matches when matching a
string against a regular expression.

var msg = "Hello John";

var n1 = [Link](/[A-Z]/g); // ["H", "J"]
var n2 = [Link](/[A-Z]/g); // this returns an iterator
The split() method is used to split a string into an array of substrings, and
returns the new array.

var msg = "Hello John";

var n = [Link](/\s/); // ["Hello", "John"]
⬆ Back to Top

What are modifiers in regular expression

Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive and global searches. Let's list
down some of the modifiers,

Modifier Description
i Perform case-insensitive matching
g Perform a global match rather than stops at first match
m Perform multiline matching
Let's take an example of global modifier,

var text = "Learn JS one by one";

var pattern = /one/g;
var result = [Link](pattern); // one,one
⬆ Back to Top

What are regular expression patterns

Regular Expressions provide a group of patterns in order to match characters.
Basically they are categorized into 3 types,

Brackets: These are used to find a range of characters. For example, below are some
use cases,
[abc]: Used to find any of the characters between the brackets(a,b,c)
[0-9]: Used to find any of the digits between the brackets
(a|b): Used to find any of the alternatives separated with |
Metacharacters: These are characters with a special meaning. For example, below are
some use cases,
\d: Used to find a digit
\s: Used to find a whitespace character
\b: Used to find a match at the beginning or ending of a word
Quantifiers: These are useful to define quantities. For example, below are some use
cases,
n+: Used to find matches for any string that contains at least one n
n*: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or more occurrences of n
n?: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or one occurrences of n
⬆ Back to Top

What is a RegExp object

RegExp object is a regular expression object with predefined properties and
methods. Let's see the simple usage of RegExp object,

var regexp = new RegExp("\\w+");

[Link](regexp);
// expected output: /\w+/
⬆ Back to Top

How do you search a string for a pattern

You can use the test() method of regular expression in order to search a string for
a pattern, and return true or false depending on the result.

var pattern = /you/;

[Link]([Link]("How are you?")); //true
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of exec method

The purpose of exec method is similar to test method but it executes a search for a
match in a specified string and returns a result array, or null instead of
returning true/false.

var pattern = /you/;

[Link]([Link]("How are you?")); //["you", index: 8, input: "How are
you?", groups: undefined]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you change the style of a HTML element

You can change inline style or classname of a HTML element using javascript

Using style property: You can modify inline style using style property
[Link]("title").[Link] = "30px";
Using ClassName property: It is easy to modify element class using className
property
[Link]("title").className = "custom-title";
⬆ Back to Top

What would be the result of 1+2+'3'

The output is going to be 33. Since 1 and 2 are numeric values, the result of the
first two digits is going to be a numeric value 3. The next digit is a string type
value because of that the addition of numeric value 3 and string type value 3 is
just going to be a concatenation value 33.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a debugger statement

The debugger statement invokes any available debugging functionality, such as
setting a breakpoint. If no debugging functionality is available, this statement
has no effect. For example, in the below function a debugger statement has been
inserted. So execution is paused at the debugger statement just like a breakpoint
in the script source.

function getProfile() {
// code goes here
debugger;
// code goes here
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging

You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger statement is
executed and the debugger window pops up. At each breakpoint, javascript will stop
executing, and let you examine the JavaScript values. After examining values, you
can resume the execution of code using the play button.

⬆ Back to Top

Can I use reserved words as identifiers

No, you cannot use the reserved words as variables, labels, object or function
names. Let's see one simple example,

var else = "hello"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token else

⬆ Back to Top

How do you detect a mobile browser

You can use regex which returns a true or false value depending on whether or not
the user is browsing with a mobile.

[Link] = function () {
var mobileCheck = false;
(function (a) {
if (
/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|
elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.
+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|
series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows
ce|xda|xiino/[Link](
a
) ||
/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|
rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|
avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|
cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|
do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|
fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|
hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|
i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|
kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-
w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|
ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-
3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|
op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|
pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|
r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|
se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|
so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|
tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|
veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|
w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/[Link](
[Link](0, 4)
)
)
mobileCheck = true;
})([Link] || [Link] || [Link]);
return mobileCheck;
};
⬆ Back to Top

How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp

You can detect mobile browsers by simply running through a list of devices and
checking if the useragent matches anything. This is an alternative solution for
RegExp usage,

function detectmob() {
if (
[Link](/Android/i) ||
[Link](/webOS/i) ||
[Link](/iPhone/i) ||
[Link](/iPad/i) ||
[Link](/iPod/i) ||
[Link](/BlackBerry/i) ||
[Link](/Windows Phone/i)
) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you get the image width and height using JS

You can programmatically get the image and check the dimensions(width and height)
using Javascript.

var img = new Image();

[Link] = function () {
[Link]([Link] + "x" + [Link]);
};
[Link] = "[Link]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you make synchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make synchronous
HTTP requests from JavaScript

function httpGet(theUrl) {
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
[Link]("GET", theUrl, false); // false for synchronous request
[Link](null);
return [Link];
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you make asynchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make asynchronous
HTTP requests from JavaScript by passing the 3rd parameter as true.

function httpGetAsync(theUrl, callback) {

var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
[Link] = function () {
if ([Link] == 4 && [Link] == 200)
callback([Link]);
};
[Link]("GET", theUrl, true); // true for asynchronous
[Link](null);
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript

You can use the toLocaleString() method to convert dates in one timezone to
another. For example, let's convert current date to British English timezone as
below,

[Link]([Link]("en-GB", { timeZone: "UTC" })); //29/06/2019,

09:56:00
⬆ Back to Top

What are the properties used to get size of window

You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight properties of
windows, document element and document body objects to find the size of a window.
Let's use them combination of these properties to calculate the size of a window or
document,

var width =
[Link] ||
[Link] ||
[Link];

var height =
[Link] ||
[Link] ||
[Link];
⬆ Back to Top

What is a conditional operator in javascript

The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three
operands which acts as a shortcut for if statements.

var isAuthenticated = false;

[Link](
isAuthenticated ? "Hello, welcome" : "Sorry, you are not authenticated"
); //Sorry, you are not authenticated
⬆ Back to Top

Can you apply chaining on conditional operator

Yes, you can apply chaining on conditional operators similar to if … else if … else
if … else chain. The syntax is going to be as below,

function traceValue(someParam) {
return condition1
? value1
: condition2
? value2
: condition3
? value3
: value4;
}

// The above conditional operator is equivalent to:

function traceValue(someParam) {
if (condition1) {
return value1;
} else if (condition2) {
return value2;
} else if (condition3) {
return value3;
} else {
return value4;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the ways to execute javascript after page load

You can execute javascript after page load in many different ways,

[Link]:
[Link] = function ...
[Link]:
[Link] = function ...
body onload:
<body onload="script();">
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between proto and prototype

The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup chain to
resolve methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that is used to build
__proto__ when you create an object with new.

new Employee().proto === [Link];

new Employee().prototype === undefined;
There are few more differences,

feature Prototype proto

Access All the function constructors have prototype properties. All the
objects have __proto__ property
Purpose Used to reduce memory wastage with a single copy of function Used
in lookup chain to resolve methods, constructors etc.
ECMAScript Introduced in ES6 Introduced in ES5
Usage Frequently used Rarely used
⬆ Back to Top

Can you give an example of when you really need a semicolon

It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in JavaScript. For
example, in the below case it throws an error ".. is not a function" at runtime due
to missing semicolon.

// define a function
var fn = (function () {
//...
})(
// semicolon missing at this line

// then execute some code inside a closure

function () {
//...
}
)();
and it will be interpreted as

var fn = (function () {
//...
})(function () {
//...
})();
In this case, we are passing the second function as an argument to the first
function and then trying to call the result of the first function call as a
function. Hence, the second function will fail with a "... is not a function" error
at runtime.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a freeze method

The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object does not allow
adding new properties to an object, prevents removing, and prevents changing the
enumerability, configurability, or writability of existing properties. i.e. It
returns the passed object and does not create a frozen copy.

const obj = {
prop: 100,
};

[Link](obj);
[Link] = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode

[Link]([Link]); //100
Remember freezing is only applied to the top-level properties in objects but not
for nested objects. For example, let's try to freeze user object which has
employment details as nested object and observe that details have been changed.

const user = {
name: "John",
employment: {
department: "IT",
},
};

[Link](user);
[Link] = "HR";
Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of freeze method

Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,

It is used for freezing objects and arrays.

It is used to make an object immutable.
⬆ Back to Top

Why do I need to use freeze method

In the Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain elements that are
not intended to be extended, modified, or re-used outside of their current context.
Hence it works as the final keyword which is used in various languages.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you detect a browser language preference

You can use navigator object to detect a browser language preference as below,
var language =
([Link] && [Link][0]) || // Chrome / Firefox
[Link] || // All browsers
[Link]; // IE <= 10

[Link](language);
⬆ Back to Top

How to convert string to title case with javascript

Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You can convert
a string to title case using the below function,

function toTitleCase(str) {
return [Link](/\w\S*/g, function (txt) {
return [Link](0).toUpperCase() + [Link](1).toLowerCase();
});
}
toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John
⬆ Back to Top

How do you detect javascript disabled in the page

You can use the <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not. The code block
inside <noscript> gets executed when JavaScript is disabled, and is typically used
to display alternative content when the page generated in JavaScript.

What are various operators supported by javascript

An operator is capable of manipulating(mathematical and logical computations) a
certain value or operand. There are various operators supported by JavaScript as
below,

Arithmetic Operators: Includes + (Addition), – (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), /

(Division), % (Modulus), ++ (Increment) and – – (Decrement)
Comparison Operators: Includes == (Equal), != (Not Equal), === (Equal with type), >
(Greater than), >= (Greater than or Equal to), < (Less than), <= (Less than or
Equal to)
Logical Operators: Includes && (Logical AND), || (Logical OR), ! (Logical NOT)
Assignment Operators: Includes = (Assignment Operator), += (Add and Assignment
Operator), –= (Subtract and Assignment Operator), *= (Multiply and Assignment), /=
(Divide and Assignment), %= (Modules and Assignment)
Ternary Operators: It includes conditional(: ?) Operator
typeof Operator: It uses to find type of variable. The syntax looks like typeof
variable
⬆ Back to Top

What is a rest parameter

Rest parameter is an improved way to handle function parameters which allows us to
represent an indefinite number of arguments as an array. The syntax would be as
below,

function f(a, b, ...theArgs) {

// ...
}
For example, let's take a sum example to calculate on dynamic number of parameters,

function sum(...args) {
let total = 0;
for (const i of args) {
total += i;
}
return total;
}

[Link](sum(1, 2)); //3

[Link](sum(1, 2, 3)); //6
[Link](sum(1, 2, 3, 4)); //10
[Link](sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); //15
Note: Rest parameter is added in ES2015 or ES6

⬆ Back to Top

What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argument

The rest parameter should be the last argument, as its job is to collect all the
remaining arguments into an array. For example, if you define a function like below
it doesn’t make any sense and will throw an error.

function someFunc(a,…b,c){
//You code goes here
return;
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the bitwise operators available in javascript

Below are the list of bitwise logical operators used in JavaScript

Bitwise AND ( & )

Bitwise OR ( | )
Bitwise XOR ( ^ )
Bitwise NOT ( ~ )
Left Shift ( << )
Sign Propagating Right Shift ( >> )
Zero fill Right Shift ( >>> )
⬆ Back to Top

What is a spread operator

Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be expanded into
single arguments/elements. Let's take an example to see this behavior,

function calculateSum(x, y, z) {
return x + y + z;
}

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

[Link](calculateSum(...numbers)); // 6
⬆ Back to Top

How do you determine whether object is frozen or not

[Link]() method is used to determine if an object is frozen or [Link]
object is frozen if all of the below conditions hold true,
If it is not extensible.
If all of its properties are non-configurable.
If all its data properties are non-writable. The usage is going to be as follows,
const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
[Link](object);
[Link]([Link](object));
⬆ Back to Top

How do you determine two values same or not using object

The [Link]() method determines whether two values are the same value. For
example, the usage with different types of values would be,

[Link]("hello", "hello"); // true

[Link](window, window); // true
[Link]([], []); // false
Two values are the same if one of the following holds:

both undefined
both null
both true or both false
both strings of the same length with the same characters in the same order
both the same object (means both object have same reference)
both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and both not NaN and both
have the same value.
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of using object is method

Some of the applications of Object's is method are follows,

It is used for comparison of two strings.

It is used for comparison of two numbers.
It is used for comparing the polarity of two numbers.
It is used for comparison of two objects.
⬆ Back to Top

How do you copy properties from one object to other

You can use the [Link]() method which is used to copy the values and
properties from one or more source objects to a target object. It returns the
target object which has properties and values copied from the source objects. The
syntax would be as below,

[Link](target, ...sources);
Let's take example with one source and one target object,

const target = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const source = { b: 3, c: 4 };

const returnedTarget = [Link](target, source);

[Link](target); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }

[Link](returnedTarget); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }
As observed in the above code, there is a common property(b) from source to target
so it's value has been overwritten.

⬆ Back to Top
What are the applications of assign method
Below are the some of main applications of [Link]() method,

It is used for cloning an object.

It is used to merge objects with the same properties.
⬆ Back to Top

What is a proxy object

The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental operations such
as property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function invocation, etc.

A proxy is created with two parameters: a target object which you want to proxy and
a handler object which contains methods to intercept fundamental operations. The
syntax would be as follows,

var p = new Proxy(target, handler);

Let's take a look at below examples of proxy object and how the get method which
customize the lookup behavior,

//Example1:

const person = {
name: 'Sudheer Jonna',
age: 35
};

const handler = {
get(target, prop) {
if (prop === 'name') {
return 'Mr. ' + target[prop];
}
return target[prop];
}
};

const proxy = new Proxy(person, handler);

//Example2:

var handler1 = {
get: function (obj, prop) {
return prop in obj ? obj[prop] : 100;
},
};

var p = new Proxy({}, handler1);

p.a = 10;
p.b = null;

[Link](p.a, p.b); // 10, null

[Link]("c" in p, p.c); // false, 100
In the above code, it uses get handler which define the behavior of the proxy when
an operation is performed on it. These proxies are mainly used for some of the
below cross-cutting concerns.

Logging
Authentication or Authorization
Data binding and observables
Function parameter validation
Note: This is a new feature in ES6.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of seal method

The [Link]() method is used to seal an object, by preventing new properties
from being added to it and marking all existing properties as non-configurable. But
values of present properties can still be changed as long as they are writable.
Let's see the below example to understand more about seal() method

const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
[Link](object);
[Link] = "Welcome to object world";
[Link]([Link](object)); // true
delete [Link]; // You cannot delete when sealed
[Link]([Link]); //Welcome to object world
⬆ Back to Top

What are the applications of seal method

Below are the main applications of [Link]() method,

It is used for sealing objects and arrays.

It is used to make an object immutable.
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between freeze and seal methods

If an object is frozen using the [Link]() method then its properties become
immutable and no changes can be made in them whereas if an object is sealed using
the [Link]() method then the changes can be made in the existing properties of
the object.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you determine if an object is sealed or not

The [Link]() method is used to determine if an object is sealed or not. An
object is sealed if all of the below conditions hold true

If it is not extensible.
If all of its properties are non-configurable.
If it is not removable (but not necessarily non-writable). Let's see it in the
action
const object = {
property: "Hello, Good morning",
};

[Link](object); // Using seal() method to seal the object

[Link]([Link](object)); // checking whether the object is sealed or

not
⬆ Back to Top

How do you get enumerable key and value pairs

The [Link]() method is used to return an array of a given object's own
enumerable string-keyed property [key, value] pairs, in the same order as that
provided by a for...in loop. Let's see the functionality of [Link]() method
in an example,
const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};

for (let [key, value] of [Link](object)) {

[Link](`${key}: ${value}`); // a: 'Good morning'
// b: 100
}
Note: The order is not guaranteed as object defined.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the main difference between [Link] and [Link] method

The [Link]() method's behavior is similar to [Link]() method but it
returns an array of values instead [key,value] pairs.

const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};

for (let value of [Link](object)) {

[Link](`${value}`); // 'Good morning \n100'
}
⬆ Back to Top

How can you get the list of keys of any object

You can use the [Link]() method which is used to return an array of a given
object's own property names, in the same order as we get with a normal loop. For
example, you can get the keys of a user object,

const user = {
name: "John",
gender: "male",
age: 40,
};

[Link]([Link](user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']

⬆ Back to Top

How do you create an object with prototype

The [Link]() method is used to create a new object with the specified
prototype object and properties. i.e, It uses an existing object as the prototype
of the newly created object. It returns a new object with the specified prototype
object and properties.

const user = {
name: "John",
printInfo: function () {
[Link](`My name is ${[Link]}.`);
},
};

const admin = [Link](user);

[Link] = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set on "admin" but not
on "user" object
[Link](); // My name is Nick
⬆ Back to Top

What is a WeakSet
WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held objects. The
syntax would be as follows,

new WeakSet([iterable]);
Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

var ws = new WeakSet();

var user = {};
[Link](user);
[Link](user); // true
[Link](user); // removes user from the set
[Link](user); // false, user has been removed
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between WeakSet and Set

The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong while
references to objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in WeakSet can be garbage
collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences are,

Sets can store any value Whereas WeakSets can store only collections of objects
WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
WeakSet is not iterable.
⬆ Back to Top

List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet

Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet,

add(value): A new object is appended with the given value to the weakset
delete(value): Deletes the value from the WeakSet collection.
has(value): It returns true if the value is present in the WeakSet Collection,
otherwise it returns false.
Let's see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,

var weakSetObject = new WeakSet();

var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// add(value)
[Link](firstObject);
[Link](secondObject);
[Link]([Link](firstObject)); //true
[Link](secondObject);
⬆ Back to Top

What is a WeakMap
The WeakMap object is a collection of key/value pairs in which the keys are weakly
referenced. In this case, keys must be objects and the values can be arbitrary
values. The syntax looks like the following:

new WeakMap([iterable]);
Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

var ws = new WeakMap();

var user = {};
[Link](user);
[Link](user); // true
[Link](user); // removes user from the map
[Link](user); // false, user has been removed
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between WeakMap and Map

The main difference is that references to key objects in Map are strong while
references to key objects in WeakMap are weak. i.e, A key object in WeakMap can be
garbage collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences are,

Maps can store any key type Whereas WeakMaps can store only collections of key
objects
WeakMap does not have size property unlike Map
WeakMap does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
WeakMap is not iterable.
⬆ Back to Top

List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap

Below are the list of methods available on WeakMap,

set(key, value): Sets the value for the key in the WeakMap object. Returns the
WeakMap object.
delete(key): Removes any value associated to the key.
has(key): Returns a Boolean asserting whether a value has been associated to the
key in the WeakMap object or not.
get(key): Returns the value associated to the key, or undefined if there is none.
Let's see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,
var weakMapObject = new WeakMap();
var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// set(key, value)
[Link](firstObject, "John");
[Link](secondObject, 100);
[Link]([Link](firstObject)); //true
[Link]([Link](firstObject)); // John
[Link](secondObject);
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of uneval

The uneval() is an inbuilt function which is used to create a string representation
of the source code of an Object. It is a top-level function and is not associated
with any object. Let's see the below example to know more about it's functionality,

var a = 1;
uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"
The uneval() function has been deprecated. It is recommended to use toString() for
functions and [Link]() for other cases.

function user() {}
[Link]([Link]()); // returns "(function user(){})"
⬆ Back to Top

How do you encode an URL

The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has special
characters except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.

var uri = "[Link]

var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
[Link](encoded); // [Link]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you decode an URL

The decodeURI() function is used to decode a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
previously created by encodeURI().

