Normal Buffet Margin

1.3G @ 40® Bank

Buffet Margin at Optimum altitude
Optimum altitude calculated with what inputs?
OAT – Decrease Temp = Increase Alt
Weight – Reduction in weight + Increase Alt
Speed reduction with weight reduction to maintain minimum fuel burn
Most Effective way to brake on a dry runway
Reverse thrust at high speed
ILS Protection
35Deg to 10NM and 10 Deg to 18NM
Holding Speeds
0-14 000 = 230kts
14 000 – 20 000 = 240 kts
20 000 – 34 000 = 265 kts
34 000 + = M.83
Sequence of takeoff speeds
V1 – VMCA – VR – V2
Solid red RWY center lights
1000ft – 305m
Alternating red and white center lights
3000ft
Amber runway edge lights
2000ft
Is Vmcg higher or lower than Vr?
Vmcg is lower or equal to V1
What happens to Center of Pressure when extending flaps
The center of pressure moves forward.
What happens if CofG is moved aft?
Less induced drag on tailplane. Increase aircraft range
What type of engine does the B777 have?
B777-300ER = GE90-115BL1
B777-200LR = GE90-110BL1
What is the Lat/Long of Dubai?
25’18”N 55’20”E
What are speed brakes used for?
Increase drag, roll control, lift dumpers
How is windshear detected?
Windshear is detected by a change in wind speed and direction or temperature over a short period.
Transponder code for communication failure
7600
Transponder code for hijacking?
7500
How many % to be considered contaminated runway?
25%
Weight effect on stalling speed?
As weight increases so does stalling speed.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a thin wing?
Less drag = great speed.
Less efficient at slow speed = higher approach speed
Why are wings swept?
Wing sweeps allows for a higher cruise speed. More stable in turbulence. Disadvantage is poor lift
qualities, higher stall speeds, prone to dutch roll.
If after 120NM you are 4nm off course, what is heading correction to regain track in 60nm?
6 Deg
What effect does a 60deg bank turn have on stalling speed?
60deg turn gives a load factor of 2. Stalling speed increases by the square root of load factor.
Increases by 41%
Which months are the monsoon season in South Asia?
June – September (In Summer)
What is the worst month for fog in Dubai?
March
During what months would you expect fog in Dubai?
March-May
What effects do slats have on max angle of attack?
Increases angle of attack due to improved boundary layer
What effect do slats have on the angle of Attack?
If maintaining a constant ATTITUDE, slat extension will cause a DECREASE in Angle of Attack.
What is the maximum time permitted for a Jet engine to spool up from idle to full thrust?
8 Seconds
On a Lamberts chart, the distance scale is most accurate?
Along the standard parallels. The scale expands outside them, and contracts between them.
On the Indian subcontinent, the North Easterly monsoon occurs?
October – December
What conditions are associated with the ITCZ?
Convective cloud and heavy rain during most parts of the year.
How does the Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (TSFC) vary with increase in altitude?
It decreases with altitude
What happens to airspeed in the climb with a blocked Pitot tube?
Airspeed increases.
What happens to airspeed in the descent with a blocked static port?
It will over read
What is balanced field length?
When accelerate-stop distance is equal to accelerate-go distance
What does “VV///” in a METAR mean?
Vertical Visibility not available.
What is the fuel freezing temperature of Jet A?
-40’C
What is the fuel freezing temperature of Jet A1?
-47’C
What are the typical characteristics of a swept wing?
Thin with minimal chamber
Where is windshear found?
Weather fronts, Inversion, Jet stream, downbursts
What sort of weather would you expect in a low pressure area?
Cloudy weather and precipitation
ISA standard at 39 000ft:
-56.5’C
ISA at sea level: 1013.25 mb
15 ‘C
Standard lapse rate 2’/1000ft up to 36 000ft. Then constant at -56.5’C
Buy Ballots Law states:
In the Northern Hemisphere, if you stand with your back to the wind the low pressure is on your left.
A katabatic wind is:
A wind that blows mainly at night and blows down a slope.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the diurnal variation of the wind at 2000ft is such that?
The wind veers and velocity increases
Does a compressor change kinetic energy into pressure energy? Are stators divergent or
convergent?
