MODULE II

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Pollution - It is the addition of unwanted constituents to the air, water, soil or to any
part of the environment which adversely change the quality of environment.
Pollutant - Any substance or agent or factor which cause contamination to the
environment is called pollutant. Eg. Carbon monoxide, dust particles, pesticides,
radioactive substances and metals like lead, mercury, etc.
Air pollution
The contamination of air by undesirable substances which are harmful to the animals
and plants is called air pollution. Sources of Air Pollution are, ,
•Natural Sources – This include volcanic action, forest fire etc. which release
poisonous gases like CO, H2S, SO2 etc and various particulate matter into the
atmosphere.
•Man-made sources – Eg. Automobiles, industry, electric power plants,
agricultural activities, refrigerant, Boilers etc.

• Man-made sources
•Automobiles and industries release large amounts of toxic gases by the burning of
fossil fuels. These gases include carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides
etc.
•The leakage of refrigerant gases into the atmosphere can cause ozone depletion and
contribute to global warming.
•Boilers emit a variety of pollutants, HAPs - Hazardous Air Pollutants such as:
Nitrogen oxides (NOx). Sulfur dioxide (SO2). ()
The air pollutants are classified as,
•Primary pollutant – These are harmful chemical substances
(pollutants) which are directly released in to the atmosphere.
[Link],CO2,
ammonia, hydrocarbons etc.
•Secondary pollutants -These are harmful chemicals formed in the air due to
chemical reaction between the primary pollutants or between primary pollutants and
air.
Eg.SO3, NO2, Smog etc.

Particulate matter or pollutants

•Particulate pollutants are tiny particles suspended in the air, originating from
various sources such as vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and natural sources
like dust.
•These particles can have adverse effects on human health and the environment,
leading to respiratory issues and contributing to air quality degradation.

Air pollution due to refrigerants, IC and Boilers

•Refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), contribute to global warming
when released into the atmosphere. They are potent greenhouse gases.
•Internal combustion engines (IC) in vehicles emit pollutants like nitrogen oxides
and particulate matter, contributing to air pollution.
•Boilers, often fueled by fossil fuels, release pollutants like sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides, impacting air quality
Air pollution prevention Methods
1. Bag Filter
• A bag filter is a pollution control device and dust collector that removes
particulates or gas released from commercial process out of the air.
•When the dust-containing gas passes through the filter media, the dust is stopped
on its surface and the clean air is discharged through the gaps of the filter media.
•Polluted air containing particulate matter enters the bag filter through an inlet.
•The polluted air passes through a series of fabric bags arranged in a
chamber.
As the air flows through the bags, particulate matter is trapped on the external
surface of the fabric.
• Bag filters are efficient in capturing a wide range of particulate sizes and are
commonly used in industries like cement manufacturing, power plants, and
various manufacturing processes
2. cyclone separator –

•In the cyclone separator air flows in a helical pattern.

•The centrifugal force created by this fast, circular flow drives the heavier dust
Particles toward the wall of the cyclone chamber,Where it forms a spiral
motion known as the “vortex.”
•They hit the wall, lose velocity, and fall down to the bottom of the cyclone
where they can be removed

•The combination of gravity and inertia causes the separated particles to move
downward and collect at the bottom of the cyclone.

•They are commonly used as pre-filters or primary separators in various

industries, including agriculture, woodworking, and mineral processing.
3. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)
•An Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is an air pollution control device that
removes particulate matter from a gas stream using the principles of
electrostatic attraction.
• It consists of two sets of electrodes: positive and negative. They are high-
voltage electrodes (corona wires) emit electrons, creating a discharge.
•The corona discharge generates ions, which attach to the dust and particulate
matter in the gas stream.
•The polluted air is passed through the electrostatic precipitator containing
positive and negative electrode. Depending on the charge, the particles in the
polluted air are attracted towards the oppositely charged electrode.
 [Link] converter
•A catalytic converter is an emissions control device in a vehicle's exhaust system
•A catalytic converter is an emissions control device in a vehicle’s exhaust system.
Its primary function is to convert harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases into less
harmful substances through catalyzed chemical reactions