How do you print the contents of web page

The window object provided a print() method which is used to print the contents of
the current window. It opens a Print dialog box which lets you choose between
various printing options. Let's see the usage of print method in an example,

<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="[Link]()" />

Note: In most browsers, it will block while the print dialog is open.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between uneval and eval

The uneval function returns the source of a given object; whereas the eval function
does the opposite, by evaluating that source code in a different memory area. Let's
see an example to clarify the difference,

var msg = uneval(function greeting() {

return "Hello, Good morning";
});
var greeting = eval(msg);
greeting(); // returns "Hello, Good morning"
⬆ Back to Top

What is an anonymous function

An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous functions are
commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a callback function. The syntax
would be as below,

function (optionalParameters) {
//do something
}

const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to a variable

//do something
};

[1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a callback function

//do something
});
Let's see the above anonymous function in an example,
var x = function (a, b) {
return a * b;
};
var z = x(5, 10);
[Link](z); // 50
⬆ Back to Top

What is the precedence order between local and global variables

A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same name. Let's
see this behavior in an example.

var msg = "Good morning";

function greeting() {
msg = "Good Evening";
[Link](msg); // Good Evening
}
greeting();
⬆ Back to Top

What are javascript accessors

ECMAScript 5 introduced javascript object accessors or computed properties through
getters and setters. Getters uses the get keyword whereas Setters uses the set
keyword.

How do you define property on Object constructor

The [Link]() static method is used to define a new property directly
on an object, or modify an existing property on an object, and returns the object.
Let's see an example to know how to define property,

const newObject = {};

[Link](newObject, "newProperty", {
value: 100,
writable: false,
});

[Link]([Link]); // 100

[Link] = 200; // It throws an error in strict mode due to writable

setting
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between get and defineProperty

Both have similar results unless you use classes. If you use get the property will
be defined on the prototype of the object whereas using [Link]() the
property will be defined on the instance it is applied to.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the advantages of Getters and Setters

Below are the list of benefits of Getters and Setters,

They provide simpler syntax

They are used for defining computed properties, or accessors in JS.
Useful to provide equivalence relation between properties and methods
They can provide better data quality
Useful for doing things behind the scenes with the encapsulated logic.
⬆ Back to Top

Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method

Yes, You can use the [Link]() method to add Getters and Setters. For
example, the below counter object uses increment, decrement, add and subtract
properties,

var obj = { counter: 0 };

// Define getters
[Link](obj, "increment", {
get: function () {
[Link]++;
return [Link];
},
});
[Link](obj, "decrement", {
get: function () {
[Link]--;
return [Link];
},
});

// Define setters
[Link](obj, "add", {
set: function (value) {
[Link] += value;
},
});
[Link](obj, "subtract", {
set: function (value) {
[Link] -= value;
},
});

[Link] = 10;
[Link] = 5;
[Link]([Link]); //6
[Link]([Link]); //5
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of switch-case

The switch case statement in JavaScript is used for decision making purposes. In a
few cases, using the switch case statement is going to be more convenient than if-
else statements. The syntax would be as below,
switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
statementDefault;
}
The above multi-way branch statement provides an easy way to dispatch execution to
different parts of code based on the value of the expression.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of switch case
Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,

The expression can be of type either number or string.

Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to switch does not
match with any case value then the statement within default case will be executed.
The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence.
The break statement is optional. But if it is omitted, the execution will continue
on into the next case.
⬆ Back to Top

What are primitive data types

A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no properties
or methods). There are 7 types of primitive data types.

string
number
boolean
null
undefined
bigint
symbol
⬆ Back to Top

What are the different ways to access object properties

There are 3 possible ways for accessing the property of an object.

Dot notation: It uses dot for accessing the properties

[Link];
Square brackets notation: It uses square brackets for property access
objectName["property"];
Expression notation: It uses expression in the square brackets
objectName[expression];
⬆ Back to Top

What are the function parameter rules

JavaScript functions follow below rules for parameters,

The function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.

Do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
Do not check the number of arguments received. i.e, The below function follows the
above rules,
function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
[Link](parameter1); // 1
}
functionName(1);
⬆ Back to Top

What is an error object

An error object is a built in error object that provides error information when an
error occurs. It has two properties: name and message. For example, the below
function logs error details,

try {
greeting("Welcome");
} catch (err) {
[Link]([Link] + "<br>" + [Link]);
}
⬆ Back to Top

When you get a syntax error

A SyntaxError is thrown if you try to evaluate code with a syntax error. For
example, the below missing quote for the function parameter throws a syntax error

try {
eval("greeting('welcome)"); // Missing ' will produce an error
} catch (err) {
[Link]([Link]);
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the different error names from error object

There are 7 different types of error names returned from error object,

Error Name Description

AggregateError An error indicating that multiple errors occurred
EvalError An error has occurred in the eval() function
RangeError An error has occurred with a number "out of range"
ReferenceError An error due to an illegal reference
SyntaxError An error due to a syntax error
TypeError An error due to a type error
URIError An error due to encodeURI()
⬆ Back to Top

What are the various statements in error handling

Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,

try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors

catch: This statement is used to handle the error
throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and catch regardless of
the result.
⬆ Back to Top

What are the two types of loops in javascript

Entry Controlled loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condition is tested
before entering the loop body. For example, For Loop and While Loop comes under
this category.
Exit Controlled Loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condition is tested or
evaluated at the end of the loop body. i.e, the loop body will execute at least
once irrespective of test condition true or false. For example, do-while loop comes
under this category.
⬆ Back to Top

What is nodejs
[Link] is a server-side platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for easily
building fast and scalable network applications. It is an event-based, non-
blocking, asynchronous I/O runtime that uses Google's V8 JavaScript engine and
libuv library.

⬆ Back to Top

What is an Intl object

The Intl object is the namespace for the ECMAScript Internationalization API, which
provides language sensitive string comparison, number formatting, and date and time
formatting. It provides access to several constructors and language sensitive
functions.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you perform language specific date and time formatting

You can use the [Link] object which is a constructor for objects that
enable language-sensitive date and time formatting. Let's see this behavior with an
example,

var date = new Date([Link](2019, 07, 07, 3, 0, 0));

[Link](new [Link]("en-GB").format(date)); // 07/08/2019
[Link](new [Link]("en-AU").format(date)); // 07/08/2019
⬆ Back to Top

What is an Iterator
An iterator is an object which defines a sequence and a return value upon its
termination. It implements the Iterator protocol with a next() method which returns
an object with two properties: value (the next value in the sequence) and done
(which is true if the last value in the sequence has been consumed).

⬆ Back to Top

How does synchronous iteration works

Synchronous iteration was introduced in ES6 and it works with below set of
components,

Iterable: It is an object which can be iterated over via a method whose key is
[Link]. Iterator: It is an object returned by invoking [[Link]]()
on an iterable. This iterator object wraps each iterated element in an object and
returns it via next() method one by one. IteratorResult: It is an object returned
by next() method. The object contains two properties; the value property contains
an iterated element and the done property determines whether the element is the
last element or not.

Let's demonstrate synchronous iteration with an array as below,

const iterable = ["one", "two", "three"];

What is an event loop

The event loop is a process that continuously monitors both the call stack and the
event queue and checks whether or not the call stack is empty. If the call stack is
empty and there are pending events in the event queue, the event loop dequeues the
event from the event queue and pushes it to the call stack. The call stack executes
the event, and any additional events generated during the execution are added to
the end of the event queue.

Note: The event loop allows [Link] to perform non-blocking I/O operations, even
though JavaScript is single-threaded, by offloading operations to the system kernel
whenever possible. Since most modern kernels are multi-threaded, they can handle
multiple operations executing in the background.

⬆ Back to Top

What is call stack

Call Stack is a data structure for javascript interpreters to keep track of
function calls(creates execution context) in the program. It has two major actions,

Whenever you call a function for its execution, you are pushing it to the stack.
Whenever the execution is completed, the function is popped out of the stack.
Let's take an example and it's state representation in a diagram format

function hungry() {
eatFruits();
}
function eatFruits() {
return "I'm eating fruits";
}

// Invoke the `hungry` function

hungry();
The above code processed in a call stack as below,

Add the hungry() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
Add the eatFruits() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
Delete the eatFruits() function from our call stack list.
Delete the hungry() function from the call stack list since there are no items
anymore.
Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

What is an event queue

The event queue follows the queue data structure. It stores async callbacks to be
added to the call stack. It is also known as the Callback Queue or Macrotask Queue.

Whenever the call stack receives an async function, it is moved into the Web API.
Based on the function, Web API executes it and awaits the result. Once it is
finished, it moves the callback into the event queue (the callback of the promise
is moved into the microtask queue).

The event loop constantly checks whether or not the call stack is empty. Once the
call stack is empty and there is a callback in the event queue, the event loop
moves the callback into the call stack. But if there is a callback in the microtask
queue as well, it is moved first. The microtask queue has a higher priority than
the event queue.

⬆ Back to Top

What is a decorator
A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that takes the
target, name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also, it optionally returns a
decorator descriptor to install on the target object. Let's define admin decorator
for user class at design time,

function admin(isAdmin) {
return function(target) {
[Link] = isAdmin;
}
}

@admin(true)
class User() {
}
[Link]([Link]); //true

@admin(false)
class User() {
}
[Link]([Link]); //false
⬆ Back to Top

What are the properties of Intl object

Below are the list of properties available on Intl object,

Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive string comparison.
DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive date and time
formatting.
ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive list formatting.
NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive number formatting.
PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and language-specific
rules for plurals.
RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive relative time
formatting.
⬆ Back to Top

What is an Unary operator

The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a [Link] the variable
cannot be converted, it will still become a number but with the value NaN. Let's
see this behavior in an action.

var x = "100";
var y = +x;
[Link](typeof x, typeof y); // string, number

var a = "Hello";
var b = +a;
[Link](typeof a, typeof b, b); // string, number, NaN
⬆ Back to Top

How do you sort elements in an array

The sort() method is used to sort the elements of an array in place and returns the
sorted array. The default sort order is ascending, based on the string Unicode
order. The example usage would be as below,

var months = ["Aug", "Sep", "Jan", "June"];

[Link]();
[Link](months); // ["Aug", "Jan", "June", "Sep"]
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays

The compareFunction is used to define the sort order. If omitted, the array
elements are converted to strings, then sorted according to each character's
Unicode code point value. Let's take an example to see the usage of
compareFunction,

let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];

[Link]((a, b) => b - a);
[Link](numbers); // [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you reversing an array

You can use the reverse() method to reverse the elements in an array. This method
is useful to sort an array in descending order. Let's see the usage of reverse()
method in an example,

let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];

[Link]((a, b) => b - a);
[Link]();
[Link](numbers); // [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you find min and max value in an array

You can use [Link] and [Link] methods on array variables to find the minimum
and maximum elements within an array. Let's create two functions to find the min
and max value with in an array,

var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];

function findMin(arr) {
return [Link](null, arr);
}
function findMax(arr) {
return [Link](null, arr);
}

[Link](findMin(marks));
[Link](findMax(marks));
⬆ Back to Top

How do you find min and max values without Math functions
You can write functions which loop through an array comparing each value with the
lowest value or highest value to find the min and max values. Let's create those
functions to find min and max values,

var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];

function findMin(arr) {
var length = [Link];
var min = Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] < min) {
min = arr[length];
}
}
return min;
}

function findMax(arr) {
var length = [Link];
var max = -Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] > max) {
max = arr[length];
}
}
return max;
}

[Link](findMin(marks));
[Link](findMax(marks));
⬆ Back to Top

What is an empty statement and purpose of it

The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement will be
executed, even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is no action with an
empty statement you might think that it's usage is quite less, but the empty
statement is occasionally useful when you want to create a loop that has an empty
body. For example, you can initialize an array with zero values as below,

// Initialize an array a
for (let i = 0; i < [Link]; a[i++] = 0);
⬆ Back to Top

How do you get metadata of a module

You can use the [Link] object which is a meta-property exposing context-
specific meta data to a JavaScript module. It contains information about the
current module, such as the module's URL. In browsers, you might get different meta
data than NodeJS.

<script type="module" src="[Link]"></script>;

[Link]([Link]); // { url: "[Link] }
⬆ Back to Top

What is a comma operator

The comma operator is used to evaluate each of its operands from left to right and
returns the value of the last operand. This is totally different from comma usage
within arrays, objects, and function arguments and parameters. For example, the
usage for numeric expressions would be as below,

var x = 1;
x = (x++, x);

[Link](x); // 2
⬆ Back to Top

What is the advantage of a comma operator

It is normally used to include multiple expressions in a location that requires a
single expression. One of the common usages of this comma operator is to supply
multiple parameters in a for loop. For example, the below for loop uses multiple
expressions in a single location using comma operator,
for (var a = 0, b =10; a <= 10; a++, b--)
You can also use the comma operator in a return statement where it processes before
returning.

function myFunction() {
var a = 1;
return (a += 10), a; // 11
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is typescript
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds
optional types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to
plain JavaScript. Angular is built entirely in TypeScript and is used as the
primary language. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeting(name: string): string {

return "Hello, " + name;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

[Link](greeting(user));
The greeting method allows only string type as argument.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between javascript and typescript

Below are the list of differences between javascript and typescript,

feature typescript javascript

Language paradigm Object oriented programming language Scripting language
Typing support Supports static typing It has dynamic typing
Modules Supported Not supported
Interface It has interfaces concept Doesn't support interfaces
Optional parameters Functions support optional parameters No support of
optional parameters for functions
⬆ Back to Top

What are the advantages of typescript over javascript

Below are some of the advantages of typescript over javascript,

TypeScript is able to find compile time errors at the development time only and it
makes sures less runtime errors. Whereas javascript is an interpreted language.
TypeScript is strongly-typed or supports static typing which allows for checking
type correctness at compile time. This is not available in javascript.
TypeScript compiler can compile the .ts files into ES3,ES4 and ES5 unlike ES6
features of javascript which may not be supported in some browsers.
⬆ Back to Top

What is an object initializer

An object initializer is an expression that describes the initialization of an
Object. The syntax for this expression is represented as a comma-delimited list of
zero or more pairs of property names and associated values of an object, enclosed
in curly braces ({}). This is also known as literal notation. It is one of the ways
to create an object.

var initObject = { a: "John", b: 50, c: {} };

[Link](initObject.a); // John
⬆ Back to Top

What is a constructor method

The constructor method is a special method for creating and initializing an object
created within a class. If you do not specify a constructor method, a default
constructor is used. The example usage of constructor would be as below,

class Employee {
constructor() {
[Link] = "John";
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

[Link]([Link]); // John
⬆ Back to Top

What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class

The "constructor" in a class is a special method and it should be defined only once
in a class. i.e, If you write a constructor method more than once in a class it
will throw a SyntaxError error.

class Employee {
constructor() {
[Link] = "John";
}
constructor() { // Uncaught SyntaxError: A class may only have one
constructor
[Link] = 30;
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

[Link]([Link]);
⬆ Back to Top

How do you call the constructor of a parent class

You can use the super keyword to call the constructor of a parent class. Remember
that super() must be called before using 'this' reference. Otherwise it will cause
a reference error. Let's the usage of it,

class Square extends Rectangle {

constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
[Link] = "Square";
}

get area() {
return [Link] * [Link];
}

set area(value) {
[Link] = value;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you get the prototype of an object

You can use the [Link](obj) method to return the prototype of the
specified object. i.e. The value of the internal prototype property. If there are
no inherited properties then null value is returned.

const newPrototype = {};

const newObject = [Link](newPrototype);

[Link]([Link](newObject) === newPrototype); // true

⬆ Back to Top

What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method

In ES5, it will throw a TypeError exception if the obj parameter isn't an object.
Whereas in ES2015, the parameter will be coerced to an Object.

// ES5
[Link]("James"); // TypeError: "James" is not an object
// ES2015
[Link]("James"); // [Link]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you set prototype of one object to another

You can use the [Link]() method that sets the prototype (i.e., the
internal Prototype property) of a specified object to another object or null. For
example, if you want to set prototype of a square object to rectangle object would
be as follows,

[Link]([Link], [Link]);
[Link]({}, null);
⬆ Back to Top

How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not

The [Link]() method is used to determine if an object is extendable or
not. i.e, Whether it can have new properties added to it or not.

const newObject = {};

[Link]([Link](newObject)); //true
Note: By default, all the objects are extendable. i.e, The new properties can be
added or modified.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you prevent an object to extend

The [Link]() method is used to prevent new properties from ever
being added to an object. In other words, it prevents future extensions to the
object. Let's see the usage of this property,

const newObject = {};

[Link](newObject); // NOT extendable

try {
[Link](newObject, "newProperty", {
// Adding new property
value: 100,
});
} catch (e) {
[Link](e); // TypeError: Cannot define property newProperty, object is not
extensible
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible

You can mark an object non-extensible in 3 ways,

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
var newObject = {};

[Link](newObject); // Prevent objects are non-extensible

[Link](newObject); // false

var sealedObject = [Link]({}); // Sealed objects are non-extensible

[Link](sealedObject); // false

var frozenObject = [Link]({}); // Frozen objects are non-extensible

[Link](frozenObject); // false
⬆ Back to Top

How do you define multiple properties on an object

The [Link]() method is used to define new or modify existing
properties directly on an object and returning the object. Let's define multiple
properties on an empty object,

const newObject = {};

[Link](newObject, {
newProperty1: {
value: "John",
writable: true,
},
newProperty2: {},
});
⬆ Back to Top

What is MEAN in javascript

The MEAN (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and [Link]) stack is the most popular open-
source JavaScript software tech stack available for building dynamic web apps where
you can write both the server-side and client-side halves of the web project
entirely in JavaScript.

⬆ Back to Top

What Is Obfuscation in javascript

Obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating obfuscated javascript code(i.e,
source or machine code) that is difficult for humans to understand. It is something
similar to encryption, but a machine can understand the code and execute it. Let's
see the below function before Obfuscation,

Why do you need Obfuscation

Below are the few reasons for Obfuscation,

The Code size will be reduced. So data transfers between server and client will be
fast.
It hides the business logic from outside world and protects the code from others
Reverse engineering is highly difficult
The download time will be reduced
⬆ Back to Top

What is Minification
Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary characters(empty spaces are
removed) and variables will be renamed without changing it's functionality. It is
also a type of obfuscation .

⬆ Back to Top

What are the advantages of minification

Normally it is recommended to use minification for heavy traffic and intensive
requirements of resources. It reduces file sizes with below benefits,

Decreases loading times of a web page

Saves bandwidth usages
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption

Below are the main differences between Obfuscation and Encryption,

Feature Obfuscation Encryption

Definition Changing the form of any data in any other form Changing the form of
information to an unreadable format by using a key
A key to decode It can be decoded without any key It is required
Target data format It will be converted to a complex form Converted into an
unreadable format
⬆ Back to Top

What are the common tools used for minification

There are many online/offline tools to minify the javascript files,

Google's Closure Compiler

UglifyJS2
jsmin
[Link]/
[Link]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you perform form validation using javascript

JavaScript can be used to perform HTML form validation. For example, if the form
field is empty, the function needs to notify, and return false, to prevent the form
being submitted. Lets' perform user login in an html form,

<form name="myForm" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="post">

User name: <input type="text" name="uname" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
And the validation on user login is below,

function validateForm() {
var x = [Link]["myForm"]["uname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("The username shouldn't be empty");
return false;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you perform form validation without javascript

You can perform HTML form validation automatically without using javascript. The
validation enabled by applying the required attribute to prevent form submission
when the input is empty.