Yes it changes the energy state. They are divergent.
If your static port gets clogged with ice on the decent, your altimeter will over/under read or stay
the same?
Over read.
While maintaining a constant attitude, what effect does flap and slat have on the AoA?
Slats decrease AoA
Flaps increase AoA
What happens with Specific Fuel Consumption with altitude?
SFC decreases with altitude
Clearway will increase/decrease MTOW and increase/decrease V1?
Clearway will Increase MTOW
Clearway will decreases V1
Stopway increases ASDA/TORA/TODA?
Stopway increases ASDA
What should you see when following the VASI on the glide path?
First set of lights closest to threshold WHITE, RED set above that.
DME range at FL350 is approximately?
Range = √1.5x Aircraft height = 229 nm
What does VVxxx mean on a TAF?
Vertical Visibility has indefinite ceiling
What are the aerodynamic effects of a swept wing?
High Mach cruise, stability in turbulence
What is the relationship between altitude and performance on jet engine?
Thermal efficiency is greater at high temp differentials.
Compressors work better at high RPM. High altitude allows greater RPM
Reduced drag at altitude allowing lower thrust required. Better SFC.
What three things are needed for the formation of a Cb?
Moisture
A mass of warm, unstable air
A lifting force
An anabatic wind is one which?
Blows during the day upslope.
Flying at 39 000ft the SAT is -47.5’C. What is the deviation?
ISA + 9’C
With antiskid inoperative, for any given takeoff weight
The V1 must be reduced
Why does the Airbus have a tail tank?
To increase range and provide balanced trim
At night the minimum required exterior lightning for an aircraft in flight is?
Navigation lights
Red – left
Green – right
White – tail
What is the relationship between V1 and Vmcg?
Vmcg is less than or equal to V1
What is the relationship between MCR and LRC?
LRC is 99% of MCR. 1% range is lost but you gain 2-3% increase in speed.
If you are flying and you know you are going to get in an area of turbulence, what do you do?
Seatbelt sign ON. Secure the Cabin. Set penetration speed. Maintain Attitude.
What are the types of cloud that indicate severe turbulence?
Lenticular clouds and CB
What is the buffet onset level in cruise?
1.3g
What is the minimum reserve fuel?
Alternate + 30 min hold at 1500ft at holding speed
What do you have when determining payload?
Pax + baggage + cargo + mail
CAT 1 Minima
DH 200ft
RVR 550m
Vis 800m
When can icing occur?
Visible moisture below 10’C
RNP4 route. What is the accuracy? How far must an alternate be?
+/- 4nm 95% of the time
60min one engine inoperative
What are the signs that windshear exists?
Speed changes, pitch changes, change in VS.
If the cost of fuel is high, what will happen to the cost index?
Cost index will be lower
If you have an RA in flight, what should you so?
Follow TCAS maneuver instruction, notify ATC.
When an aircraft is equipped with both outboard and inboard ailerons, the outboard ailerons are
only active during slow flight, why?
The outboard aileron will twist the wingtip at high speed.
What is taken into account when choosing optimal level for cruise?
Aircraft performance
OAT
Wind
Weight
Fuel
Mach number
Cost Index
CG position.
QFE 980hPa at an airfield of 200m AMSL. What is QNH?
200m = 200x3.3 = 660ft
660/27 = 24.4 hPa
980+24.4 = QNH 1004.44 hPa
Relationship between CoG and Center of Pressure.
A rearward CoG is best therefore the Centre of Pressure must be forward of the CoG
Density Altitude
Denisty Altitude = Pressure Altitude + (120 x (OAT-ISA))
Mach number
Mach = TAS/LSS
How does Rate of Descent vary with weight?
At a constant airspeed a light aircraft will have a higher RoD.
What type of fire extinguisher would you use on an electrical fire?
Carbon dioxide based fire extinguisher
What is the effect on the Field Limit and the climb limit by reducing the flap setting?
Higher flap setting will provide a shorter takeoff roll, but decreased 1st and 2nd segment climb.
Lower flap setting will provide a longer takeoff roll but increase 1st and 2nd segment climb gradient.
For the same engine, what is the difference between N1 and thrust when the engine is taken from
sea level to hot and high airfield.