•Catalytic converters make use of a catalyst, usually platinum or palladium, to speed

up the chemical reactions between oxygen and pollutants in the air to convert them
into less toxic byproducts like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gas.
•A catalytic converter typically consists of a metal shell, a ceramic or metallic
substrate coated with catalyst material, and an outer protective layer.
•The overall structure allows exhaust gases to flow through the honeycomb-like
structure, coming into contact with the catalyst coating and undergoing chemical
reactions that reduce emissions.
Advantages of catalytic converter
The catalytic converter offers several advantages, including:
Emission Reduction: It significantly reduces harmful pollutants in vehicle exhaust,
such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons, contributing
to cleaner air and meeting environmental regulations.

Environmental Impact: By converting pollutants into less harmful substances,

catalytic converters help minimize the negative impact of vehicle emissions on air
quality and ecosystems.

Improved Air Quality: The reduction of pollutants leads to improved air quality,
benefiting both human health and the overall environment.

Health Benefits: Lowering emissions contributes to reduced respiratory and

cardiovascular health risks associated with air pollution, benefiting both individuals
and communities.

Global Application: Widely used worldwide, catalytic converters have become a

standard component in the automotive industry, demonstrating their effectiveness in
reducing vehicle emissions on a global scale.

Long-Term Sustainability: As part of efforts to address climate change, catalytic

converters play a role in making internal combustion engines more environmentally
sustainable until alternative technologies become more .
Water Pollution

Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as rivers, lakes,
oceans, groundwater) by substances that negatively impact their quality and make
them unsafe for various uses, including drinking, swimming, and supporting aquatic
life.

Sources of Water Pollution:

1. Industrial Discharges: Factories and industrial facilities often release

pollutants such as chemicals, heavy metals, and toxins into water bodies
through improper disposal or accidental spills
.
2. Agricultural Runoff: The use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in
agriculture can result in runoff carrying pollutants like nutrients and chemicals
into rivers and lakes, causing water quality problems.

3. Urban Runoff: Rainwater runoff from urban areas can carry pollutants like
oil, heavy metals, and debris into water bodies, especially when storm water
systems are overwhelmed.

4. Wastewater Disposal: Improper disposal of untreated or poorly treated

sewage and wastewater from households and sewage treatment plants can
introduce harmful bacteria, pathogens, and chemicals into water.

5. Oil Spills: Accidental or deliberate releases of oil from ships, pipelines, or

oil rigs can lead to widespread water pollution, harming aquatic ecosystems
and wildlife.

6. Mining Activities: Mining operations can introduce heavy metals,

sediments, and toxic substances into nearby water bodies, impacting water
quality and aquatic life.
 7. Marine Dumping: Disposal of various wastes, including plastics and other
debris, directly into oceans and seas contributes to marine pollution.

8. Atmospheric Deposition: Airborne pollutants, such as mercury and acidic

compounds, can settle on water bodies through precipitation (acid rain) or
atmospheric deposition, affecting water quality.

9. Illegal Dumping: Improper disposal of waste, including hazardous

materials, into water bodies or waterways contributes to pollution.

10. Ship Pollution: Ballast water discharge, sewage release, and accidental
spills from ships can introduce pollutants into marine environments.

Sources of Water pollution and their effects

a) Sewage – causes Foul smell, contain pathogenic microorganism, depletion of
dissolved oxygen
b) Industrial effluents – Increase the toxic organic matter in water, depletion of
dissolved oxygen, causes Eutrophication,
c) Soaps and detergents- Increase organic content in water, leads depletion of
dissolved oxygen
d) Pesticides – Toxic to human being and other animals
e) Fertilizers –leads to Eutrophication, Algal blooming
f) Heavy metals – Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium etc are toxic to
human being and other animals.
Eutrophication :The process of increase in plant nutrients in water which
leads to growth of Algae in water called Algal blooming
Control measurements for water Pollution
Controlling water pollution involves various measures to prevent, reduce, or
eliminate the introduction of pollutants into water bodies. Some key control
measures include:

Wastewater Treatment: Implementing effective wastewater treatment processes

before discharging into water bodies helps remove or reduce pollutants. Treatment
plants can use physical, chemical, and biological methods to treat sewage and
industrial effluents.