<form method="post">
<input type="text" name="uname" required />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
Note: Automatic form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9 or earlier.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation

The below DOM methods are available for constraint validation on an invalid input,
checkValidity(): It returns true if an input element contains valid data.
setCustomValidity(): It is used to set the validationMessage property of an input
element. Let's take an user login form with DOM validations
function myFunction() {
var userName = [Link]("uname");
if (![Link]()) {
[Link]("message").innerHTML =
[Link];
} else {
[Link]("message").innerHTML =
"Entered a valid username";
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the available constraint validation DOM properties

Below are the list of some of the constraint validation DOM properties available,

validity: It provides a list of boolean properties related to the validity of an

input element.
validationMessage: It displays the message when the validity is false.
willValidate: It indicates if an input element will be validated or not.
⬆ Back to Top

What are the list of validity properties

The validity property of an input element provides a set of properties related to
the validity of data.

customError: It returns true, if a custom validity message is set.

patternMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value does not match its pattern
attribute.
rangeOverflow: It returns true, if an element's value is greater than its max
attribute.
rangeUnderflow: It returns true, if an element's value is less than its min
attribute.
stepMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid according to step
attribute.
tooLong: It returns true, if an element's value exceeds its maxLength attribute.
typeMismatch: It returns true, if an element's value is invalid according to type
attribute.
valueMissing: It returns true, if an element with a required attribute has no
value.
valid: It returns true, if an element's value is valid.
⬆ Back to Top

Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property

If an element's value is greater than its max attribute then rangeOverflow property
returns true. For example, the below form submission throws an error if the value
is more than 100,

<input id="age" type="number" max="100" />

<button onclick="myOverflowFunction()">OK</button>
function myOverflowFunction() {
if ([Link]("age").[Link]) {
alert("The mentioned age is not allowed");
}
}
⬆ Back to Top
Is enums feature available in javascript
No, javascript does not natively support enums. But there are different kinds of
solutions to simulate them even though they may not provide exact equivalents. For
example, you can use freeze or seal on object,

var DaysEnum = [Link]({"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesday":3, ...})

⬆ Back to Top

What is an enum
An enum is a type restricting variables to one value from a predefined set of
constants. JavaScript has no enums but typescript provides built-in enum support.

enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you list all properties of an object

You can use the [Link]() method which returns an array of all
properties found directly in a given object. Let's see the usage of this in an
example below:

const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};

[Link]([Link](newObject));
["a", "b", "c"];
⬆ Back to Top

How do you get property descriptors of an object

You can use the [Link]() method which returns all own
property descriptors of a given object. The example usage of this method is below,

const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};
const descriptorsObject = [Link](newObject);
[Link]([Link]); //true
[Link]([Link]); //true
[Link]([Link]); //true
[Link]([Link]); // 1
⬆ Back to Top

What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor

A property descriptor is a record which has the following attributes

value: The value associated with the property

writable: Determines whether the value associated with the property can be changed
or not
configurable: Returns true if the type of this property descriptor can be changed
and if the property can be deleted from the corresponding object.
enumerable: Determines whether the property appears during enumeration of the
properties on the corresponding object or not.
set: A function which serves as a setter for the property
get: A function which serves as a getter for the property
⬆ Back to Top

How do you extend classes

The extends keyword is used in class declarations/expressions to create a class
which is a child of another class. It can be used to subclass custom classes as
well as built-in objects. The syntax would be as below,

class ChildClass extends ParentClass { ... }

Let's take an example of Square subclass from Polygon parent class,

class Square extends Rectangle {

constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
[Link] = "Square";
}

get area() {
return [Link] * [Link];
}

set area(value) {
[Link] = value;
}
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do I modify the url without reloading the page

The [Link] property will be helpful to modify the url but it reloads
the page. HTML5 introduced the [Link]() and [Link]()
methods, which allow you to add and modify history entries, respectively. For
example, you can use pushState as below,

[Link]("page2", "Title", "/[Link]");

⬆ Back to Top

How do you check whether an array includes a particular value or not

The Array#includes() method is used to determine whether an array includes a
particular value among its entries by returning either true or false. Let's see an
example to find an element(numeric and string) within an array.

var numericArray = [1, 2, 3, 4];

[Link]([Link](3)); // true

var stringArray = ["green", "yellow", "blue"];

[Link]([Link]("blue")); //true
⬆ Back to Top

How do you compare scalar arrays

You can use length and every method of arrays to compare two scalar(compared
directly using ===) arrays. The combination of these expressions can give the
expected result,

const arrayFirst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link](
[Link] === [Link] &&
[Link]((value, index) => value === arraySecond[index])
); // true
If you would like to compare arrays irrespective of order then you should sort them
before,

const arrayFirst = [2, 3, 1, 4, 5];

const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link](
[Link] === [Link] &&
[Link]().every((value, index) => value === arraySecond[index])
); //true
⬆ Back to Top

How to get the value from get parameters

The new URL() object accepts the url string and searchParams property of this
object can be used to access the get parameters. Remember that you may need to use
polyfill or [Link] to access the URL in older browsers(including IE).

let urlString = "[Link]

//[Link]
let url = new URL(urlString);
let parameterZ = [Link]("z");
[Link](parameterZ); // 3
⬆ Back to Top

How do you print numbers with commas as thousand separators

You can use the [Link]() method which returns a string
with a language-sensitive representation such as thousand separator,currency etc of
this number.

function convertToThousandFormat(x) {
return [Link](); // 12,345.679
}

[Link](convertToThousandFormat(12345.6789));
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between java and javascript

Both are totally unrelated programming languages and no relation between them. Java
is statically typed, compiled, runs on its own VM. Whereas Javascript is
dynamically typed, interpreted, and runs in a browser and nodejs environments.
Let's see the major differences in a tabular format,

Feature Java JavaScript

Typed It's a strongly typed language It's a dynamic typed language
Paradigm Object oriented programming Prototype based programming
Scoping Block scoped Function-scoped
Concurrency Thread based event based
Memory Uses more memory Uses less memory. Hence it will be used for web pages
⬆ Back to Top

Does JavaScript supports namespace

JavaScript doesn’t support namespace by default. So if you create any
element(function, method, object, variable) then it becomes global and pollutes the
global namespace. Let's take an example of defining two functions without any
namespace,

function func1() {
[Link]("This is a first definition");
}
function func1() {
[Link]("This is a second definition");
}
func1(); // This is a second definition
It always calls the second function definition. In this case, namespace will solve
the name collision problem.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you declare namespace

Even though JavaScript lacks namespaces, we can use Objects , IIFE to create
namespaces.

Using Object Literal Notation: Let's wrap variables and functions inside an Object
literal which acts as a namespace. After that you can access them using object
notation
var namespaceOne = {
function func1() {
[Link]("This is a first definition");
}
}
var namespaceTwo = {
function func1() {
[Link]("This is a second definition");
}
}
namespaceOne.func1(); // This is a first definition
namespaceTwo.func1(); // This is a second definition
Using IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression): The outer pair of parentheses
of IIFE creates a local scope for all the code inside of it and makes the anonymous
function a function expression. Due to that, you can create the same function in
two different function expressions to act as a namespace.
(function () {
function fun1() {
[Link]("This is a first definition");
}
fun1();
})();

{
let myFunction = function fun1() {
[Link]("This is a second definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.
⬆ Back to Top

How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent page

Initially iFrame needs to be accessed using either [Link] or
[Link]. After that contentWindow property of iFrame gives the access for
targetFunction

[Link]("targetFrame").[Link]();
[Link][0].[Link](); // Accessing iframe
this way may not work in latest versions chrome and firefox
⬆ Back to Top

How do get the timezone offset from date

You can use the getTimezoneOffset method of the date object. This method returns
the time zone difference, in minutes, from current locale (host system settings) to
UTC

var offset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();

[Link](offset); // -480
⬆ Back to Top

How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically

You can create both link and script elements in the DOM and append them as child to
head tag. Let's create a function to add script and style resources as below,

function loadAssets(filename, filetype) {

if (filetype == "css") {
// External CSS file
var fileReference = [Link]("link");
[Link]("rel", "stylesheet");
[Link]("type", "text/css");
[Link]("href", filename);
} else if (filetype == "js") {
// External JavaScript file
var fileReference = [Link]("script");
[Link]("type", "text/javascript");
[Link]("src", filename);
}
if (typeof fileReference != "undefined")
[Link]("head")[0].appendChild(fileReference);
}
⬆ Back to Top

What are the different methods to find HTML elements in DOM

If you want to access any element in an HTML page, you need to start with accessing
the document object. Later you can use any of the below methods to find the HTML
element,

[Link](id): It finds an element by Id

[Link](name): It finds an element by tag name
[Link](name): It finds an element by class name
⬆ Back to Top

What is jQuery
jQuery is a popular cross-browser JavaScript library that provides Document Object
Model (DOM) traversal, event handling, animations and AJAX interactions by
minimizing the discrepancies across browsers. It is widely famous with its
philosophy of “Write less, do more”. For example, you can display welcome message
on the page load using jQuery as below,

$(document).ready(function () {
// It selects the document and apply the function on page load
alert("Welcome to jQuery world");
});
Note: You can download it from jquery's official site or install it from CDNs, like
google.

⬆ Back to Top

What is V8 JavaScript engine

V8 is an open source high-performance JavaScript engine used by the Google Chrome
browser, written in C++. It is also being used in the [Link] project. It
implements ECMAScript and WebAssembly, and runs on Windows 7 or later, macOS
10.12+, and Linux systems that use x64, IA-32, ARM, or MIPS processors. Note: It
can run standalone, or can be embedded into any C++ application.

⬆ Back to Top

Why do we call javascript as dynamic language

JavaScript is a loosely typed or a dynamic language because variables in JavaScript
are not directly associated with any particular value type, and any variable can be
assigned/reassigned with values of all types.

let age = 50; // age is a number now

age = "old"; // age is a string now
age = true; // age is a boolean
⬆ Back to Top

What is a void operator

The void operator evaluates the given expression and then returns undefined(i.e,
without returning value). The syntax would be as below,

void expression;
void expression;
Let's display a message without any redirection or reload

<a href="javascript:void(alert('Welcome to JS world'))">

Click here to see a message
</a>
Note: This operator is often used to obtain the undefined primitive value, using
"void(0)".

⬆ Back to Top

How to set the cursor to wait

The cursor can be set to wait in JavaScript by using the property "cursor". Let's
perform this behavior on page load using the below function.

function myFunction() {
[Link] = "wait";
}
and this function invoked on page load

<body onload="myFunction()"></body>
⬆ Back to Top
How do you create an infinite loop
You can create infinite loops using for and while loops without using any
expressions. The for loop construct or syntax is better approach in terms of ESLint
and code optimizer tools,

for (;;) {}
while (true) {}
⬆ Back to Top

Why do you need to avoid with statement

JavaScript's with statement was intended to provide a shorthand for writing
recurring accesses to objects. So it can help reduce file size by reducing the need
to repeat a lengthy object reference without performance penalty. Let's take an
example where it is used to avoid redundancy when accessing an object several
times.

[Link] = "welcome";
[Link] = 32;
Using with it turns this into:

with (a.b.c) {
greeting = "welcome";
age = 32;
}
But this with statement creates performance problems since one cannot predict
whether an argument will refer to a real variable or to a property inside the with
argument.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the output of the following for loops

for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
// global scope
setTimeout(() => [Link](i));
}

for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

// block scope
setTimeout(() => [Link](i));
}
The output of the above for loops is 4 4 4 4 and 0 1 2 3

Explanation: Due to the event queue/loop of javascript, the setTimeout callback

function is called after the loop has been executed. Since the variable i is
declared with the var keyword it became a global variable and the value was equal
to 4 using iteration when the time setTimeout function is invoked. Hence, the
output of the second loop is 4 4 4 4.

Whereas in the second loop, the variable i is declared as the let keyword it
becomes a block scoped variable and it holds a new value(0, 1 ,2 3) for each
iteration. Hence, the output of the first loop is 0 1 2 3.

⬆ Back to Top

List down some of the features of ES6

Below are the list of some new features of ES6,

Support for constants or immutable variables

Block-scope support for variables, constants and functions
Arrow functions
Default parameters
Rest and Spread Parameters
Template Literals
Multi-line Strings
Destructuring Assignment
Enhanced Object Literals
Promises
Classes
Modules
⬆ Back to Top

What is ES6
ES6 is the sixth edition of the javascript language and it was released in June
2015. It was initially known as ECMAScript 6 (ES6) and later renamed to ECMAScript
2015. Almost all the modern browsers support ES6 but for the old browsers there are
many transpilers, like [Link] etc.

⬆ Back to Top

Can I redeclare let and const variables

No, you cannot redeclare let and const variables. If you do, it throws below error

Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'someVariable' has already been declared

Explanation: The variable declaration with var keyword refers to a function scope
and the variable is treated as if it were declared at the top of the enclosing
scope due to hoisting feature. So all the multiple declarations contributing to the
same hoisted variable without any error. Let's take an example of re-declaring
variables in the same scope for both var and let/const variables.

var name = "John";

function myFunc() {
var name = "Nick";
var name = "Abraham"; // Re-assigned in the same function block
alert(name); // Abraham
}
myFunc();
alert(name); // John
The block-scoped multi-declaration throws syntax error,

let name = "John";

function myFunc() {
let name = "Nick";
let name = "Abraham"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'name' has already been
declared
alert(name);
}

myFunc();
alert(name);
⬆ Back to Top

Does the const variable make the value immutable

No, the const variable doesn't make the value immutable. But it disallows
subsequent assignments(i.e, You can declare with assignment but can't assign
another value later)

const userList = [];

[Link]("John"); // Can mutate even though it can't re-assign
[Link](userList); // ['John']
⬆ Back to Top

What are default parameters

In ES5, we need to depend on logical OR operators to handle default values of
function parameters. Whereas in ES6, Default function parameters feature allows
parameters to be initialized with default values if no value or undefined is
passed. Let's compare the behavior with an examples,

//ES5
var calculateArea = function (height, width) {
height = height || 50;
width = width || 60;

return width * height;

};
[Link](calculateArea()); //300
The default parameters makes the initialization more simpler,

//ES6
var calculateArea = function (height = 50, width = 60) {
return width * height;
};

[Link](calculateArea()); //300
⬆ Back to Top

What are template literals

Template literals or template strings are string literals allowing embedded
expressions. These are enclosed by the back-tick (`) character instead of double or
single quotes. In ES6, this feature enables using dynamic expressions as below,

var greeting = `Welcome to JS World, Mr. ${firstName} ${lastName}.`;

In ES5, you need break string like below,

var greeting = 'Welcome to JS World, Mr. ' + firstName + ' ' + lastName.`
Note: You can use multi-line strings and string interpolation features with
template literals.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you write multi-line strings in template literals

In ES5, you would have to use newline escape characters('\n') and concatenation
symbols(+) in order to get multi-line strings.

[Link]("This is string sentence 1\n" + "This is string sentence 2");

Whereas in ES6, You don't need to mention any newline sequence character,

[Link](`This is string sentence

'This is string sentence 2`);
⬆ Back to Top

What are nesting templates

The nesting template is a feature supported within template literals syntax to
allow inner backticks inside a placeholder ${ } within the template. For example,
the below nesting template is used to display the icons based on user permissions
whereas outer template checks for platform type,
const iconStyles = `icon ${
isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: `icon-${[Link] ? "submit" : "disabled"}`
}`;
You can write the above use case without nesting template features as well.
However, the nesting template feature is more compact and readable.

//Without nesting templates

const iconStyles = `icon ${
isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: [Link]
? "icon-submit"
: "icon-disabled"
}`;
⬆ Back to Top

What are tagged templates

Tagged templates are the advanced form of templates in which tags allow you to
parse template literals with a function. The tag function accepts the first
parameter as an array of strings and remaining parameters as expressions. This
function can also return manipulated strings based on parameters. Let's see the
usage of this tagged template behavior of an IT professional skill set in an
organization,

var user1 = "John";

var skill1 = "JavaScript";
var experience1 = 15;

var user2 = "Kane";

var skill2 = "JavaScript";
var experience2 = 5;

function myInfoTag(strings, userExp, experienceExp, skillExp) {

var str0 = strings[0]; // "Mr/Ms. "
var str1 = strings[1]; // " is a/an "
var str2 = strings[2]; // "in"

var expertiseStr;
if (experienceExp > 10) {
expertiseStr = "expert developer";
} else if (skillExp > 5 && skillExp <= 10) {
expertiseStr = "senior developer";
} else {
expertiseStr = "junior developer";
}

return `${str0}${userExp}${str1}${expertiseStr}${str2}${skillExp}`;
}

var output1 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user1} is a/an ${experience1} in ${skill1}`;

var output2 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user2} is a/an ${experience2} in ${skill2}`;

[Link](output1); // Mr/Ms. John is a/an expert developer in JavaScript

[Link](output2); // Mr/Ms. Kane is a/an junior developer in JavaScript
⬆ Back to Top

What are raw strings

ES6 provides a raw strings feature using the [Link]() method which is used to
get the raw string form of template strings. This feature allows you to access the
raw strings as they were entered, without processing escape sequences. For example,
the usage would be as below,

var calculationString = [Link]`The sum of numbers is \n${

1 + 2 + 3 + 4
}!`;
[Link](calculationString); // The sum of numbers is \n10!
If you don't use raw strings, the newline character sequence will be processed by
displaying the output in multiple lines

var calculationString = `The sum of numbers is \n${1 + 2 + 3 + 4}!`;

[Link](calculationString);
// The sum of numbers is
// 10!
Also, the raw property is available on the first argument to the tag function

function tag(strings) {
[Link]([Link][0]);
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is destructuring assignment

The destructuring assignment is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to
unpack values from arrays or properties from objects into distinct variables. Let's
get the month values from an array using destructuring assignment

var [one, two, three] = ["JAN", "FEB", "MARCH"];

[Link](one); // "JAN"
[Link](two); // "FEB"
[Link](three); // "MARCH"
and you can get user properties of an object using destructuring assignment,

var { name, age } = { name: "John", age: 32 };

[Link](name); // John
[Link](age); // 32
⬆ Back to Top

What are default values in destructuring assignment

A variable can be assigned a default value when the value unpacked from the array
or object is undefined during destructuring assignment. It helps to avoid setting
default values separately for each assignment. Let's take an example for both
arrays and object use cases,

Arrays destructuring:

var x, y, z;

[x = 2, y = 4, z = 6] = [10];
[Link](x); // 10
[Link](y); // 4
[Link](z); // 6
Objects destructuring:

var { x = 2, y = 4, z = 6 } = { x: 10 };
[Link](x); // 10
[Link](y); // 4
[Link](z); // 6
⬆ Back to Top

How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment

If you don't use destructuring assignment, swapping two values requires a temporary
variable. Whereas using a destructuring feature, two variable values can be swapped
in one destructuring expression. Let's swap two number variables in array
destructuring assignment,

var x = 10,
y = 20;

[x, y] = [y, x];

[Link](x); // 20
[Link](y); // 10
⬆ Back to Top

What are enhanced object literals

Object literals make it easy to quickly create objects with properties inside the
curly braces. For example, it provides shorter syntax for common object property
definition as below.

