CHAPTER (4)
AIR CONDITIONING CYCLES
4-1 Introduction
Air-conditioning cycles consists of several air-conditioning processes
connected in a serial order, such processes determine the operating
performance of various components of the air conditioning equipment.
As mentioned before air conditioning systems classified into two categories:
• Comfort air conditioning, and
• Industrial air conditioning
In this chapter the air conditioning cycles for both categories shall be
discussed
Comfort Air Conditioning
Based on outdoor weather conditions, the cycles operate on three modes:
1- Summer Mode (dbto > dbtr), when both outdoor and indoor
operating parameters are in summer conditions. Equipment is
selected to satisfy the summer outdoor and indoor design conditions.
2- Winter Mode (dbto< dbtr), when both outdoor and indoor operating
parameters are in winter conditions. The same equipment is also
selected to satisfy winter outdoor and indoor design conditions
3- Year Round Mode. Year –round air-conditioning system must be
capable of maintaining a specified temperature and humidity within the
air-conditioned space regardless the outside weather conditions.
Also based on ratio of fresh air and re-circulated air, there are different types
of arrangement:
1- Mixing Arrangement: room return air is mixed with minimum or
optimum predetermined amount of outside fresh air.
2- All Fresh (100% F.A.) Arrangement: all outside fresh air is used (no
re-circulation air). This arrangement is highly uneconomical unless
outdoor conditions are very close to the required conditions. ( more
energy consumption)
3- All Return Arrangement: all the return air is re-circulated and passes
through the air conditioner without any mixing with outside air ( less
energy consumption - bad for air change and ventilation)
Fresh Mixing Supply
air air air
A/C
Room
Return
air
Mixing
In this system, the amount of outside fresh air is mixed with the room return
air (re-circulated air) according to the predetermined mixing ratio
& =m
m & +m &
s r o
Where ms = the total amount of supply air
&
& = the amount of re-circulated air
m r
&
mo = the amount of outside fresh air
100% Supply air
Fresh air
A/C
Room
100% Fresh air
In this system the outside fresh air (100%) is supplied without mixing to the
conditioner and to the room (No re-circulated air used)
& =m
m s o
Supply air
A/C
Room
Return air
100% Return air
In this case all the room return air is re-circulated without any mixing with the
outside fresh air
m& =m & &m & = 0.0
s r o
4-3 Summer Mode Operation
A) System using Cooling and Dehumidification coil with mixing
between recirculating and outside fresh air.
(O)
Fresh air 100%
S
C.C
Mix. Supply air
box
(-)
Fan
(R) Air Handling Unit Room
(dbt)R
(RH)R
Exhaust
Return air air
o
O
R m s . %
90
RH =
0% RH
10 m
w
R
S
A
[Link].
dbt
Return air from the conditioned space (R) is mixed with outdoor air at point
(O) in the mixing box. The mixture air (m) is the then cooled and dehumidified
by passing over the cooling coil, which leaves it at point (s) (90% to 95% RH).
The conditioned air (S) flows through the supply fan, and then enters to the
conditioned space through the supply outlets. When supply air absorbs the
room sensible and the room latent loads from the space, it becomes space air
at point (R).
Cycle calculations:
Given:
1- Outside Conditions ( dtbo & wbto)
2- Room Conditions (dbtr & Rhr)
3- Room loads (RSH, RLH)
& ) for ventilation
4- Outside fresh air ( V o
R
S F) O
x (1-B
BF w
O
m
ADP R
S
R x1
dbt
1- ROOM LOAD
& =m
The room supply air m & +m
&
s r o
&
m RM
Mixing ratio = o =
&
m OR
s
& (h
Room Sensible Heat (RSH)= m h ) kW
s x s
Room Latent Heat (RLH) &
= m (h h ) kW
s r x
Room Total Heat (RTH)=Room sensible Heat + Room Latent Heat
& (h
RTH=RSH+RLH = m h ) kW
s r s
RSH RSH
Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR)= = , which is parallel
RTH RSH + RLH
to line (SR)
2- OUTSIDE AIR LOAD (OAH)
V&
& = o kg/s
Amount of outside air m
o v
o
Outside Sensible Heat (OSH) = m& (h h )
o x1 r
Outside Latent Heat (OLH)= m& (h h )
o o x1
Outside Total Heat (OTH)= Outside Sensible Heat + Outside Latent Heat
OTH = OSH + OLH = m & (h h ) kW
o o r
3- GRAND TOTAL LOAD (GTH)
Grand Sensible Heat = Room Sensible Heat + Outside Sensible Heat
GSH = RSH + OSH
Grand Latent Heat = Room Latent Heat + Outside Latent Heat
GLH = RLH + OLH
Grand Total Heat = Grand Sensible Heat+ Grand Latent Heat
GTH= GSH + GLH
=m& (h h ) kW
s m s
GSH GSH
Grand Sensible Heat Ratio (GSHR) = = ,which is parallel
GTH GSH + GLH
to line(SM).
F) o
(1-B
BF
GSHR w
m
ADP S R
RSHR
dbt
The Grand sensible heat Ratio (GSHR) also known as the coil or Apparatus
sensible heat Ratio ([Link])
4- Cooling Coil Capacity (CC)
The cooling coil capacity (CC) = Grand Total Heat
=m & (h h ) KW
s m s
& (h
m h )
= s m s TR
3.5
& (w
Amount of moisture removed = m
s m w s ) × 3600 kg/hr
& (m3 /hr)
5- Supply Air Flow Rate V
s
The amount of supply air to the conditioning space can given by:
V& = m v × 3600 (m3 /hr)
s s s
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B) Summer System using Chilled Water Sprayer &Mixing between
Return and Outside Fresh Air.