Source Control: Identifying and controlling pollution at its source is crucial. This
involves implementing best practices in industries, agriculture, and urban areas to
minimize the release of pollutants into water bodies.

Industrial Best Practices: Industries should adopt cleaner production methods,

recycle and reuse water, and implement technologies that minimize the generation
of pollutants. Compliance with environmental regulations is essential.

Education and Awareness: Creating awareness about the impact of water pollution
and promoting responsible behavior among communities, industries, and
agricultural stakeholders is crucial for long-term pollution control.

Legislation and Enforcement: Implementing and enforcing strict environmental

regulations is essential for preventing and controlling water pollution. Monitoring
and penalizing activities that violate pollution control measures contribute to
compliance.
Community Involvement: Involving local communities in water management and
pollution control initiatives fosters a sense of responsibility. Community-based
programs can address specific pollution issues and promote sustainable water use.

Research and Innovation: Supporting research and innovation in water treatment

technologies, pollution monitoring, and sustainable practices helps advance
effective pollution control measures.

Water quality parameters

• A pH of 7 is considered neutral, indicating a balance between acidity and
alkalinity.
• Values below 7 indicate acidity, with lower numbers representing stronger acidity.
Acidic water can adversely affect aquatic life and ecosystems.
•Values above 7 indicate alkalinity, with higher numbers representing stronger
alkalinity. Alkaline water can also impact aquatic organisms and ecosystems.
• Aquatic organisms are adapted to specific pH ranges. Extreme pH levels can harm
fish, insects, and other aquatic life.
• Human activities, such as industrial discharges, agriculture, and mining, can
influence water pH. For example, acid rain (resulting from air pollution) can lower
the pH of surface water.
•pH is a critical factor in water treatment processes. Drinking water typically has a
pH range between 6.5 and 8.5 to ensure it is safe for consumption.
•Regular monitoring of pH is essential for assessing water quality. Regulatory
standards often exist to maintain pH within specific ranges to protect ecosystems
and ensure safe water for various uses.

2)Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in water. It is
crucial for the health of aquatic ecosystems .
• Aquatic organisms, such as fish and invertebrates, depend on dissolved oxygen for
respiration. It is essential for their metabolic processes and overall survival.
• DO is necessary for the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria. Without
sufficient oxygen, decomposition processes slow down, leading to the accumulation
of organic material and potential water quality issues.
• Monitoring dissolved oxygen levels is a key indicator of water quality. Low levels
may indicate pollution, nutrient overload, or other environmental problems.
• For good quality water the value of DO is 4 -6 mg/L
3) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
•BOD is a water quality indicator that measures the amount of dissolved oxygen
consumed by microorganisms while breaking down organic matter in water.
• It is expressed as the amount of oxygen (in milligrams per liter) needed for the
biological processes to decompose organic pollutants over a specific period.
• For sample of water the normal value of BOD is 1-3 mg/L
•A higher BOD value indicates a greater amount of organic material in the water,
suggesting higher pollution levels and potentially lower oxygen levels in the aquatic
environment.
4)Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
•Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen required
to chemically oxidize and break down organic and inorganic substances in water. It
is often used as an indicator of the pollution level in water bodies.
• High COD values suggest a higher concentration of pollutants that can deplete
oxygen when these substances are broken down by chemical processes.

•The COD test involves adding a strong oxidizing agent to a water sample and
measuring the amount of oxygen consumed during the chemical reaction.
• provides a more comprehensive assessment of water quality than biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) and is particularly useful for assessing industrial wastewater
and the potential environmental impact of water pollution.
•COD is defined as the oxygen equivalent required for the oxidation of organic
matter in water determined with the help of a strong oxidant. COD value higher than
250 ppm indicates pollution.