//ES6
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x, y };
[Link](obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
//ES5
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x: x, y: y };
[Link](obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
⬆ Back to Top

What are dynamic imports

The dynamic imports using import() function syntax allows us to load modules on
demand by using promises or the async/await syntax. Currently this feature is in
stage4 proposal. The main advantage of dynamic imports is reduction of our bundle's
sizes, the size/payload response of our requests and overall improvements in the
user experience. The syntax of dynamic imports would be as below,

import("./Module").then((Module) => [Link]());

⬆ Back to Top

What are the use cases for dynamic imports

Below are some of the use cases of using dynamic imports over static imports,

Import a module on-demand or conditionally. For example, if you want to load a

polyfill on legacy browser
if (isLegacyBrowser()) {
import(···)
.then(···);
}
Compute the module specifier at runtime. For example, you can use it for
internationalization.
import(`messages_${getLocale()}.js`).then(···);
Import a module from within a regular script instead a module.
⬆ Back to Top

What are typed arrays

Typed arrays are array-like objects from ECMAScript 6 API for handling binary data.
JavaScript provides 12 Typed array types,

Int8Array: An array of 8-bit signed integers

Uint8Array: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers
Uint8ClampedArray: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers clamped to 0-255
Int16Array: An array of 16-bit signed integers
Uint16Array: An array of 16-bit unsigned integers
Int32Array: An array of 32-bit signed integers
Uint32Array: An array of 32-bit unsigned integers
BigInt64Array: An array of 64-bit signed BigInts
BigUint64Array: An array of 64-bit unsigned BigInts
Float16Array: An array of 16-bit floating point numbers
Float32Array: An array of 32-bit floating point numbers
Float64Array: An array of 64-bit floating point numbers
For example, you can create an array of 8-bit signed integers as below

const a = new Int8Array();

// You can pre-allocate n bytes
const bytes = 1024;
const a = new Int8Array(bytes);
⬆ Back to Top

What are the advantages of module loaders

The module loaders provides the below features,

Dynamic loading
State isolation
Global namespace isolation
Compilation hooks
Nested virtualization
⬆ Back to Top

What is collation
Collation is used for sorting a set of strings and searching within a set of
strings. It is parameterized by locale and aware of Unicode. Let's take comparison
and sorting features,

Comparison:
var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas in Swedish,
"ä" sorts after "z"
var l10nDE = new [Link]("de");
var l10nSV = new [Link]("sv");
[Link]([Link]("ä", "z") === -1); // true
[Link]([Link]("ä", "z") === +1); // true
Sorting:
var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas in Swedish,
"ä" sorts after "z"
var l10nDE = new [Link]("de");
var l10nSV = new [Link]("sv");
[Link]([Link]([Link])); // [ "a", "ä", "z" ]
[Link]([Link]([Link])); // [ "a", "z", "ä" ]
⬆ Back to Top

What is for...of statement

The for...of statement creates a loop iterating over iterable objects or elements
such as built-in String, Array, Array-like objects (like arguments or NodeList),
TypedArray, Map, Set, and user-defined iterables. The basic usage of for...of
statement on arrays would be as below,

let arrayIterable = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

for (let value of arrayIterable) {

value++;
[Link](value); // 11 21 31 41 51
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is the output of below spread operator array

[..."John Resig"];
The output of the array is ['J', 'o', 'h', 'n', ' ', 'R', 'e', 's', 'i', 'g']

Explanation: The string is an iterable type and the spread operator within an array
maps every character of an iterable to one element. Hence, each character of a
string becomes an element within an Array.

⬆ Back to Top

Is PostMessage secure
Yes, postMessages can be considered very secure as long as the programmer/developer
is careful about checking the origin and source of an arriving message. But if you
try to send/receive a message without verifying its source will create cross-site
scripting attacks.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wildcard

The second argument of postMessage method specifies which origin is allowed to
receive the message. If you use the wildcard “*” as an argument then any origin is
allowed to receive the message. In this case, there is no way for the sender window
to know if the target window is at the target origin when sending the message. If
the target window has been navigated to another origin, the other origin would
receive the data. Hence, this may lead to XSS vulnerabilities.

[Link](message, "*");
⬆ Back to Top

How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers

Since the listener listens for any message, an attacker can trick the application
by sending a message from the attacker’s origin, which gives an impression that the
receiver received the message from the actual sender’s window. You can avoid this
issue by validating the origin of the message on the receiver's end using the
“[Link]” attribute. For examples, let's check the sender's origin
[Link] on receiver side [Link],

//Listener on [Link]
[Link]("message", function(message){
if(/^[Link]
[Link]('You received the data from valid sender', [Link]);
}
});
⬆ Back to Top

Can I avoid using postMessages completely

You cannot avoid using postMessages completely(or 100%). Even though your
application doesn’t use postMessage considering the risks, a lot of third party
scripts use postMessage to communicate with the third party service. So your
application might be using postMessage without your knowledge.

⬆ Back to Top

Is postMessages synchronous
The postMessages are synchronous in IE8 browser but they are asynchronous in IE9
and all other modern browsers (i.e, IE9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari).Due to this
asynchronous behaviour, we use a callback mechanism when the postMessage is
returned.

⬆ Back to Top

What paradigm is Javascript

JavaScript is a multi-paradigm language, supporting imperative/procedural
programming, Object-Oriented Programming and functional programming. JavaScript
supports Object-Oriented Programming with prototypical inheritance.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between internal and external javascript

Internal JavaScript: It is the source code within the script tag. External
JavaScript: The source code is stored in an external file(stored with .js
extension) and referred with in the tag.

⬆ Back to Top

Is JavaScript faster than server side script

Yes, JavaScript is faster than server side scripts. Because JavaScript is a client-
side script it does not require any web server’s help for its computation or
calculation. So JavaScript is always faster than any server-side script like ASP,
PHP, etc.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you get the status of a checkbox

You can apply the checked property on the selected checkbox in the DOM. If the
value is true it means the checkbox is checked, otherwise it is unchecked. For
example, the below HTML checkbox element can be access using javascript as below:

<input type="checkbox" id="checkboxname" value="Agree" /> Agree the

conditions<br />
[Link]([Link](‘checkboxname’).checked); // true or false
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of double tilde operator

The double tilde operator(~~) is known as double NOT bitwise operator. This
operator is a slightly quicker substitute for [Link]().

⬆ Back to Top

How do you convert character to ASCII code

You can use the [Link]() method to convert string characters
to ASCII numbers. For example, let's find ASCII code for the first letter of 'ABC'
string,

"ABC".charCodeAt(0); // returns 65
Whereas [Link]() method converts numbers to equal ASCII characters.
[Link](65, 66, 67); // returns 'ABC'
⬆ Back to Top

What is ArrayBuffer
An ArrayBuffer object is used to represent a generic, fixed-length raw binary data
buffer. You can create it as below,

let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16); // create a buffer of length 16

alert([Link]); // 16
To manipulate an ArrayBuffer, we need to use a “view” object.

//Create a DataView referring to the buffer

let view = new DataView(buffer);
⬆ Back to Top

What is the output of below string expression

[Link]("Welcome to JS world"[0]);
The output of the above expression is "W". Explanation: The bracket notation with
specific index on a string returns the character at a specific location. Hence, it
returns the character "W" of the string. Since this is not supported in IE7 and
below versions, you may need to use the .charAt() method to get the desired result.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of Error object

The Error constructor creates an error object and the instances of error objects
are thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object can also be used as a base
object for user-defined exceptions. The syntax of error object would be as below,

new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw user defined exceptions or errors using Error object in try...catch
block as below,

try {
if (withdraw > balance)
throw new Error("Oops! You don't have enough balance");
} catch (e) {
[Link]([Link] + ": " + [Link]);
}
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of EvalError object

The EvalError object indicates an error regarding the global eval() function. Even
though this exception is not thrown by JavaScript anymore, the EvalError object
remains for compatibility. The syntax of this expression would be as below,

new EvalError([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw EvalError with in try...catch block as below,

try {
throw new EvalError('Eval function error', '[Link]', 100);
} catch (e) {
[Link]([Link], [Link], [Link]); // "Eval function
error", "EvalError", "[Link]"
⬆ Back to Top

What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to strict mode
When you apply 'use strict'; syntax, some of the below cases will throw a
SyntaxError before executing the script

When you use Octal syntax

var n = 022;
Using with statement
When you use delete operator on a variable name
Using eval or arguments as variable or function argument name
When you use newly reserved keywords
When you declare a function in a block and access it from outside of the block
if (someCondition) {
function f() {}
}
f(); // ReferenceError: f is not defined
Hence, the errors from above cases are helpful to avoid errors in
development/production environments.

⬆ Back to Top

Do all objects have prototypes

No. All objects have prototypes except the base object or an object created with
[Link](null) method. The base object is [Link], and its prototype
is null.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between a parameter and an argument

Parameter is the variable name of a function definition whereas an argument
represents the value given to a function when it is invoked. Let's explain this
with a simple function

function myFunction(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {

[Link](arguments[0]); // "argument1"
[Link](arguments[1]); // "argument2"
[Link](arguments[2]); // "argument3"
}
myFunction("argument1", "argument2", "argument3");
⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of some method in arrays

The some() method is used to test whether at least one element in the array passes
the test implemented by the provided function. The method returns a boolean value.
Let's take an example to test for any odd elements,

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

var odd = (element) => element % 2 !== 0;

[Link]([Link](odd)); // true (the odd element exists)

⬆ Back to Top

How do you combine two or more arrays

The concat() method is used to join two or more arrays by returning a new array
containing all the elements. The syntax would be as below,

[Link](array2, array3, ..., arrayX)

Let's take an example of array's concatenation with veggies and fruits arrays,

var veggies = ["Tomato", "Carrot", "Cabbage"];

var fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pears"];
var veggiesAndFruits = [Link](fruits);
[Link](veggiesAndFruits); // Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Apple, Orange, Pears
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy

There are two ways to copy an object,

Shallow Copy: Shallow copy is a bitwise copy of an object. A new object is created
that has an exact copy of the values in the original object. If any of the fields
of the object are references to other objects, just the reference addresses are
copied i.e., only the memory address is copied.

Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};
to create a duplicate

var empDetailsShallowCopy = empDetails; //Shallow copying!

if we change some property value in the duplicate one like this:

[Link] = "Johnson";
The above statement will also change the name of empDetails, since we have a
shallow copy. That means we're losing the original data as well.

Deep copy: A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of dynamically allocated
memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy occurs when an object is copied along
with the objects to which it refers.

Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};
Create a deep copy by using the properties from the original object into new
variable

var empDetailsDeepCopy = {
name: [Link],
age: [Link],
expertise: [Link],
};
Now if you change [Link], it will only affect empDetailsDeepCopy &
not empDetails

⬆ Back to Top

How do you create specific number of copies of a string

The repeat() method is used to construct and return a new string which contains the
specified number of copies of the string on which it was called, concatenated
together. Remember that this method has been added to the ECMAScript 2015
specification. Let's take an example of Hello string to repeat it 4 times,

"Hello".repeat(4); // 'HelloHelloHelloHello'
How do you return all matching strings against a regular expression
The matchAll() method can be used to return an iterator of all results matching a
string against a regular expression. For example, the below example returns an
array of matching string results against a regular expression,

let regexp = /Hello(\d?)/g;

let greeting = "Hello1Hello2Hello3";

let greetingList = [...[Link](regexp)];

[Link](greetingList[0][0]); //Hello1
[Link](greetingList[1][0]); //Hello2
[Link](greetingList[2][0]); //Hello3
⬆ Back to Top

How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending

The trim method of string prototype is used to trim on both sides of a string. But
if you want to trim especially at the beginning or ending of the string then you
can use trimStart/trimLeft and trimEnd/trimRight methods. Let's see an example of
these methods on a greeting message,

var greeting = " Hello, Goodmorning! ";

[Link](greeting); // " Hello, Goodmorning! "

[Link]([Link]()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
[Link]([Link]()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "

[Link]([Link]()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"

[Link]([Link]()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"
⬆ Back to Top

What is the output of below console statement with unary operator

Let's take console statement with unary operator as given below,

[Link](+"Hello"); // NaN
The output of the above console log statement returns NaN. Because the element is
prefixed by the unary operator and the JavaScript interpreter will try to convert
that element into a number type. Since the conversion fails, the value of the
statement results in NaN value.

⬆ Back to Top

Does javascript uses mixins

Mixin is a generic object-oriented programming term - is a class containing methods
that can be used by other classes without a need to inherit from it. In JavaScript
we can only inherit from a single object. ie. There can be only one [[prototype]]
for an object.

But sometimes we require to extend more than one, to overcome this we can use Mixin
which helps to copy methods to the prototype of another class.

Say for instance, we've two classes User and CleanRoom. Suppose we need to add
CleanRoom functionality to User, so that user can clean the room at demand. Here's
where concept called mixins comes into picture.

// mixin
let cleanRoomMixin = {
cleanRoom() {
alert(`Hello ${[Link]}, your room is clean now`);
},
sayBye() {
alert(`Bye ${[Link]}`);
},
};

// usage:
class User {
constructor(name) {
[Link] = name;
}
}

// copy the methods

[Link]([Link], cleanRoomMixin);

// now User can clean the room

new User("Dude").cleanRoom(); // Hello Dude, your room is clean now!
⬆ Back to Top

What is a thunk function

A thunk is just a function which delays the evaluation of the value. It doesn’t
take any arguments but gives the value whenever you invoke the thunk. i.e, It is
used not to execute now but it will be sometime in the future. Let's take a
synchronous example,

const add = (x, y) => x + y;

const thunk = () => add(2, 3);

thunk(); // 5
⬆ Back to Top

What are asynchronous thunks

The asynchronous thunks are useful to make network requests. Let's see an example
of network requests,

function fetchData(fn) {
fetch("[Link]
.then((response) => [Link]())
.then((json) => fn(json));
}

const asyncThunk = function () {

return fetchData(function getData(data) {
[Link](data);
});
};

asyncThunk();
The getData function won't be called immediately but it will be invoked only when
the data is available from API endpoint. The setTimeout function is also used to
make our code asynchronous. The best real time example is redux state management
library which uses the asynchronous thunks to delay the actions to dispatch.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the output of below function calls

Code snippet:
const circle = {
radius: 20,
diameter() {
return [Link] * 2;
},
perimeter: () => 2 * [Link] * [Link],
};
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
Output:

The output is 40 and NaN. Remember that diameter is a regular function, whereas the
value of perimeter is an arrow function. The this keyword of a regular
function(i.e, diameter) refers to the surrounding scope which is a class(i.e, Shape
object). Whereas this keyword of perimeter function refers to the surrounding scope
which is a window object. Since there is no radius property on window objects it
returns an undefined value and the multiple of number value returns NaN value.

⬆ Back to Top

How to remove all line breaks from a string

The easiest approach is using regular expressions to detect and replace newlines in
the string. In this case, we use replace function along with string to replace
with, which in our case is an empty string.

function remove_linebreaks( var message ) {

return [Link]( /[\r\n]+/gm, "" );
}
In the above expression, g and m are for global and multiline flags.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between reflow and repaint

A repaint occurs when changes are made which affect the visibility of an element,
but not its layout. Examples of this include outline, visibility, or background
color. A reflow involves changes that affect the layout of a portion of the page
(or the whole page). Resizing the browser window, changing the font, content
changing (such as user typing text), using JavaScript methods involving computed
styles, adding or removing elements from the DOM, and changing an element's classes
are a few of the things that can trigger reflow. Reflow of an element causes the
subsequent reflow of all child and ancestor elements as well as any elements
following it in the DOM.

⬆ Back to Top

What happens with negating an array

Negating an array with ! character will coerce the array into a boolean. Since
Arrays are considered to be truthy So negating it will return false.

[Link](![]); // false
⬆ Back to Top

What happens if we add two arrays

If you add two arrays together, it will convert them both to strings and
concatenate them. For example, the result of adding arrays would be as below,

[Link](["a"] + ["b"]); // "ab"

[Link]([] + []); // ""
[Link](![] + []); // "false", because ![] returns false.
⬆ Back to Top

What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy values

If you prepend the additive(+) operator on falsy values(null, undefined, NaN,
false, ""), the falsy value converts to a number value zero. Let's display them on
browser console as below,

[Link](+null); // 0
[Link](+undefined); // NaN
[Link](+false); // 0
[Link](+NaN); // NaN
[Link](+""); // 0
⬆ Back to Top

How do you create self string using special characters

The self string can be formed with the combination of []()!+ characters. You need
to remember the below conventions to achieve this pattern.

Since Arrays are truthful values, negating the arrays will produce false: ![] ===
false
As per JavaScript coercion rules, the addition of arrays together will toString
them: [] + [] === ""
Prepend an array with + operator will convert an array to false, the negation will
make it true and finally converting the result will produce value '1': +(!(+[]))
=== 1
By applying the above rules, we can derive below conditions

(![] + [] === "false" + !+[]) === 1;

Now the character pattern would be created as below,

s e l f
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

(![] + [])[3] + (![] + [])[4] + (![] + [])[2] + (![] + [])[0]

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+[]]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+
[])[+[]]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you remove falsy values from an array

You can apply the filter method on the array by passing Boolean as a parameter.
This way it removes all falsy values(0, undefined, null, false and "") from the
array.

const myArray = [false, null, 1, 5, undefined];

[Link](Boolean); // [1, 5] // is same as [Link](x => x);
⬆ Back to Top

How do you get unique values of an array

You can get unique values of an array with the combination of Set and rest
expression/spread(...) syntax.

[Link]([...new Set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3])]); // [1, 2, 4, 3]

⬆ Back to Top

What is destructuring aliases

Sometimes you would like to have a destructured variable with a different name than
the property name. In that case, you'll use a : newName to specify a name for the
variable. This process is called destructuring aliases.

const obj = { x: 1 };
// Grabs obj.x as as { otherName }
const { x: otherName } = obj;
⬆ Back to Top

How do you map the array values without using map method
You can map the array values without using the map method by just using the from
method of Array. Let's map city names from Countries array,

const countries = [
{ name: "India", capital: "Delhi" },
{ name: "US", capital: "Washington" },
{ name: "Russia", capital: "Moscow" },
{ name: "Singapore", capital: "Singapore" },
{ name: "China", capital: "Beijing" },
{ name: "France", capital: "Paris" },
];

const cityNames = [Link](countries, ({ capital }) => capital);

[Link](cityNames); // ['Delhi, 'Washington', 'Moscow', 'Singapore', 'Beijing',
'Paris']
⬆ Back to Top

How do you empty an array

You can empty an array quickly by setting the array length to zero.

let cities = ["Singapore", "Delhi", "London"];

[Link] = 0; // cities becomes []
⬆ Back to Top

How do you round numbers to certain decimals

You can round numbers to a certain number of decimals using toFixed method from
native javascript.

let pie = 3.141592653;

pie = [Link](3); // 3.142
⬆ Back to Top

What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object

You can convert an array to an object with the same data using spread(...)
operator.

var fruits = ["banana", "apple", "orange", "watermelon"];

var fruitsObject = { ...fruits };
[Link](fruitsObject); // {0: "banana", 1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3:
"watermelon"}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you create an array with some data

You can create an array with some data or an array with the same values using fill
method.
var newArray = new Array(5).fill("0");
[Link](newArray); // ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0"]
⬆ Back to Top

What are the placeholders from console object

Below are the list of placeholders available from console object,

%o — It takes an object,
%s — It takes a string,
%d — It is used for a decimal or integer These placeholders can be represented in
the [Link] as below
const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };
[Link](
"Hello %s, your details %o are available in the object form",
"John",
user
); // Hello John, your details {name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi"} are available
in object
⬆ Back to Top

Is it possible to add CSS to console messages

Yes, you can apply CSS styles to console messages similar to html text on the web
page.

[Link](
"%c The text has blue color, with large font and red background",
"color: blue; font-size: x-large; background: red"
);
The text will be displayed as below, Screenshot

Note: All CSS styles can be applied to console messages.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of dir method of console object

The [Link]() is used to display an interactive list of the properties of the
specified JavaScript object as JSON.

const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };

[Link](user);
The user object displayed in JSON representation Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console

Yes, it is possible to get and debug HTML elements in the console just like
inspecting elements.

const element = [Link]("body")[0];

[Link](element);
It prints the HTML element in the console,

Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

How do you display data in a tabular format using console object

The [Link]() is used to display data in the console in a tabular format to
visualize complex arrays or objects.
const users = [
{ name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" },
{ name: "Max", id: 2, city: "London" },
{ name: "Rod", id: 3, city: "Paris" },
];
[Link](users);
The data visualized in a table format,

Screenshot Not: Remember that [Link]() is not supported in IE.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not

The combination of IsNaN and isFinite methods are used to confirm whether an
argument is a number or not.

function isNumber(n) {
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you create copy to clipboard button

You need to select the content(using .select() method) of the input element and
execute the copy command with execCommand (i.e, execCommand('copy')). You can also
execute other system commands like cut and paste.