N1 increases and thrust reduces
Besides scale, where can you measure distance on a Jepp chart?
Using the lines of Longitude.
Fuel dumping altitudes
7000 AGL in winter
4000 AGL in summer
Purpose of the negative pressure relief valve
Prevents the pressure in the cabin from becoming lower than ambient outside pressure
What do vortex generators do?
Energizes the boundary layer to prevent separation.
What’s the minimum buffet margin for optimum level?
0.3g
What is the recommended buffet margin for optimum level flight?
1.3g
What is the runway stopway?
Unprepared surface after the end of the runway capable of supporting the aircraft.
What is a takeoff alternate, and why?
Suitable airfield within 1 hour single engine in still air conditions at current TOW. Required if unable
to return to departure aerodrome.
What’s the gliding ratio for an aircraft from 30 000ft to 7000ft with 100nm to cover?
Horizontal distance in feet / Change in altitude
26:1
Holding times
1 min at or below 14 000 ft
1min 30 sec above 14 000 ft
What needs to be done before crossing an ADIZ?
Comply with local rules and procedures
How do you regain directional control on a slippery runway?
Use asymmetrical thrust
What happens if you move CoG from forward to aft position?
Aft CoG gives less stability.
The aircraft pitch control is increased because of shorter moment arm and less force on controls
required.
Forward CoG requires large downforce on tailplane. This leads to increased AoA = increased indiced
drag. (reduced performance and range) Increased stalling speed. Reduced minimum speeds.
CoG location in relation to center of pressure
CoG is always in front of the center of pressure. That is what gives the nose down pitching moment.
What is Dutch Roll?
It is an oscillatory instability associated with swept wing aircraft and is a combination of yawing and
rolling. It is countered with yaw damper system.
What are speed brakes for?
Creating drag by disturbing flow over the wing.
What are spoilers used for?
Roll control
Air speed brakes
Ground lift dumpers
How is windshear detected?
Windshear is detected by identifying a difference in wind direction and speed, temperature between
two places or identifying certain weather phenomenon.
Pilot appreciation
Aerodrome equipment/reporting
Aircraft warning systems
What effect does windshear have during an approach for landing?
If the headwind component increases, then increase in performance. Lead to overshoot tendency
If the headwind component decreases, decrease in performance. Increased ROD possibly
undershoot.
Effect of weight on stalling speed?
If an aircraft actual weight increases then the wing must produce more lift. But because stall occurs
at a constant AoA, we can only increase lift by increasing speed, therefore stall speed will increase.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a thin wing?
Advantage:
Raise Mcrit to a higher value. When buffet, drag rise and stability does occur it is less severe than
with a thicker wing. This is because wave drag is proportional to thickness/chord ratio.
Disadvantage:
Structural weakness
Limited storage capacity (fuel and gear)
Poor low speed aerodynamic characteristics.
Why are wings swept?
Advantage:
High Mach cruise speed
Stability in turbulence – Wing produces less lift it is less responsive to up drafts.
Disadvantage:
Poor lift qualities
Higher stall speed due to poor lift qualities
Speed instability
Swept wings tend to stall first at the wing tip
Increase stall speed increases take off and landing speed reducing field performance.
Anti Ice fluid properties
Type 1 has a high glycol content and low viscosity – deciing performance is good but limited
protection against freezing.
Type 2 has minimum glycol content and thickening agent that enable the fluid to remain in contact
with aircraft surface – better holdover time.
If the airmass lapse rate id 2’C/1000ft and the air is saturated is the atmosphere stable or
unstable?
DALR = 3’C/1000ft
SALR = 1.5’C/1000ft
In the question the air is saturated so the surrounding air is cooler. ELR = 2’C and SALR = 1.5’C. So the
air mass can continue to rise = Unstable.
Destination Alternate
At least one must be selected for IFR flights unless:
-The duration of the flight from takeoff to landing is not over 6 hours and two separate runways are
available (and useable) at the destination. And the appropriate weather reports for the destination
indicate that 1 hour either side of the ETA the ceiling will be at least 2000ft or circling +500ft and
5km vis.
- The destination is isolated and no adequate alternate exists.