Noise pollution
Noise pollution is defined as regular exposure to elevated sound levels that may lead
to adverse effects in humans or other living organisms.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise pollution can lead to
negative effects on physical and mental health, including stress, hearing impairment,
sleep disturbances, and reduced overall quality of life. Regulatory measures and
community awareness campaigns are often implemented to control and reduce noise
pollution.

Sources of noise pollution

1. Traffic Noise: Cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other vehicles on roads can
contribute significantly to noise pollution.
2. Industrial Activities: Factories and manufacturing facilities often produce
loud sounds from machinery and equipment.
3. Construction Sites: Construction activities involve heavy machinery,
power tools, and other equipment generating high levels of noise.
4. Airports: Aircraft taking off and landing, as well as ground operations, can
contribute to noise pollution in the vicinity of airports.
5. Loud Music: Public spaces, entertainment venues, and personal devices
playing loud music can be sources of noise pollution.
6. Household Appliances: Appliances like vacuum cleaners, air conditioners,
and blenders can contribute to indoor noise pollution.
7. Public Events: Large gatherings, concerts, festivals, and sports events can
generate high levels of noise.
 8. Railway Noise: Trains passing through residential areas can produce
substantial noise.
9. Neighborhood Activities: Noisy neighbors, barking dogs, and other
activities in residential areas can contribute to noise pollution.
10. Commercial Establishments: Restaurants, bars, and nightlife venues can
generate noise, especially in urban areas.

Harmful effects of Noise Pollution

1. Hearing Damage: Prolonged exposure to high noise levels can lead to

permanent hearing impairment or loss.
2. Stress and Anxiety: Constant exposure to loud and disruptive sounds can
contribute to heightened stress levels and anxiety.
3. Sleep Disturbances: Noise pollution can interfere with sleep patterns,
leading to insomnia or disrupted sleep, which in turn can affect overall health.
4. Cardiovascular Issues: Chronic exposure to noise has been linked to an
increased risk of cardiovascular problems, including hypertension and heart
disease.
5. Impaired Cognitive Performance: Concentration, memory, and cognitive
functions can be negatively impacted by noise pollution, especially in learning
and working environments.
6. Interference with Communication: Excessive background noise can make
communication difficult, leading to misunderstandings and frustration.
7. Negative Impact on Wildlife: Noise pollution can disrupt natural
ecosystems, affecting the behavior, communication, and reproduction of
wildlife.
8. Social and Behavioral Effects: Noise can contribute to irritability,
aggression, and a decrease in overall social well-being.
•Noise pollution induces hormonal imbalances, emotional disturbances, increases
heart beat, raises blood pressure, disturbs sleep, cause fatigue, frustration, anxiety,
and fright.

•Noise level in the environment is expressed in decibels(dB). Noise level up to 85

dB is tolerable.
Beating of a drum --- 80-90 dB
Exploding a cracker --- 120 dB
Siren – 150 dB

The Noise Pollution Rules established in 2000.

In 2000, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India introduced the “Noise
Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000” under the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986. These rules aimed to manage and control noise pollution in various public
spaces.
•The noise pollution rules prohibit the use of loudspeakers at night and provide
provisions for penalties in case of use of such devices without the permission from
a competent authority.
•Certain rules targeted specific noise sources, such as restrictions on construction
noise, limits on vehicle noise emissions, and regulations for industrial facilities.
•This rule categorized the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or
silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for
different areas.
•Noise pollution rules have defined the acceptable level of noise in
different zones for both daytime and night time. Sound emitting construction
equipments shall not be used or operated during night time in residential areas and
silence zones.
• Different noise level standards were set for daytime (6 am to 10 pm) and nighttime
(10 pm to 6 am) to account for the varying sensitivities during these periods.
•Use of Loudspeakers and Public Address Systems: Specific guidelines were
provided for the use of loudspeakers and public address systems, including
restrictions on timings and permissible noise levels.
• The rules prohibited the use of horns, loudspeakers, and other sound-emitting
devices in designated silent zones, such as near hospitals and educational
institutions.
•These rules aimed to address the adverse effects of noise pollution on human health
and the environment and provided a regulatory framework for controlling noise
emissions in different settings.