[Link]("#copy-button").onclick = function () {
// Select the content
[Link]("#copy-input").select();
// Copy to the clipboard
[Link]("copy");
};
⬆ Back to Top

What is the shortcut to get timestamp

You can use new Date().getTime() to get the current timestamp. There is an
alternative shortcut to get the value.

[Link](+new Date());
[Link]([Link]());
⬆ Back to Top

How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays

Flattening bi-dimensional arrays is trivial with Spread operator.

const biDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, 55], [66, 77], 88, 99];
const flattenArr = [].concat(...biDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77,
88, 99]
But you can make it work with multi-dimensional arrays by recursive calls,

function flattenMultiArray(arr) {
const flattened = [].concat(...arr);
return [Link]((item) => [Link](item))
? flattenMultiArray(flattened)
: flattened;
}
const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]];
const flatArr = flattenMultiArray(multiDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66,
77, 88, 99]
Also you can use the flat method of Array.

const arr = [1, [2, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]];

const fllattenArr = [Link](); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

// And for multiDemensional arrays

const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]];
const oneStepFlat = [Link](1); // [11, 22, 33, 44, [55, 66, [77,
[88]], 99]]
const towStep = [Link](2); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, [77,
[88]], 99]
const fullyFlatArray = [Link](Infinity); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55,
66, 77, 88, 99]
⬆ Back to Top

What is the easiest multi condition checking

You can use indexOf to compare input with multiple values instead of checking each
value as one condition.

// Verbose approach
if (
input === "first" ||
input === 1 ||
input === "second" ||
input === 2
) {
someFunction();
}
// Shortcut
if (["first", 1, "second", 2].indexOf(input) !== -1) {
someFunction();
}
⬆ Back to Top

How do you capture browser back button

The beforeunload event is triggered when the window, the document and its resources
are about to be unloaded. This event is helpful to warn users about losing the
current data and detect back button event.

[Link]('beforeunload', () => {
[Link]('Clicked browser back button');
});
You can also use popstate event to detect the browser back button. Note: The
history entry has been activated using [Link] method.

[Link]('popstate', () => {
[Link]('Clicked browser back button');
[Link] = 'white';
});

const box = [Link]('div');

[Link]('click', () => {
[Link] = 'blue';
[Link]({}, null, null);
});
In the preceeding code, When the box element clicked, its background color appears
in blue color and changed to while color upon clicking the browser back button
using `popstate` event handler. The `state` property of `popstate` contains the
copy of history entry's state object.

[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)

How do you disable right click in the web page
The right click on the page can be disabled by returning false from the
oncontextmenu attribute on the body element.

<body oncontextmenu="return false;"></body>

⬆ Back to Top

What are wrapper objects

Primitive Values like string,number and boolean don't have properties and methods
but they are temporarily converted or coerced to an object(Wrapper object) when you
try to perform actions on them. For example, if you apply toUpperCase() method on a
primitive string value, it does not throw an error but returns uppercase of the
string.

let name = "john";

[Link]([Link]()); // Behind the scenes treated as [Link](new

String(name).toUpperCase());
i.e, Every primitive except null and undefined have Wrapper Objects and the list of
wrapper objects are String,Number,Boolean,Symbol and BigInt.

⬆ Back to Top

What is AJAX
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and it is a group of related
technologies(HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest API etc) used to display data
asynchronously. i.e. We can send data to the server and get data from the server
without reloading the web page.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code

Below are the list of different ways to deal with Asynchronous code.

Callbacks
Promises
Async/await
Third-party libraries such as [Link],bluebird etc
⬆ Back to Top

How to cancel a fetch request

Until a few days back, One shortcoming of native promises is no direct way to
cancel a fetch request. But the new AbortController from js specification allows
you to use a signal to abort one or multiple fetch calls. The basic flow of
cancelling a fetch request would be as below,

Create an AbortController instance

Get the signal property of an instance and pass the signal as a fetch option for
signal
Call the AbortController's abort property to cancel all fetches that use that
signal For example, passing the same signal to multiple fetch calls will cancel all
requests with that signal,
const controller = new AbortController();
const { signal } = controller;
fetch("[Link] { signal })
.then((response) => {
[Link](`Request 1 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if ([Link] === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

fetch("[Link] { signal })
.then((response) => {
[Link](`Request 2 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if ([Link] === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

// Wait 2 seconds to abort both requests

setTimeout(() => [Link](), 2000);
⬆ Back to Top

What is web speech API

Web speech API is used to enable modern browsers recognize and synthesize
speech(i.e, voice data into web apps). This API was introduced by W3C Community in
the year 2012. It has two main parts:

SpeechRecognition (Asynchronous Speech Recognition or Speech-to-Text): It provides

the ability to recognize voice context from an audio input and respond accordingly.
This is accessed by the SpeechRecognition interface. The example below shows how to
use this API to get text from speech,
[Link] =
[Link] || [Link]; //
webkitSpeechRecognition for Chrome and SpeechRecognition for FF
const recognition = new [Link]();
[Link] = (event) => {
// SpeechRecognitionEvent type
const speechToText = [Link][0][0].transcript;
[Link](speechToText);
};
[Link]();
In this API, browser is going to ask you for permission to use your microphone

SpeechSynthesis (Text-to-Speech): It provides the ability to recognize voice

context from an audio input and respond. This is accessed by the SpeechSynthesis
interface. For example, the below code is used to get voice/speech from text,
if ("speechSynthesis" in window) {
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance("Hello World!");
[Link] = "en-US";
[Link](speech);
}
The above examples can be tested on chrome(33+) browser's developer console. Note:
This API is still a working draft and only available in Chrome and Firefox
browsers(ofcourse Chrome only implemented the specification)

⬆ Back to Top
What is minimum timeout throttling
Both browser and NodeJS javascript environments throttles with a minimum delay that
is greater than 0ms. That means even though setting a delay of 0ms will not happen
instantaneously. Browsers: They have a minimum delay of 4ms. This throttle occurs
when successive calls are triggered due to callback nesting(certain depth) or after
a certain number of successive intervals. Note: The older browsers have a minimum
delay of 10ms. Nodejs: They have a minimum delay of 1ms. This throttle happens when
the delay is larger than 2147483647 or less than 1. The best example to explain
this timeout throttling behavior is the order of below code snippet.

function runMeFirst() {
[Link]("My script is initialized");
}
setTimeout(runMeFirst, 0);
[Link]("Script loaded");
and the output would be in

Script loaded
My script is initialized
If you don't use setTimeout, the order of logs will be sequential.

function runMeFirst() {
[Link]("My script is initialized");
}
runMeFirst();
[Link]("Script loaded");
and the output is,

My script is initialized
Script loaded
⬆ Back to Top

How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers

You can't use setTimeout(fn, 0) to execute the code immediately due to minimum
delay of greater than 0ms. But you can use [Link]() to achieve this
behavior.

⬆ Back to Top

What are tasks in event loop

A task is any javascript code/program which is scheduled to be run by the standard
mechanisms such as initially starting to run a program, run an event callback, or
an interval or timeout being fired. All these tasks are scheduled on a task queue.
Below are the list of use cases to add tasks to the task queue,

When a new javascript program is executed directly from console or running by the
<script> element, the task will be added to the task queue.
When an event fires, the event callback added to task queue
When a setTimeout or setInterval is reached, the corresponding callback added to
task queue
⬆ Back to Top

What is microtask
Microtask is used for the javascript code which needs to be executed immediately
after the currently executing task/microtask is completed. They are kind of
blocking in nature. i.e, The main thread will be blocked until the microtask queue
is empty. The main sources of microtasks are [Link], [Link],
MutationObservers, IntersectionObservers etc
Note: All of these microtasks are processed in the same turn of the event loop. ⬆
Back to Top

What are different event loops

In JavaScript, there are multiple event loops that can be used depending on the
context of your application. The most common event loops are:

The Browser Event Loop

The [Link] Event Loop
- Browser Event Loop: The Browser Event Loop is used in client-side JavaScript
applications and is responsible for handling events that occur within the browser
environment, such as user interactions (clicks, keypresses, etc.), HTTP requests,
and other asynchronous actions.

- The [Link] Event Loop is used in server-side JavaScript applications and is

responsible for handling events that occur within the [Link] runtime environment,
such as file I/O, network I/O, and other asynchronous actions.

[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)

What is the purpose of queueMicrotask
The queueMicrotask function is used to schedule a microtask, which is a function
that will be executed asynchronously in the microtask queue. The purpose of
queueMicrotask is to ensure that a function is executed after the current task has
finished, but before the browser performs any rendering or handles user events.

Example:

[Link]("Start"); //1

queueMicrotask(() => {
[Link]("Inside microtask"); // 3
});

[Link]("End"); //2
By using queueMicrotask, you can ensure that certain tasks or callbacks are
executed at the earliest opportunity during the JavaScript event loop, making it
useful for performing work that needs to be done asynchronously but with higher
priority than regular setTimeout or setInterval callbacks.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file

It is known that not all JavaScript libraries or frameworks have TypeScript
declaration files. But if you still want to use libraries or frameworks in your
TypeScript files without getting compilation errors, the only solution is declare
keyword along with a variable declaration. For example, let's imagine you have a
library called customLibrary that doesn’t have a TypeScript declaration and have a
namespace called customLibrary in the global namespace. You can use this library in
typescript code as below,

declare var customLibrary;

In the runtime, typescript will provide the type to the customLibrary variable as
any type. The another alternative without using declare keyword is below

var customLibrary: any;

⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between promises and observables

Some of the major difference in a tabular form
Promises Observables
Emits only a single value at a time Emits multiple values over a period of
time(stream of values ranging from 0 to multiple)
Eager in nature; they are going to be called immediately Lazy in nature; they
require subscription to be invoked
Promise is always asynchronous even though it resolved immediately Observable
can be either synchronous or asynchronous
Doesn't provide any operators Provides operators such as map, forEach, filter,
reduce, retry, and retryWhen etc
Cannot be canceled Canceled by using unsubscribe() method
⬆ Back to Top

What is heap
Heap(Or memory heap) is the memory location where objects are stored when we define
variables. i.e, This is the place where all the memory allocations and de-
allocation take place. Both heap and call-stack are two containers of JS runtime.
Whenever runtime comes across variables and function declarations in the code it
stores them in the Heap.

Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

What is an event table

Event Table is a data structure that stores and keeps track of all the events which
will be executed asynchronously like after some time interval or after the
resolution of some API requests. i.e Whenever you call a setTimeout function or
invoke async operation, it is added to the Event Table. It doesn't not execute
functions on it’s own. The main purpose of the event table is to keep track of
events and send them to the Event Queue as shown in the below diagram.

Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

What is a microTask queue

Microtask Queue is the new queue where all the tasks initiated by promise objects
get processed before the callback queue. The microtasks queue are processed before
the next rendering and painting jobs. But if these microtasks are running for a
long time then it leads to visual degradation.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between shim and polyfill

A shim is a library that brings a new API to an older environment, using only the
means of that environment. It isn't necessarily restricted to a web application.
For example, [Link] is used to emulate ES5 features on older browsers (mainly
pre IE9). Whereas polyfill is a piece of code (or plugin) that provides the
technology that you, the developer, expect the browser to provide natively. In a
simple sentence, a polyfill is a shim for a browser API.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type

In JavaScript, primitive types include boolean, string, number, BigInt, null,
Symbol and undefined. Whereas non-primitive types include the Objects. But you can
easily identify them with the below function,
var myPrimitive = 30;
var myNonPrimitive = {};
function isPrimitive(val) {
return Object(val) !== val;
}

isPrimitive(myPrimitive);
isPrimitive(myNonPrimitive);
If the value is a primitive data type, the Object constructor creates a new wrapper
object for the value. But If the value is a non-primitive data type (an object),
the Object constructor will give the same object.

⬆ Back to Top

What is babel
Babel is a JavaScript transpiler to convert ECMAScript 2015+ code into a backwards
compatible version of JavaScript in current and older browsers or environments.
Some of the main features are listed below,

Transform syntax
Polyfill features that are missing in your target environment (using
@babel/polyfill)
Source code transformations (or codemods)
⬆ Back to Top

Is [Link] completely single threaded

Node is a single thread, but some of the functions included in the [Link] standard
library(e.g, fs module functions) are not single threaded. i.e, Their logic runs
outside of the [Link] single thread to improve the speed and performance of a
program.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the common use cases of observables

Some of the most common use cases of observables are web sockets with push
notifications, user input changes, repeating intervals, etc

⬆ Back to Top

What is RxJS
RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for implementing reactive
programming using observables that makes it easier to compose asynchronous or
callback-based code. It also provides utility functions for creating and working
with observables.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between Function constructor and function declaration

The functions which are created with Function constructor do not create closures to
their creation contexts but they are always created in the global scope. i.e, the
function can access its own local variables and global scope variables only.
Whereas function declarations can access outer function variables(closures) too.

Let's see this difference with an example,

Function Constructor:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return new Function("return a;");
}
[Link](createFunction()()); // 100
Function declaration:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return function func() {
return a;
};
}
[Link](createFunction()()); // 200
⬆ Back to Top

What is a Short circuit condition

Short circuit conditions are meant for condensed way of writing simple if
statements. Let's demonstrate the scenario using an example. If you would like to
login to a portal with an authentication condition, the expression would be as
below,

if (authenticate) {
loginToPorta();
}
Since the javascript logical operators evaluated from left to right, the above
expression can be simplified using && logical operator

authenticate && loginToPorta();

⬆ Back to Top

What is the easiest way to resize an array

The length property of an array is useful to resize or empty an array quickly.
Let's apply length property on number array to resize the number of elements from 5
to 2,

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

[Link]([Link]); // 5

[Link] = 2;
[Link]([Link]); // 2
[Link](array); // [1,2]
and the array can be emptied too

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

[Link] = 0;
[Link]([Link]); // 0
[Link](array); // []
⬆ Back to Top

What is an observable
An Observable is basically a function that can return a stream of values either
synchronously or asynchronously to an observer over time. The consumer can get the
value by calling subscribe() method. Let's look at a simple example of an
Observable

import { Observable } from "rxjs";

const observable = new Observable((observer) => {

setTimeout(() => {
[Link]("Message from a Observable!");
}, 3000);
});

[Link]((value) => [Link](value));

Screenshot

Note: Observables are not part of the JavaScript language yet but they are being
proposed to be added to the language

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between function and class declarations

The main difference between function declarations and class declarations is
hoisting. The function declarations are hoisted but not class declarations.

Classes:

const user = new User(); // ReferenceError

class User {}
Constructor Function:

const user = new User(); // No error

function User() {}
⬆ Back to Top

What is an async function

An async function is a function declared with the async keyword which enables
asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a cleaner style by avoiding
promise chains. These functions can contain zero or more await expressions.

Let's take a below async function example,

async function logger() {

let data = await fetch("[Link] // pause until fetch returns
[Link](data);
}
logger();
It is basically syntax sugar over ES2015 promises and generators.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you prevent promises swallowing errors

While using asynchronous code, JavaScript’s ES6 promises can make your life a lot
easier without having callback pyramids and error handling on every second line.
But Promises have some pitfalls and the biggest one is swallowing errors by
default.

Let's say you expect to print an error to the console for all the below cases,

[Link]("promised value").then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

[Link]("error value").catch(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

throw new Error("error");
});
But there are many modern JavaScript environments that won't print any errors. You
can fix this problem in different ways,

Add catch block at the end of each chain: You can add catch block to the end of
each of your promise chains

[Link]("promised value")
.then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
})
.catch(function (error) {
[Link]([Link]);
});
But it is quite difficult to type for each promise chain and verbose too.

Add done method: You can replace first solution's then and catch blocks with done
method

[Link]("promised value").done(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});
Let's say you want to fetch data using HTTP and later perform processing on the
resulting data asynchronously. You can write done block as below,

getDataFromHttp()
.then(function (result) {
return processDataAsync(result);
})
.done(function (processed) {
displayData(processed);
});
In future, if the processing library API changed to synchronous then you can remove
done block as below,

getDataFromHttp().then(function (result) {
return displayData(processDataAsync(result));
});
and then you forgot to add done block to then block leads to silent errors.

Extend ES6 Promises by Bluebird: Bluebird extends the ES6 Promises API to avoid the
issue in the second solution. This library has a “default” onRejection handler
which will print all errors from rejected Promises to stderr. After installation,
you can process unhandled rejections

[Link](function (error) {
throw error;
});
and discard a rejection, just handle it with an empty catch

[Link]("error value").catch(function () {});

⬆ Back to Top

What is deno
Deno is a simple, modern and secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript that uses
V8 JavaScript engine and the Rust programming language. It solves the inherent
problems of [Link] and has been officially released in May 2018. Unlike [Link],
by default Deno executes the code in a sandbox, which means that runtime has no
access to below areas:

The file system

The network
Execution of other scripts
The environment variables
⬆ Back to Top

How do you make an object iterable in javascript

By default, plain objects are not iterable. But you can make the object iterable by
defining a [Link] property on it.

Let's demonstrate this with an example,

const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[[Link]]() {
const values = [Link](this);
let i = 0;
return {
next: () => {
return {
value: this[values[i++]],
done: i > [Link],
};
},
};
},
};

const iterator = collection[[Link]]();

[Link]([Link]()); // → {value: 1, done: false}

[Link]([Link]()); // → {value: 2, done: false}
[Link]([Link]()); // → {value: 3, done: false}
[Link]([Link]()); // → {value: undefined, done: true}
The above process can be simplified using a generator function,

For example, the below classic or head recursion of factorial function relies on
stack for each step. Each step need to be processed upto n * factorial(n - 1)

function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1;
}
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
[Link](factorial(5)); //120
But if you use Tail recursion functions, they keep passing all the necessary data
it needs down the recursion without relying on the stack.

function factorial(n, acc = 1) {

if (n === 0) {
return acc;
}
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}
[Link](factorial(5)); //120
The above pattern returns the same output as the first one. But the accumulator
keeps track of total as an argument without using stack memory on recursive calls.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you check an object is a promise or not

If you don't know if a value is a promise or not, wrapping the value as
[Link](value) which returns a promise

function isPromise(object) {
if (Promise && [Link]) {
return [Link](object) == object;
} else {
throw "Promise not supported in your environment";
}
}

var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});

[Link](isPromise(i)); // false
[Link](isPromise(promise)); // true
Another way is to check for .then() handler type

function isPromise(value) {
return Boolean(value && typeof [Link] === "function");
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});

[Link](isPromise(i)); // false
[Link](isPromise(promise)); // true
⬆ Back to Top

How to detect if a function is called as constructor

You can use [Link] pseudo-property to detect whether a function was called as a
constructor(using the new operator) or as a regular function call.

If a constructor or function invoked using the new operator, [Link] returns a

reference to the constructor or function.
For function calls, [Link] is undefined.
function Myfunc() {
if ([Link]) {
[Link]("called with new");
} else {
[Link]("not called with new");
}
}

new Myfunc(); // called with new

Myfunc(); // not called with new
[Link]({}); // not called with new
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between arguments object and rest parameter
There are three main differences between arguments object and rest parameters

The arguments object is an array-like but not an array. Whereas the rest parameters
are array instances.
The arguments object does not support methods such as sort, map, forEach, or pop.
Whereas these methods can be used in rest parameters.
The rest parameters are only the ones that haven’t been given a separate name,
while the arguments object contains all arguments passed to the function
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between spread operator and rest parameter
Rest parameter collects all remaining elements into an array. Whereas Spread
operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be expanded into single
arguments/elements. i.e, Rest parameter is opposite to the spread operator.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the different kinds of generators

There are five kinds of generators,

Generator function declaration:

function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
const genObj = myGenFunc();
Generator function expressions:

const myGenFunc = function* () {

yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
};
const genObj = myGenFunc();
Generator method definitions in object literals:

const myObj = {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};
const genObj = [Link]();
Generator method definitions in class:

class MyClass {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}
const myObject = new MyClass();
const genObj = [Link]();
Generator as a computed property:

const SomeObj = {
*[[Link]]() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};

[Link]([Link](SomeObj)); // [ 1, 2, 3 ]
⬆ Back to Top

What are the built-in iterables

Below are the list of built-in iterables in javascript,

Arrays and TypedArrays

Strings: Iterate over each character or Unicode code-points
Maps: iterate over its key-value pairs
Sets: iterates over their elements
arguments: An array-like special variable in functions
DOM collection such as NodeList
⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between for...of and for...in statements

Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over js data structures. The only
difference is over what they iterate:

for..in iterates over all enumerable property keys of an object

for..of iterates over the values of an iterable object.
Let's explain this difference with an example,

let arr = ["a", "b", "c"];

[Link] = "newVlue";

// key are the property keys

for (let key in arr) {
[Link](key); // 0, 1, 2 & newProp
}

// value are the property values

for (let value of arr) {
[Link](value); // a, b, c
}
Since for..in loop iterates over the keys of the object, the first loop logs 0, 1,
2 and newProp while iterating over the array object. The for..of loop iterates over
the values of a arr data structure and logs a, b, c in the console.

⬆ Back to Top

How do you define instance and non-instance properties

The Instance properties must be defined inside of class methods. For example, name
and age properties defined inside constructor as below,

class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = age;
}
}
But Static(class) and prototype data properties must be defined outside of the
ClassBody declaration. Let's assign the age value for Person class as below,

[Link] = 30;
[Link] = 40;
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between isNaN and [Link]?

isNaN: The global function isNaN converts the argument to a Number and returns true
if the resulting value is NaN.
[Link]: This method does not convert the argument. But it returns true when
the type is a Number and value is NaN.
Let's see the difference with an example,

isNaN(‘hello’); // true
[Link]('hello'); // false
⬆ Back to Top

How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?

Immediately Invoked Function Expressions(IIFE) requires a pair of parenthesis to
wrap the function which contains set of statements.

(function (dt) {
[Link]([Link]());
})(new Date());
Since both IIFE and void operator discard the result of an expression, you can
avoid the extra brackets using void operator for IIFE as below,

void function (dt) {

[Link]([Link]());
}(new Date());
⬆ Back to Top

Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?

You might have seen expressions used in switch condition but it is also possible to
use for switch cases by assigning true value for the switch condition. Let's see
the weather condition based on temparature as an example,

const weather = (function getWeather(temp) {

switch (true) {
case temp < 0:
return "freezing";
case temp < 10:
return "cold";
case temp < 24:
return "cool";
default:
return "unknown";
}
})(10);
⬆ Back to Top

What is the easiest way to ignore promise errors?

The easiest and safest way to ignore promise errors is void that error. This
approach is ESLint friendly too.

await [Link]((e) => void e);

⬆ Back to Top

How do style the console output using CSS?

You can add CSS styling to the console output using the CSS format content
specifier %c. The console string message can be appended after the specifier and
CSS style in another argument. Let's print the red color text using [Link] and
CSS specifier as below,

[Link]("%cThis is a red text", "color:red");

It is also possible to add more styles for the content. For example, the font-size
can be modified for the above text

[Link](
"%cThis is a red text with bigger font",
"color:red; font-size:20px"
);
⬆ Back to Top

What is nullish coalescing operator (??)?

It is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-
hand side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its left-hand side
operand. This can be contrasted with the logical OR (||) operator, which returns
the right-hand side operand if the left operand is any falsy value, not only null
or undefined.

[Link](null ?? true); // true

[Link](false ?? true); // false
[Link](undefined ?? true); // true
⬆ Back to Top

How do you group and nest console output?

The [Link]() can be used to group related log messages to be able to easily
read the logs and use [Link]()to close the group. Along with this, you
can also nest groups which allows to output message in hierarchical manner.

For example, if you’re logging a user’s details:

[Link]("User Details");
[Link]("name: Sudheer Jonna");
[Link]("job: Software Developer");

// Nested Group
[Link]("Address");
[Link]("Street: Commonwealth");
[Link]("City: Los Angeles");
[Link]("State: California");

// Close nested group

[Link]();

// Close outer group

[Link]();
You can also use [Link]() instead of [Link]() if you want
the groups to be collapsed by default.

⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between dense and sparse arrays?

An array contains items at each index starting from first(0) to last([Link] -
1) is called as Dense array. Whereas if at least one item is missing at any index,
the array is called as sparse.

Let's see the below two kind of arrays,

const avengers = ["Ironman", "Hulk", "CaptainAmerica"];

[Link](avengers[0]); // 'Ironman'
[Link](avengers[1]); // 'Hulk'
[Link](avengers[2]); // 'CaptainAmerica'
[Link]([Link]); // 3

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];

[Link](justiceLeague[0]); // 'Superman'
[Link](justiceLeague[1]); // 'Aquaman'
[Link](justiceLeague[2]); // undefined
[Link](justiceLeague[3]); // 'Batman'
[Link]([Link]); // 4
⬆ Back to Top

What are the different ways to create sparse arrays?

There are 4 different ways to create sparse arrays in JavaScript

Array literal: Omit a value when using the array literal

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];
[Link](justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', empty ,'Batman']
Array() constructor: Invoking Array(length) or new Array(length)
const array = Array(3);
[Link](array); // [empty, empty ,empty]
Delete operator: Using delete array[index] operator on the array
const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];
delete justiceLeague[1];
[Link](justiceLeague); // ['Superman', empty, ,'Batman']
Increase length property: Increasing length property of an array
const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];
[Link] = 5;
[Link](justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', 'Batman', empty, empty]
⬆ Back to Top

What is the difference between setTimeout, setImmediate and [Link]?

Set Timeout: setTimeout() is to schedule execution of a one-time callback after
delay milliseconds.
Set Immediate: The setImmediate function is used to execute a function right after
the current event loop finishes.
Process NextTick: If [Link]() is called in a given phase, all the
callbacks passed to [Link]() will be resolved before the event loop
continues. This will block the event loop and create I/O Starvation if
[Link]() is called recursively.
⬆ Back to Top

How do you reverse an array without modifying original array?

The reverse() method reverses the order of the elements in an array but it mutates
the original array. Let's take a simple example to demonistrate this case,

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]();

[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
[Link](originalArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
There are few solutions that won't mutate the original array. Let's take a look.

Using slice and reverse methods: In this case, just invoke the slice() method on
the array to create a shallow copy followed by reverse() method call on the copy.

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]().reverse(); //Slice an array gives a new copy

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Using spread and reverse methods: In this case, let's use the spread syntax (...)
to create a copy of the array followed by reverse() method call on the copy.

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [...originalArray].reverse();

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Using reduce and spread methods: Here execute a reducer function on an array
elements and append the accumulated array on right side using spread syntax

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]((accumulator, value) => {
return [value, ...accumulator];
}, []);

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Using reduceRight and spread methods: Here execute a right reducer function(i.e.
opposite direction of reduce method) on an array elements and append the
accumulated array on left side using spread syntax

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]((accumulator, value) => {
return [...accumulator, value];
}, []);

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Using reduceRight and push methods: Here execute a right reducer function(i.e.
opposite direction of reduce method) on an array elements and push the iterated
value to the accumulator

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]((accumulator, value) => {
[Link](value);
return accumulator;
}, []);

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
⬆ Back to Top

How do you create custom HTML element?

The creation of custom HTML elements involves two main steps,

Define your custom HTML element: First you need to define some custom class by
extending HTMLElement class. After that define your component properties
(styles,text etc) using connectedCallback method. Note: The browser exposes a
function called [Link] inorder to reuse the element.
class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {
connectedCallback() {
[Link] = "This is a custom element";
}
}
[Link]("custom-element", CustomElement);
Use custom element just like other HTML element: Declare your custom element as a
HTML tag.
<body>
<custom-element>
</body>
⬆ Back to Top

What is global execution context?

The global execution context is the default or first execution context that is
created by the JavaScript engine before any code is executed(i.e, when the file
first loads in the browser). All the global code that is not inside a function or
object will be executed inside this global execution context. Since JS engine is
single threaded there will be only one global environment and there will be only
one global execution context.

For example, the below code other than code inside any function or object is
executed inside the global execution context.

var x = 10;

function A() {
[Link]("Start function A");

function B() {
[Link]("In function B");
}
B();
}

A();

[Link]("GlobalContext");
⬆ Back to Top

What is function execution context?

Whenever a function is invoked, the JavaScript engine creates a different type of
Execution Context known as a Function Execution Context (FEC) within the Global
Execution Context (GEC) to evaluate and execute the code within that function.

⬆ Back to Top

What is debouncing?
Debouncing is a programming pattern that allows delaying execution of some piece of
code until a specified time to avoid unnecessary CPU cycles, API calls and improve
performance. The debounce function make sure that your code is only triggered once
per user input. The common usecases are Search box suggestions, text-field auto-
saves, and eliminating double-button clicks.

Let's say you want to show suggestions for a search query, but only after a visitor
has finished typing it. So here you write a debounce function where the user keeps
writing the characters with in 500ms then previous timer cleared out using
clearTimeout and reschedule API call/DB query for a new time—300 ms in the future.

function debounce(func, timeout = 500) {

let timer;
return (...args) => {
clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(() => {
[Link](this, args);
}, timeout);
};
}
function fetchResults() {
[Link]("Fetching input suggestions");
}
const processChange = debounce(() => fetchResults());
The debounce() function can be used on input, button and window events

Input:

<input type="text" onkeyup="processChange()" />

Button:

<button onclick="processChange()">Click me</button>

Windows event:

[Link]("scroll", processChange);
⬆ Back to Top

What is throttling?
Throttling is a technique used to limit the execution of an event handler function,
even when this event triggers continuously due to user actions. The common use
cases are browser resizing, window scrolling etc.

The below example creates a throttle function to reduce the number of events for
each pixel change and trigger scroll event for each 100ms except for the first
event.

const throttle = (func, limit) => {

let inThrottle;
return (...args) => {
if (!inThrottle) {
[Link](this, args);
inThrottle = true;
setTimeout(() => (inThrottle = false), limit);
}
};
};
[Link]("scroll", () => {
throttle(handleScrollAnimation, 100);
});
⬆ Back to Top

What is optional chaining?

According to MDN official docs, the optional chaining operator (?.) permits reading
the value of a property located deep within a chain of connected objects without
having to expressly validate that each reference in the chain is valid.

The ?. operator is like the . chaining operator, except that instead of causing an
error if a reference is nullish (null or undefined), the expression short-circuits
with a return value of undefined. When used with function calls, it returns
undefined if the given function does not exist.

const adventurer = {
name: "Alice",
cat: {
name: "Dinah",
},
};

const dogName = [Link]?.name;

[Link](dogName);
// expected output: undefined

[Link]([Link]?.());
// expected output: undefined
⬆ Back to Top

What is an environment record?

According to ECMAScript specification 262 (9.1):

Environment Record is a specification type used to define the association of

Identifiers to specific variables and functions, based upon the lexical nesting
structure of ECMAScript code.

Usually an Environment Record is associated with some specific syntactic structure

of ECMAScript code such as a FunctionDeclaration, a BlockStatement, or a Catch
clause of a TryStatement.

Each time such code is evaluated, a new Environment Record is created to record the
identifier bindings that are created by that code.

⬆ Back to Top
How to verify if a variable is an array?
It is possible to check if a variable is an array instance using 3 different ways,

[Link]() method:

The [Link](value) utility function is used to determine whether value is an

array or not. This function returns a true boolean value if the variable is an
array and a false value if it is not.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

const user = { name: "John" };
[Link](numbers); // true
[Link](user); //false
instanceof operator:

The instanceof operator is used to check the type of an array at run time. It
returns true if the type of a variable is an Array other false for other type.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

const user = { name: "John" };
[Link](numbers instanceof Array); // true
[Link](user instanceof Array); // false
Checking constructor type:

The constructor property of the variable is used to determine whether the variable
Array type or not.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

const user = { name: "John" };
[Link]([Link] === Array); // true
[Link]([Link] === Array); // false
⬆ Back to Top

What is pass by value and pass by reference?

Pass-by-value creates a new space in memory and makes a copy of a value. Primitives
such as string, number, boolean etc will actually create a new copy. Hence,
updating one value doesn't impact the other value. i.e, The values are independent
of each other.

let a = 5;
let b = a;

b++;
[Link](a, b); //5, 6
In the above code snippet, the value of a is assigned to b and the variable b has
been incremented. Since there is a new space created for variable b, any update on
this variable doesn't impact the variable a.

Pass by reference doesn't create a new space in memory but the new variable adopts
a memory address of an initial variable. Non-primitives such as objects, arrays and
functions gets the reference of the initiable variable. i.e, updating one value
will impact the other variable.

let user1 = {
name: "John",
age: 27,
};
let user2 = user1;
[Link] = 30;
[Link]([Link], [Link]); // 30, 30
In the above code snippet, updating the age property of one object will impact the
other property due to the same reference.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the differences between primitives and non-primitives?

JavaScript language has both primitives and non-primitives but there are few
differences between them as below,

Primitives Non-primitives
These types are predefined Created by developer
These are immutable Mutable
Compare by value Compare by reference
Stored in Stack Stored in heap
Contain certain value Can contain NULL too
⬆ Back to Top

How do you create your own bind method using either call or apply method?
The custom bind function needs to be created on Function prototype inorder to use
it as other builtin functions. This custom function should return a function
similar to original bind method and the implementation of inner function needs to
use apply method call.

The function which is going to bind using custom myOwnBind method act as the
attached function(boundTargetFunction) and argument as the object for apply method
call.

What are the differences between pure and impure functions?

Some of the major differences between pure and impure function are as below,

Pure function Impure function

It has no side effects It causes side effects
It is always return the same result It returns different result on each call
Easy to read and debug Difficult to read and debug because they are affected by
extenal code
⬆ Back to Top

What is referential transparency?

An expression in javascript that can be replaced by its value without affecting the
behaviour of the program is called referential transparency. Pure functions are
referentially transparent.

const add = (x, y) => x + y;

const multiplyBy2 = (x) => x * 2;

//Now add (2, 3) can be replaced by 5.

multiplyBy2(add(2, 3));
⬆ Back to Top

What are the possible side-effects in javascript?

A side effect is the modification of the state through the invocation of a function
or expression. These side effects make our function impure by default. Below are
some side effects which make function impure,

Making an HTTP request. Asynchronous functions such as fetch and promise are
impure.
DOM manipulations
Mutating the input data
Printing to a screen or console: For example, [Link]() and alert()
Fetching the current time
[Link]() calls: Modifies the internal state of Math object
⬆ Back to Top

What are compose and pipe functions?

The "compose" and "pipe" are two techniques commonly used in functional programming
to simplify complex operations and make code more readable. They are not native to
JavaScript and higher-order functions. the compose() applies right to left any
number of functions to the output of the previous function.

⬆ Back to Top

What is module pattern?

Module pattern is a designed pattern used to wrap a set of variables and functions
together in a single scope returned as an object. JavaScript doesn't have access
specifiers similar to other languages(Java, Python, etc) to provide private scope.
It uses IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression) to allow for private scopes.
i.e., a closure that protect variables and methods.

The module pattern looks like below,

(function () {
// Private variables or functions goes here.

return {
// Return public variables or functions here.
};
})();
Let's see an example of a module pattern for an employee with private and public
access,

const createEmployee = (function () {

// Private
const name = "John";
const department = "Sales";
const getEmployeeName = () => name;
const getDepartmentName = () => department;

// Public
return {
name,
department,
getName: () => getEmployeeName(),
getDepartment: () => getDepartmentName(),
};
})();

[Link]([Link]);
[Link]([Link]);
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
Note: It mimic the concepts of classes with private variables and methods.

⬆ Back to Top

What is Function Composition?

It is an approach where the result of one function is passed on to the next
function, which is passed to another until the final function is executed for the
final result.

//example
const double = (x) => x * 2;
const square = (x) => x * x;

var output1 = double(2);

var output2 = square(output1);
[Link](output2);

var output_final = square(double(2));

[Link](output_final);
⬆ Back to Top

How to use await outside of async function prior to ES2022?

Prior to ES2022, if you attempted to use an await outside of an async function
resulted in a SyntaxError.

await [Link]([Link]("Hello await")); // SyntaxError: await is only

valid in async function
But you can fix this issue with an alternative IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function
Expression) to get access to the feature.

(async function () {
await [Link]([Link]("Hello await")); // Hello await
})();
In ES2022, you can write top-level await without writing any hacks.

await [Link]([Link]("Hello await")); //Hello await

⬆ Back to Top

What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?

The this keyword in JavaScript is a special variable that is used within a function
to refer to the object on which the function is invoked. The value of this depends
on how the function is called. It allows functions to access and interact with the
object they are bound to.
The this keyword in JavaScript is a reference to the object that owns or invokes
the current function. Its value is determined by the calling context. Example 1:
this in a Global Context
[Link](this);
In a global context, this refers to the global object (e.g., window in a browser).
Example 2: this in a Function

function displayThis() {
[Link](this);
}
displayThis();
In a regular function, this refers to the global object.
Example 3: this in a Method

const person = {
name: 'John',
greet: function() {
[Link]('Hello, ' + [Link]);
}
};

[Link]();
In a method, this refers to the object that owns the method (person in the case).
Example 4: this in an Event Handler

[Link]('myButton').addEventListener('click', function() {
[Link](this);
});
In an event handler, this refers to the element that triggered the event (the
button in this case).
⬆ Back to Top

What are the uses of closures?

Closures are a powerful feature in programming languages like JavaScript. They
allow functions to retain access to variables from their containing (enclosing)
scope even after the outer function has finished executing. This means that a
function defined within another function can access variables from the outer
function, even if the outer function has already returned. Here are some common use
cases of closures:

Data Privacy: Closures can be used to create private variables and methods. By
defining variables within a function's scope and returning inner functions that
have access to those variables, you can create a form of encapsulation, limiting
access to certain data or functionality.

Function Factories: Closures are often used to create functions with pre-set
parameters. This is useful when you need to create multiple functions with similar
behavior but different configurations.

Callback Functions: Closures are frequently used in asynchronous programming, such

as handling event listeners or AJAX requests. The inner function captures variables
from the outer scope and can access them when the callback is invoked.

Memoization: Closures can be used for memoization, a technique to optimize

performance by caching the results of expensive function calls. The inner function
can remember the results of previous calls and return the cached result if the same
input is provided again.

iterators and Generators: Closures can be used to create iterators and generators,
which are essential for working with collections of data in modern JavaScript. ⬆
Back to Top

What are the phases of execution context?

The execution context in JavaScript is a data structure that stores the information
necessary for executing a piece of code. It includes the code itself, the values of
the variables used in the code, and the scope chain. The scope chain is a list of
objects that are used to resolve variable names.
The execution context has two phases:

Creation phase: In this phase, the JavaScript engine creates the execution context
and sets up the script's environment. This includes creating the variable object
and the scope chain.
Execution phase: In this phase, the JavaScript engine executes the code in the
execution context. This includes evaluating expressions, assigning values to
variables, and calling functions.
The execution context is created when a function is called. The function's code is
then executed in the execution context. When the function returns, the execution
context is destroyed.

⬆ Back to Top

What are the possible reasons for memory leaks?

Memory leaks can lead to poor performance, slow loading times and even crashes in
web applications. Some of the common causes of memory leaks are listed below,

The execessive usage of global variables or omitting the var keyword in local
scope.
Forgetting to clear the timers set up by setTimeout or setInterval.
Closures retain references to variables from their parent scope, which leads to
variables might not garbage collected even they are no longer used.
What are the optimization techniques of V8 engine?
V8 engine uses the below optimization techniques.

Inline expansion: It is a compiler optimization by replacing the function calls

with the corresponding function blocks.
Copy elision: This is a compiler optimization method to prevent expensive extra
objects from being duplicated or copied.
Inline caching: It is a runtime optimization technique where it caches the
execution of older tasks those can be lookup while executing the same task in the
future.
⬆ Back to Top

What are the examples of built-in higher order functions?

There are several built-in higher order functions exists on arrays, strings, DOM
and promise methods in javascript. These higher order functions provides
significant level of abstraction. The list of functions on these categories are
listed below,

arrays: map, filter, reduce, sort, forEach, some etc.

DOM: The DOM method [Link](type, handler) also accepts the
function handler as a second argument.
Strings: replace() method.
⬆ Back to Top

What are the benefits higher order functions?

The main benefits of higher order functions are:

Abstration
Reusability
Immutability
Modularity
⬆ Back to Top

How do you create polyfills for map, filter and reduce methods?
The polyfills for array methods such as map, filter and reduce methods can be
created using array prototype.
map:

The built-in [Link] method syntax will be helpful to write polyfill. The map
method takes the callback function as an argument and that callback function can
have below three arguments passed into it.

i. Current value ii. Index of current value(optional) iii. array(optional)

The syntax would like below,

let newArray = [Link](callback(currentValue[, index, arr) {

// return new array after executing the code
})
Let's build our map polyfill based on the above syntax,

[Link] = function(cb) {
let newArr = [];
for(let i=0; i< [Link]; i++) {
[Link](cb(this[i], i, this));
}
return newArr;
};

const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const multiplyByTwo = [Link](x => x * 2);
[Link](multiplyByTwo); // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
In the above code, custom method name 'myMap' has been used to avoid conflicts with
built-in method.

filter: Similar to map method, [Link] method takes callback function as an

argument and the callback function can have three agurguments passed into it.

i. Current value
ii. Index of current value(optional)
iii. array(optional)
The syntax looks like below,

let newArray = [Link](callback(currentValue[, index, arr) {

// return new array whose elements satisfy the callback conditions
})
Let's build our filter polyfill based on the above syntax,

[Link] = function(cb) {
let newArr = [];
for(let i=0; i< [Link]; i++) {
if(cb(this[i], i, this)) {
[Link](this[i]);
}
}
return newArr;
}

const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

const evenNums = [Link](x => x % 2);
[Link](evenNums); // [2, 4, 6]
```
reduce:
The built-in [Link] method syntax will be helpful to write our own polyfill.
The reduce method takes the callback function as first argument and the initial
value as second argument.

The callback function can have four arguments passed into it. i. Accumulator ii.
Current value iii. Index of current value(optional) iv. array(optional)

The syntax would like below,

[Link](callback((acc, curr, i, arr) => {}), initValue);

Let's build our reduce polyfill based on the above syntax,

What is the difference between map and forEach functions?

Both map and forEach functions are used to iterate over an arrays but there are
some differences in their functionality.

Returning values: The map method returns a new array with transformed elements
whereas forEach method returns undefined eventhough both of them are doing the same
job.
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link](x => x * x); // [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
[Link](x => x * x); //

The `forEach()` method in JavaScript always returns undefined. This is because

forEach() is used to iterate over arrays and perform side effects on each element,
rather than returning a `new array or transforming the original array`
Chaining methods: The map method is chainable. i.e, It can be attached with reduce,
filter, sort and other methods as well. Whereas forEach cannot be attached with any
other methods because it returns undefined value.
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link](x => x * x).reduce((total, cur) => total + cur); // 55
[Link](x => x * x).reduce((total, cur) => total + cur);; //Uncaught
TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefine(reading 'reduce')
Mutation: The map method doesn't mutate the original array by returning new array.
Whereas forEach method also doesn't mutate the original array but it's callback is
allowed to mutate the original array.
Note: Both these methods existed since ES5 onwards.

⬆ Back to Top

Give an example of statements affected by automatic semicolon insertion?

The javascript parser will automatically add a semicolon while parsing the source
code. For example, the below common statements affected by Automatic Semicolon
Insertion(ASI).
An empty statement
var statement
An expression statement
do-while statement
continue statement
break statement
return statement
throw statement
⬆ Back to Top

What are the event phases of a browser?

There are 3 phases in the lifecycle of an event propagation in JavaScript,

Capturing phase: This phase goes down gradually from the top of the DOM tree to the
target element when a nested element clicked. Before the click event reaching the
final destination element, the click event of each parent's element must be
triggered.

Target phase: This is the phase where the event originally occurred reached the
target element .

Bubbling phase: This is reverse of the capturing phase. In this pase, the event
bubbles up from the target element through it's parent element, an ancestor and
goes all the way to the global window object.

The pictorial representation of these 3 event phases in DOM looks like below,

Screenshot

⬆ Back to Top

What are the real world use cases of proxy?

Proxies are not used in regular day to day JavaScript work but they enabled many
exciting programming patterns. Some of the real world use cases are listed below,

Vue3 used proxy concept to implement reactive state

SolidJS implemented reactive stores
Immerjs built upon proxy to track updates to immutable updates
ZenStack improved Prisma ORM for access control layer
⬆ Back to Top

What are hidden classes?

Since JavaScript is a dynamic programming language, you can add or remove
properties and methods from objects on the fly at runtime. This nature of
JavaScript increases the dynamic dictionary lookups(because objects implemented as
HashTables in memory) for retrieving a property on an object.

Let's consider the following example to see how the additional properties age and
gender added at runtime.

function Person(name) {
[Link] = name;
}

var person1 = new Person('John');

var person2 = new Person('Randy');

[Link] = 40;
[Link] = "Male";
[Link] = "Female";
[Link] = 50;
As a result, this behavior leads to lower JavaScript performance compared to the
contiguous buffer method used in non-dynamic languages. The V8 engine provided a
solution named hidden classes to optimize the access time when retrieving a
property on an object. This optimization is achieved by sharing hidden classes
among objects created in a similar fashion. These hidden classes are attached to
each and every object to track its shape.

When V8 engine sees the constructor function(e.g, Person) is declared, it creates a

hidden class (let's say Class01) without any offsets. Once the first property
assignment statement ([Link] = name) is executed, V8 engine will create a new
hidden class (let's say Class02), inheriting all properties from the previous
hidden class (Class01), and assign the property to offset 0. This process enables
compiler to skip dictionary lookup when you try to retrieve the same property(i.e,
name). Instead, V8 will directly point to Class02. The same procedure happens when
you add new properties to the object.

For example, adding age and gender properties to Person constructor leads to
transition of hidden classes(Class02 -> Class03 -> Class04). If you create a second
object(Person2) based on the same Person object, both Class01 and Class02 hidden
classes are going to be shared. However, the hidden classes Class03 and Class04
cannot be shared because second object has been modified with a different order of
properties assignment.

Since both the objects(person1 and person2) do not share the hidden classes, now V8
engine cannot use Inline Caching technique for the faster access of properties.

⬆ Back to Top

What is inline caching?

Inline caching is an optimization technique based on the observation that repeated
calls to same function tends to occur on same type of objects. The V8 compiler
stores a cache of the type of objects that were passed as a parameter in recent
method calls. Upon next time when same function is called, compiler can directly
search for the type in cache.

Let's consider an example where the compiler stores the shape type in cache for
repeated calls in the loop.

let shape = {width : 30, height: 20}; // Compiler store the type in cache as
{ width: <int>, height: <int>} after repeated calls

function area(obj) {
//Calculate area
}
for(let i=0; i<100; i++) {
area(shape);
}
After few successful calls of the same area method to its same hidden class, V8
engine omits the hidden class lookup and simply adds the offset of the property to
the object pointer itself. As a result, it increases the execution speed.

There are mainly 3 types of inline caching possible:

Monomorphic: This is a optimized caching technique in which there can be always

same type of objects passed.
Polymorphic: This ia slightly optimized caching technique in which limited number
of different types of objects can be passed.
Megamorphic: It is an unoptimized caching in which any number of different objects
can be passed.
⬆ Back to Top

What are the different ways to execute external scripts?

There are three different ways to execute external scripts,

async: The script is downloaded in parallel to parsing the page, and executed as
soon as it is available even before parsing completes. The parsing of the page is
going to be interuppted once the script is downloaded completely and then the
script is executed. Thereafter, the parsing of the remaining page will continue.

The syntax for async usage is as shown below,

<script src="[Link]" async></script>

defer: The script is downloaded in parallel to parsing the page, and executed after
the page has finished parsing.

The syntax for defer usage is as shown below,

<script src="[Link]" defer></script>

Neither async or defer: The script is downloaded and executed immediately by
blocking parsing of the page until the script execution is completed.

Note: You should only use either async or defer attribute if the src attribute is
present.

[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)

What is Lexical Scope?
Lexical scope is the ability for a function scope to access variables from the
parent scope.

How to detect system dark mode in javascript?

The combination of [Link]() utility method along with media query is
used to check if the user has selected a dark color scheme in their operating
system settings or not. The CSS media query prefers-color-scheme needs to be passed
to identify system color theme.

The following javascript code describes the usage,

const hasDarkColorScheme = () =>

[Link] &&
[Link]('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches;
You can also watch changes to system color scheme using addEventListener,

window
.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)")
.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
const theme = [Link] ? "dark" : "light";
});
Note: The matchMedia method returns MediaQueryList object stores information from a
media query.
⬆ Back to Top

Coding Exercise
1. What is the output of below code
var car = new Vehicle("Honda", "white", "2010", "UK");
[Link](car);

function Vehicle(model, color, year, country) {

[Link] = model;
[Link] = color;
[Link] = year;
[Link] = country;
}
1: Undefined
2: ReferenceError
3: null
4: {model: "Honda", color: "white", year: "2010", country: "UK"}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

2. What is the output of below code

function foo() {
let x = (y = 0);
x++;
y++;
return x;
}

[Link](foo(), typeof x, typeof y);

1: 1, undefined and undefined
2: ReferenceError: X is not defined
3: 1, undefined and number
4: 1, number and number
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

3. What is the output of below code

function main() {
[Link]("A");
setTimeout(function print() {
[Link]("B");
}, 0);
[Link]("C");
}
main();
1: A, B and C
2: B, A and C
3: A and C
4: A, C and B
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

4. What is the output of below equality check

[Link](0.1 + 0.2 === 0.3);
1: false
2: true
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
5. What is the output of below code
var y = 1;
if (function f() {}) {
y += typeof f;
}
[Link](y);
1: 1function
2: 1object
3: ReferenceError
4: 1undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

6. What is the output of below code

function foo() {
return;
{
message: "Hello World";
}
}
[Link](foo());
1: Hello World
2: Object {message: "Hello World"}
3: Undefined
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

7. What is the output of below code

var myChars = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];
delete myChars[0];
[Link](myChars);
[Link](myChars[0]);
[Link]([Link]);
1: [empty, 'b', 'c', 'd'], empty, 3
2: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], empty, 3
3: [empty, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4
4: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

8. What is the output of below code in latest Chrome

var array1 = new Array(3);
[Link](array1);

var array2 = [];

array2[2] = 100;
[Link](array2);

var array3 = [, , ,];

[Link](array3);
1: [undefined × 3], [undefined × 2, 100], [undefined × 3]
2: [empty × 3], [empty × 2, 100], [empty × 3]
3: [null × 3], [null × 2, 100], [null × 3]
4: [], [100], []
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

9. What is the output of below code

const obj = {
prop1: function () {
return 0;
},
prop2() {
return 1;
},
["prop" + 3]() {
return 2;
},
};

[Link](obj.prop1());
[Link](obj.prop2());
[Link](obj.prop3());
1: 0, 1, 2
2: 0, { return 1 }, 2
3: 0, { return 1 }, { return 2 }
4: 0, 1, undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

10. What is the output of below code

[Link](1 < 2 < 3);
[Link](3 > 2 > 1);
1: true, true
2: true, false
3: SyntaxError, SyntaxError,
4: false, false
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

11. What is the output of below code in non-strict mode

function printNumbers(first, second, first) {
[Link](first, second, first);
}
printNumbers(1, 2, 3);
1: 1, 2, 3
2: 3, 2, 3
3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
4: 1, 2, 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

12. What is the output of below code

const printNumbersArrow = (first, second, first) => {
[Link](first, second, first);
};
printNumbersArrow(1, 2, 3);
1: 1, 2, 3
2: 3, 2, 3
3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
4: 1, 2, 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

13. What is the output of below code

const arrowFunc = () => [Link];
[Link](arrowFunc(1, 2, 3));
1: ReferenceError: arguments is not defined
2: 3
3: undefined
4: null
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

14. What is the output of below code

[Link]([Link] === "trimLeft");
[Link]([Link] === "trimStart");
1: True, False
2: False, True
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

15. What is the output of below code

[Link]([Link]());
1: undefined
2: Infinity
3: 0
4: -Infinity
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

16. What is the output of below code

[Link](10 == [10]);
[Link](10 == [[[[[[[10]]]]]]]);
1: True, True
2: True, False
3: False, False
4: False, True
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

17. What is the output of below code

[Link](10 + "10");
[Link](10 - "10");
1: 20, 0
2: 1010, 0
3: 1010, 10-10
4: NaN, NaN
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

18. What is the output of below code

[Link]([0] == false);
if ([0]) {
[Link]("I'm True");
} else {
[Link]("I'm False");
}
1: True, I'm True
2: True, I'm False
3: False, I'm True
4: False, I'm False
Answer
19. What is the output of below code
[Link]([1, 2] + [3, 4]);
1: [1,2,3,4]
2: [1,2][3,4]
3: SyntaxError
4: 1,23,4
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

20. What is the output of below code

const numbers = new Set([1, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
[Link](numbers);

const browser = new Set("Firefox");

[Link](browser);
1: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "f", "o", "x"}
2: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "o", "x"}
3: [1, 2, 3, 4], ["F", "i", "r", "e", "o", "x"]
4: {1, 1, 2, 3, 4}, {"F", "i", "r", "e", "f", "o", "x"}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

21. What is the output of below code

[Link](NaN === NaN);
1: True
2: False
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

22. What is the output of below code

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, NaN];
[Link]([Link](NaN));
1: 4
2: NaN
3: SyntaxError
4: -1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

23. What is the output of below code

let [a, ...b,] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link](a, b);
1: 1, [2, 3, 4, 5]
2: 1, {2, 3, 4, 5}
3: SyntaxError
4: 1, [2, 3, 4]
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

25. What is the output of below code

async function func() {
return 10;
}
[Link](func());
1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}
2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {<rejected>: 10}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

26. What is the output of below code

async function func() {
await 10;
}
[Link](func());
1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}
2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {<resolved>: undefined}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

27. What is the output of below code

function delay() {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}

async function delayedLog(item) {

await delay();
[Link](item);
}

async function processArray(array) {

[Link](item => {
await delayedLog(item);
})
}

processArray([1, 2, 3, 4]);
1: SyntaxError
2: 1, 2, 3, 4
3: 4, 4, 4, 4
4: 4, 3, 2, 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

28. What is the output of below code

function delay() {
return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}

async function delayedLog(item) {

await delay();
[Link](item);
}

async function process(array) {

[Link](async (item) => {
await delayedLog(item);
});
[Link]("Process completed!");
}
process([1, 2, 3, 5]);
1: 1 2 3 5 and Process completed!
2: 5 5 5 5 and Process completed!
3: Process completed! and 5 5 5 5
4: Process completed! and 1 2 3 5
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
29. What is the output of below code
var set = new Set();
[Link]("+0").add("-0").add(NaN).add(undefined).add(NaN);
[Link](set);
1: Set(4) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined}
2: Set(3) {"+0", NaN, undefined}
3: Set(5) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined, NaN}
4: Set(4) {"+0", NaN, undefined, NaN}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

30. What is the output of below code

const sym1 = Symbol("one");
const sym2 = Symbol("one");

const sym3 = [Link]("two");

const sym4 = [Link]("two");

[Link](sym1 === sym2, sym3 === sym4);

1: true, true
2: true, false
3: false, true
4: false, false
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

31. What is the output of below code

const sym1 = new Symbol("one");
[Link](sym1);
1: SyntaxError
2: one
3: Symbol('one')
4: Symbol
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

32. What is the output of below code

let myNumber = 100;
let myString = "100";

if (!typeof myNumber === "string") {

[Link]("It is not a string!");
} else {
[Link]("It is a string!");
}

if (!typeof myString === "number") {

[Link]("It is not a number!");
} else {
[Link]("It is a number!");
}
1: SyntaxError
2: It is not a string!, It is not a number!
3: It is not a string!, It is a number!
4: It is a string!, It is a number!
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

33. What is the output of below code

[Link](
[Link]({ myArray: ["one", undefined, function () {}, Symbol("")] })
);
[Link](
[Link]({ [[Link]("one")]: "one" }, [[Link]("one")])
);
1: {"myArray":['one', undefined, {}, Symbol]}, {}
2: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, {}
3: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, "{ [[Link]('one')]: 'one' },
[[Link]('one')]"
4: {"myArray":['one', undefined, function(){}, Symbol('')]}, {}
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

34. What is the output of below code

class A {
constructor() {
[Link]([Link]);
}
}

class B extends A {
constructor() {
super();
}
}

new A();
new B();
1: A, A
2: A, B
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

35. What is the output of below code

const [x, ...y, z] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
[Link](x, y, z);
1: 1, [2, 3], 4
2: 1, [2, 3, 4], undefined
3: 1, [2], 3
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

36. What is the output of below code

const { a: x = 10, b: y = 20 } = { a: 30 };

[Link](x);
[Link](y);
1: 30, 20
2: 10, 20
3: 10, undefined
4: 30, undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

37. What is the output of below code

function area({ length = 10, width = 20 }) {
[Link](length * width);
}

area();
1: 200
2: Error
3: undefined
4: 0
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

38. What is the output of below code

const props = [
{ id: 1, name: "John" },
{ id: 2, name: "Jack" },
{ id: 3, name: "Tom" },
];

const [, , { name }] = props;

[Link](name);
1: Tom
2: Error
3: undefined
4: John
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

39. What is the output of below code

function checkType(num = 1) {
[Link](typeof num);
}

checkType();
checkType(undefined);
checkType("");
checkType(null);
1: number, undefined, string, object
2: undefined, undefined, string, object
3: number, number, string, object
4: number, number, number, number
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

40. What is the output of below code

function add(item, items = []) {
[Link](item);
return items;
}

[Link](add("Orange"));
[Link](add("Apple"));
1: ['Orange'], ['Orange', 'Apple']
2: ['Orange'], ['Apple']
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

41. What is the output of below code

function greet(greeting, name, message = greeting + " " + name) {
[Link]([greeting, name, message]);
}
greet("Hello", "John");
greet("Hello", "John", "Good morning!");
1: SyntaxError
2: ['Hello', 'John', 'Hello John'], ['Hello', 'John', 'Good morning!']
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

42. What is the output of below code

function outer(f = inner()) {
function inner() {
return "Inner";
}
}
outer();
1: ReferenceError
2: Inner
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

43. What is the output of below code

function myFun(x, y, ...manyMoreArgs) {
[Link](manyMoreArgs);
}

myFun(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
myFun(1, 2);
1: [3, 4, 5], undefined
2: SyntaxError
3: [3, 4, 5], []
4: [3, 4, 5], [undefined]
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

44. What is the output of below code

const obj = { key: "value" };
const array = [...obj];
[Link](array);
1: ['key', 'value']
2: TypeError
3: []
4: ['key']
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

45. What is the output of below code

function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
var myGenObj = new myGenFunc();
[Link]([Link]().value);
1: 1
2: undefined
3: SyntaxError
4: TypeError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
46. What is the output of below code
function* yieldAndReturn() {
yield 1;
return 2;
yield 3;
}

var myGenObj = yieldAndReturn();

[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
1: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: undefined, done:
true }
2: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: undefined, done:
true }
3: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: 3, done: true }
4: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: 3, done: true }
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

47. What is the output of below code

const myGenerator = (function* () {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
})();
for (const value of myGenerator) {
[Link](value);
break;
}

for (const value of myGenerator) {

[Link](value);
}
1: 1,2,3 and 1,2,3
2: 1,2,3 and 4,5,6
3: 1 and 1
4: 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

48. What is the output of below code

const num = 0o38;
[Link](num);
1: SyntaxError
2: 38
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

49. What is the output of below code

const squareObj = new Square(10);
[Link]([Link]);

class Square {
constructor(length) {
[Link] = length;
}
get area() {
return [Link] * [Link];
}

set area(value) {
[Link] = value;
}
}
1: 100
2: ReferenceError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

50. What is the output of below code

function Person() {}

[Link] = function () {
return this;
};

let user = new Person();

let walk = [Link];
[Link](walk());

let run = [Link];

[Link](run());
1: undefined, undefined
2: Person, Person
3: SyntaxError
4: Window, Window
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

51. What is the output of below code

class Vehicle {
constructor(name) {
[Link] = name;
}

start() {
[Link](`${[Link]} vehicle started`);
}
}

class Car extends Vehicle {

start() {
[Link](`${[Link]} car started`);
[Link]();
}
}

const car = new Car("BMW");

[Link]([Link]());
1: SyntaxError
2: BMW vehicle started, BMW car started
3: BMW car started, BMW vehicle started
4: BMW car started, BMW car started
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

52. What is the output of below code

const USER = { age: 30 };
[Link] = 25;
[Link]([Link]);
1: 30
2: 25
3: Uncaught TypeError
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

53. What is the output of below code

[Link]("🙂" === "🙂");
1: false
2: true
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

54. What is the output of below code?

[Link](typeof typeof typeof true);
1: string
2: boolean
3: NaN
4: number
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

55. What is the output of below code?

let zero = new Number(0);

if (zero) {
[Link]("If");
} else {
[Link]("Else");
}
1: If
2: Else
3: NaN
4: SyntaxError
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

55. What is the output of below code in non strict mode?

let msg = "Good morning!!";

[Link] = "John";

[Link]([Link]);
1: ""
2: Error
3: John
4: Undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top
56. What is the output of below code?
let count = 10;

(function innerFunc() {
if (count === 10) {
let count = 11;
[Link](count);
}
[Link](count);
})();
1: 11, 10
2: 11, 11
3: 10, 11
4: 10, 10
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

57. What is the output of below code ?

1: [Link](true && 'hi');
2: [Link](true && 'hi' && 1);
3: [Link](true && '' && 0);
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

58. What is the output of below code ?

let arr = [1, 2, 3];
let str = "1,2,3";

[Link](arr == str);
1: false
2: Error
3: true
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

59. What is the output of below code?

getMessage();

var getMessage = () => {

[Link]("Good morning");
};
1: Good morning
2: getMessage is not a function
3: getMessage is not defined
4: Undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

60. What is the output of below code?

let quickPromise = [Link]();

[Link](() => [Link]("promise finished"));

[Link]("program finished");
1: program finished
2: Cannot predict the order
3: program finished, promise finished
4: promise finished, program finished
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

61. What is the output of below code?

console
.log("First line")
[("a", "b", "c")].forEach((element) => [Link](element));
[Link]("Third line");
1: First line, then print a, b, c in a new line, and finally print Third line as
next line
2: First line, then print a, b, c in a first line, and print Third line as next
line
3: Missing semi-colon error
4: Cannot read properties of undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

62. Write a function that returns a random HEX color

Solution 1 (Iterative generation)
Solution 2 (One-liner)
⬆ Back to Top

63. What is the output of below code?

var of = ["of"];
for (var of of of) {
[Link](of);
}
1: of
2: SyntaxError: Unexpected token of
3: SyntaxError: Identifier 'of' has already been declared
4: ReferenceError: of is not defined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

64. What is the output of below code?

const numbers = [11, 25, 31, 23, 33, 18, 200];
[Link]();
[Link](numbers);
1: [11, 18, 23, 25, 31, 33, 200]
2: [11, 18, 200, 23, 25, 31, 33]
3: [11, 25, 31, 23, 33, 18, 200]
4: Cannot sort numbers
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

65. What is the output order of below code?

setTimeout(() => {
[Link]("1");
}, 0);
[Link]("hello").then(() => [Link]("2"));
[Link]("3");
1: 1, 2, 3
2: 1, 3, 2
3: 3, 1, 2
4: 3, 2, 1
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

66. What is the output of below code?

[Link](name);
[Link](message());
var name = "John";
(function message() {
[Link]("Hello John: Welcome");
});
1: John, Hello John: Welcome
2: undefined, Hello John, Welcome
3: Reference error: name is not defined, Reference error: message is not defined
4: undefined, Reference error: message is not defined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

67. What is the output of below code?

message();

function message() {
[Link]("Hello");
}
function message() {
[Link]("Bye");
}
1: Reference error: message is not defined
2: Hello
3: Bye
4: Compile time error
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

68. What is the output of below code?

var currentCity = "NewYork";

var changeCurrentCity = function () {

[Link]("Current City:", currentCity);
var currentCity = "Singapore";
[Link]("Current City:", currentCity);
};

changeCurrentCity();
1: NewYork, Singapore
2: NewYork, NewYork
3: undefined, Singapore
4: Singapore, Singapore
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

69. What is the output of below code in an order?

function second() {
var message;
[Link](message);
}

function first() {
var message = "first";
second();
[Link](message);
}

var message = "default";

first();
[Link](message);
1: undefined, first, default
2: default, default, default
3: first, first, default
4: undefined, undefined, undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

70. What is the output of below code?

var expressionOne = function functionOne() {
[Link]("functionOne");
};
functionOne();
1: functionOne is not defined
2: functionOne
3: [Link]("functionOne")
4: undefined
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

71. What is the output of below code?

72. What is the output of below code?

let message = "Hello World!";
message[0] = "J";
[Link](message);

let name = "John";

name = name + " Smith";
[Link](name);
1: Jello World!, John Smith
2: Jello World!, John
3: Hello World!, John Smith
4: Hello World!, John
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

73. What is the output of below code?

let user1 = {
name: "Jacob",
age: 28,
};

let user2 = {
name: "Jacob",
age: 28,
};

[Link](user1 === user2);

1: True
2: False
3: Compile time error
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

74. What is the output of below code?

function greeting() {
setTimeout(function () {
[Link](message);
}, 5000);
const message = "Hello, Good morning";
}
greeting();
1: Undefined
2: Reference error:
3: Hello, Good morning
4: null
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

75. What is the output of below code?

const a = new Number(10);
const b = 10;
[Link](a === b);
1: False
2: True
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

76. What is the type of below function?

function add(a, b) {
[Link]("The input arguments are: ", a, b);
return a + b;
}
1: Pure function
2: Impure function
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

77. What is the output of below code?

const promiseOne = new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(resolve, 4000));
const promiseTwo = new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(reject, 4000));

[Link]([promiseOne, promiseTwo]).then((data) => [Link](data));

1: [{status: "fullfilled", value: undefined}, {status: "rejected", reason:
undefined}]
2: [{status: "fullfilled", value: undefined}, Uncaught(in promise)]
3: Uncaught (in promise)
4: [Uncaught(in promise), Uncaught(in promise)]
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

78. What is the output of below code?

try {
setTimeout(() => {
[Link]("try block");
throw new Error(`An exception is thrown`);
}, 1000);
} catch (err) {
[Link]("Error: ", err);
}
1: try block, Error: An exception is thrown
2: Error: An exception is thrown
3: try block, Uncaught Error: Exception is thrown
4: Uncaught Error: Exception is thrown
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

79. What is the output of below code?

let a = 10;
if (true) {
let a = 20;
[Link](a, "inside");
}
[Link](a, "outside");
1: 20, "inside" and 20, "outside"
2: 20, "inside" and 10, "outside"
3: 10, "inside" and 10, "outside"
4: 10, "inside" and 20, "outside"
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

80. What is the output of below code?

let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -6, 7];
[Link] = 0;
[Link](arr);
1: 0
2: Undefined
3: null
4: [ ]
Answer
---
⬆ Back to Top

81. How do you verify two strings are anagrams or not?

An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging all the letters of a different
word or phrase exactly once. For example, the anagrams of "eat" word are "tea" and
"ate".

You can split each word into characters, followed by sort action and later join
them back. After that you can compare those two words to verify whether those two
words are anagrams or not.

function verifyAnagrams(word1, word2) {

return [Link]("").sort().join("") === [Link]("").sort().join("")
}
[Link](verifyAnagrams("eat", "ate"));
⬆ Back to Top
82. What is the output of below code?
printHello();

printMessage();

function printHello() {
[Link]('Hello')

function printMessage() {
[Link]("Good day")
}
}
1: Hello, Good day
2: Reference Error: printHello is not defined, Reference Error: printMessage is not
defined
3: Reference Error: printHello is not defined, Good day
4: Hello, Reference Error: printMessage is not defined
Answer
---
⬆ Back to Top

83. What is the time taken to execute below timeout callback?

[Link]("Start code");

setTimeout(function() {
[Link]("Callback code");
}, 5000);

[Link]("After callback");

let startTime = new Date().getTime();

let endTime = startTime;

while(endTime <= startTime + 10000) {

endTime = new Date().getTime();
}

[Link]("End code");
1: > 10 sec
2: Immediately
3: < 10 sec
4: <= 5sec
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

84. What is the output of below code?

let arr = ['wöchentlich','Woche', 'wäre', 'Wann'];
[Link]([Link]());
1: ['wöchentlich','Woche', 'wäre', 'Wann']
2: ['Wann', 'wäre', 'Woche', 'wöchentlich']
3: ['Wann', 'Woche', 'wäre', 'wöchentlich']
4: ['wäre', 'Wann', 'wöchentlich','Woche']
Answer
⬆ Back to Top

Disclaimer
The questions provided in this repository are the summary of frequently asked
questions across numerous companies. We cannot guarantee that these questions will
actually be asked during your interview process, nor should you focus on memorizing
all of them. The primary purpose is for you to get a sense of what some companies
might ask — do not get discouraged if you don't know the answer to all of them —
that is ok!

Good luck with your interview 😊

About
List of 1000 JavaScript Interview Questions

Topics
react javascript vuejs angular vanilla-javascript javascript-applications
javascript-interview-questions core-javascript
Resources
Readme
Activity
Stars
23.1k stars
Watchers
320 watching
Forks
6.6k forks
Report repository
Releases
No releases published
Packages
No packages published
Contributors
111
@sudheerj
@Benappiahpoku
@subhoghoshX
@github-actions[bot]
@phongever
@yangshun
@evgenii-minkov
@zonayedpca
@jcastrov
@shajanjp
@MuhammedZakir
@AashishSinghal
@rajkharvar
@voprak
+ 97 contributors
Languages
JavaScript
100.0%
Footer
© 2024 GitHub

JavaScript Object Creation Methods
No ratings yet
JavaScript Object Creation Methods
307 pages
JavaScript Object Creation Methods
100% (1)
JavaScript Object Creation Methods
186 pages
Creating Objects in JavaScript
No ratings yet
Creating Objects in JavaScript
6 pages
JavaScript Interview Q&A Guide
No ratings yet
JavaScript Interview Q&A Guide
142 pages
JavaScript Interview Ques
No ratings yet
JavaScript Interview Ques
154 pages
JavaScript Concepts: Closures, Binding, Inheritance
No ratings yet
JavaScript Concepts: Closures, Binding, Inheritance
41 pages
JavaScript Object Creation Methods
No ratings yet
JavaScript Object Creation Methods
15 pages
09-03 - Introduction To OOP
No ratings yet
09-03 - Introduction To OOP
12 pages
JavaScript Object Creation Guide
No ratings yet
JavaScript Object Creation Guide
30 pages
Creating JavaScript Objects Explained
No ratings yet
Creating JavaScript Objects Explained
52 pages
JavaScript Fundamentals Overview
No ratings yet
JavaScript Fundamentals Overview
16 pages
JavaScript Object Methods Cheat Sheet
No ratings yet
JavaScript Object Methods Cheat Sheet
4 pages
JavaScript Object-Oriented Programming Guide
No ratings yet
JavaScript Object-Oriented Programming Guide
9 pages
JavaScript Essentials: Variables, Functions, and DOM
No ratings yet
JavaScript Essentials: Variables, Functions, and DOM
17 pages
Object Oriented Programming in Javascript: First Version of This Paper
No ratings yet
Object Oriented Programming in Javascript: First Version of This Paper
19 pages
React Notes
No ratings yet
React Notes
63 pages
OOP Concepts in JavaScript
No ratings yet
OOP Concepts in JavaScript
8 pages
JavaScript ES6 Concepts Overview
No ratings yet
JavaScript ES6 Concepts Overview
58 pages
JavaScript Functions and Objects Guide
No ratings yet
JavaScript Functions and Objects Guide
7 pages
Understanding JavaScript Objects
No ratings yet
Understanding JavaScript Objects
100 pages
JavaScript Basics and Key Concepts
No ratings yet
JavaScript Basics and Key Concepts
23 pages
4 JavaScript Design Patterns You Should Know - Scotch
No ratings yet
4 JavaScript Design Patterns You Should Know - Scotch
10 pages
Javascript Notes NNN UNIT-4
No ratings yet
Javascript Notes NNN UNIT-4
15 pages
Javascript Basics in 10 Minutes
No ratings yet
Javascript Basics in 10 Minutes
7 pages
LWC Development Guide and JavaScript Basics
No ratings yet
LWC Development Guide and JavaScript Basics
44 pages
OOP Concepts in JavaScript Explained
No ratings yet
OOP Concepts in JavaScript Explained
10 pages
JavaScript Cheat Sheet Overview
No ratings yet
JavaScript Cheat Sheet Overview
102 pages
JavaScript Class and Constructor Basics
No ratings yet
JavaScript Class and Constructor Basics
6 pages
JavaScript Functions Overview
No ratings yet
JavaScript Functions Overview
13 pages
Object-Oriented Programming in JS
No ratings yet
Object-Oriented Programming in JS
8 pages
Key JavaScript Concepts and Techniques
No ratings yet
Key JavaScript Concepts and Techniques
32 pages
Comprehensive JavaScript Guide
No ratings yet
Comprehensive JavaScript Guide
7 pages
JavaScript Object Creation Methods
No ratings yet
JavaScript Object Creation Methods
16 pages
Web Programming
No ratings yet
Web Programming
28 pages
Session2 JS
No ratings yet
Session2 JS
64 pages
Understanding JavaScript Inheritance
No ratings yet
Understanding JavaScript Inheritance
88 pages
JavaScript Fundamentals and Concepts
No ratings yet
JavaScript Fundamentals and Concepts
8 pages
JavaScript Basics: Functions, Arrays, and Objects
No ratings yet
JavaScript Basics: Functions, Arrays, and Objects
13 pages
JavaScript Data Types and Concepts Explained
No ratings yet
JavaScript Data Types and Concepts Explained
21 pages
Understanding JavaScript Objects and Methods
No ratings yet
Understanding JavaScript Objects and Methods
33 pages
Understanding JavaScript Objects
No ratings yet
Understanding JavaScript Objects
11 pages
Parsing Commas in JavaScript Numbers
No ratings yet
Parsing Commas in JavaScript Numbers
18 pages
Understanding JavaScript Closures
No ratings yet
Understanding JavaScript Closures
16 pages
JavaScript Execution Context and Features
No ratings yet
JavaScript Execution Context and Features
85 pages
Understanding JavaScript Objects
No ratings yet
Understanding JavaScript Objects
1 page
JavaScript Functions and Arrays Guide
No ratings yet
JavaScript Functions and Arrays Guide
18 pages
JavaScript Objects Overview
No ratings yet
JavaScript Objects Overview
11 pages
4 1 Javascript
No ratings yet
4 1 Javascript
131 pages
Js-Notes 1
No ratings yet
Js-Notes 1
11 pages
Object-Oriented JavaScript Concepts
No ratings yet
Object-Oriented JavaScript Concepts
16 pages
6 Intro To Object Oriented Programing Updated
No ratings yet
6 Intro To Object Oriented Programing Updated
14 pages
JavaScript Functions and Objects Guide
No ratings yet
JavaScript Functions and Objects Guide
27 pages
JavaScript Concepts: HOF, Constructors, IIFE
No ratings yet
JavaScript Concepts: HOF, Constructors, IIFE
12 pages
JavaScript Strings, Arrays, and Objects Guide
No ratings yet
JavaScript Strings, Arrays, and Objects Guide
24 pages
What Is JavaScript
No ratings yet
What Is JavaScript
6 pages
JavaScript Basics: Variables & Data Types
No ratings yet
JavaScript Basics: Variables & Data Types
36 pages
Understanding JavaScript Variables and Scope
No ratings yet
Understanding JavaScript Variables and Scope
22 pages
JKU CS Exam Questions and Answers
No ratings yet
JKU CS Exam Questions and Answers
19 pages
MySQL Procedures and Functions Guide
No ratings yet
MySQL Procedures and Functions Guide
9 pages
Man 8060t 8065t Exa
No ratings yet
Man 8060t 8065t Exa
64 pages
Employee Management Program Project Report
No ratings yet
Employee Management Program Project Report
16 pages
JMeter Functions and Variables Guide
No ratings yet
JMeter Functions and Variables Guide
4 pages
Understanding Functions in C Programming
No ratings yet
Understanding Functions in C Programming
5 pages
Class 12 Python Functions Notes
80% (10)
Class 12 Python Functions Notes
4 pages
Python Functions and Lambda Examples
No ratings yet
Python Functions and Lambda Examples
5 pages
Python Mixed Practice Questions: 1000 Qs
No ratings yet
Python Mixed Practice Questions: 1000 Qs
104 pages
Python Programming Basics and Functions
No ratings yet
Python Programming Basics and Functions
70 pages
Exuber: R Package for Unit Root Testing
No ratings yet
Exuber: R Package for Unit Root Testing
27 pages
Data Science 1st Year Syllabus R22
No ratings yet
Data Science 1st Year Syllabus R22
40 pages
Python Functions for Data Manipulation
No ratings yet
Python Functions for Data Manipulation
3 pages
Front End Technologies Interview Questions
No ratings yet
Front End Technologies Interview Questions
16 pages
JavaScript Course Overview 2024
100% (1)
JavaScript Course Overview 2024
63 pages
Introduction to C Programming Basics
No ratings yet
Introduction to C Programming Basics
157 pages
Understanding Scopes and Namespaces in Python
No ratings yet
Understanding Scopes and Namespaces in Python
25 pages
TwinCAT 3 PLC Manual Version 3.4.0
No ratings yet
TwinCAT 3 PLC Manual Version 3.4.0
1,168 pages
Programming Concepts MCQs for Beginners
No ratings yet
Programming Concepts MCQs for Beginners
10 pages
C Programming Syllabus and Key Programs
No ratings yet
C Programming Syllabus and Key Programs
5 pages
Augmented Assignment in Python
No ratings yet
Augmented Assignment in Python
190 pages
Kenya National Standards for Control Technicians
No ratings yet
Kenya National Standards for Control Technicians
26 pages
Computer Engineering Student Handbookpdf
No ratings yet
Computer Engineering Student Handbookpdf
31 pages
Employee Record Management in Python
No ratings yet
Employee Record Management in Python
3 pages
OpenBullet LoliScript User Guide
No ratings yet
OpenBullet LoliScript User Guide
16 pages
Machine Language and Assembly Language Guide
No ratings yet
Machine Language and Assembly Language Guide
31 pages
AP CSP Create Task Scoring Guidelines
No ratings yet
AP CSP Create Task Scoring Guidelines
3 pages
IndustrialBOX 4 User Manual
No ratings yet
IndustrialBOX 4 User Manual
15 pages
BCA Python Programming Notes PDF
100% (1)
BCA Python Programming Notes PDF
139 pages
Oracle PL/SQL Course Syllabus
No ratings yet
Oracle PL/SQL Course Syllabus
12 pages