In case of using chilled water spray instead of cooling coil, and due to the
complete contact of air and the water sprayers which its temperature bellows
the dew point temperature, the air is cooled and dehumidified . The by pass
factor (BF) in this case is nearly zero, so that the leaving condition which exit
from the conditioner point (s) shall be at 100 % RH. As shown on the
psychometric chart
O Fresh air Chilled water
sprayers
S
Mix. Supply air
Filter
box
Supply fan
Room
Makeup
(dbt)R
(RH)R
Exhaust
air
Return air
R
o
O
R m s
.
RH
0%
w
10
m
R
S
Chilled water sprayers
dbt
Cycle Calculations
The same calculations can be preformed as in case (a)
& =m
The room supply air m & +m &
s r o
&
m
Mixing ratio = o = RM
&
m OR
s
V
Amount of outside air m = o
&
o v
o
& (h
Room Total Load (RTH)= m h ) kW
s r s
& (h
Grand Total Heat (GTH)= m h ) kW
s m s
RSH RSH
Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR)= = , which is
RTH RSH + RLH
parallel to line (SR)
GSH GSH
Grand Sensible Heat Ratio (GSHR) = = ,which is
GTH GSH + GLH
parallel to line(SM).
& (h
The cooling coil capacity (CC) = m h ) KW
s m s
& (h
m h )
= s m s TR
3.5
& (w
Amount of moisture removed = m w ) × 3600 kg/hr
s m s
The amount of supply air to the conditioning space can given by:
V& = m v × 3600 m3/hr
s s s
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C) Summer System using Cooling Coil , Reheat Coil with Mixing
between Return and Outside Fresh Air.
In many applications of summer air conditioning the latent heat load in the
room is high enough then it becomes necessary to cool the air far below the
air temperature required at the supply of the room to remove the moisture.
Under this condition, reheating of the air leaving the conditioner becomes
necessary.
O
Fresh air 100%
S
C.C H.C
Mix.
Filter
Supply air
box
(-) (+)
Fan
Air Handling Unit Room
(dbt)R
(RH)R
Exhaust
Return air air
R
o
O
R m x s .
RH
00% w
1 m
A R
x S
dbt
The reheating process is represented by the line (X-S) as sensible heating
process .
Cycle Calculations
& =m
The room supply air m & +m
&
s r o
&
m
Mixing ratio = o = RM
&
m OR
s
V&
& = o kg/s
Amount of outside air m
o v
o
Room Total Load (RTH)= m & (h h ) kW
s r s
Grand Total Heat (GTH)= m& (h h ) kW
s m x
Reheat Capacity = m& (h h ) kW
s s x
RSH RSH
Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR)= = , which is
RTH RSH + RLH
parallel to line (SR)
GSH GSH
Grand Sensible Heat Ratio (GSHR) = = ,which is
GTH GSH + GLH
parallel to line(XM).
& (h
The cooling coil capacity (CC) = m h ) KW
s m X
& (h
m h )
= s m x TR
3.5
The amount of supply air to the conditioning space can given by:
V& = m v × 3600 m3/hr
s s s
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D) Summer air conditioning system using cooling and dehumidification
and 100% outside fresh air
In this system 100 % outside fresh air is supplied to the air conditioning to be
cooled and dehumidifying before supplied to the conditioning space (room),
no mixing occurs as the air is exhausted to the outside. This system applied
for special cases like surgical rooms, pharmaceutical industry, and some food
industries
O
Fresh air 100%
S
C.C
Mix.
Filter
Supply air
box
(-)
Fan
Air Handling Unit Room
(dbt)R
(RH)R
Exhaust
air
O
O s .
RH
0 %
10 w
R
A S
dbt
Cycle Calculations
& =m
The room supply air m s o
V&
& = o kg/s
Amount of outside air m
o v
o
& (h
Room Total Heat (RTH) =RSH+RLH = m h ) kW
s r s
& (h
Grand Total Heat (GTH)= m h ) kW
s o
s
RSH
Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR)= , which is parallel to line (SR)
RTH
GSH
Grand Sensible Heat Ratio (GSHR) = ,which is parallel to line(OS).
GTH
& (h
m h )
& (h
The cooling coil capacity (CC) = m h ) KW = s o s TR
s o s 3.5
Rate of moisture removal (dehumidification)= m& (w w ) × 3600
s o s
& = m v × 3600 m3/hr
The amount of supply air V
s s s
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E) Summer Air Conditioning for Dry Climates
In some places the outside design conditions in summer weather is hot
(dbto>dbtr) and the outside relative humidity is very low ( Rho<<), so the air
conditioner must cool and humidified the air.
The air conditioner consists of pre-cooler (Dx-coil, or chilled water coil) to
sensibly cool the air, then the adiabatically humidified by an air washer
R Return
air
Fan
C.C
O m x Space
S
(-) Supply
Fresh
air
air (dbt)R
Makeup (RH)R
Air washer
hx=hs w
R wR
s'
. s
% RH x m wm=wx
100
o wo
dbt
Cycle Calculations
& =m
The room supply air m & +m
&
s r o
&
m
Mixing ratio = o = RM
&
m OR
s
& (h
Room Total Load (RTH)= RSH + RLT= m h ) kW
s s r
m& (h h )
&
The pre-cooler capacity (CC) = m (h h ) KW = s m x TR
s m X 3.5
Water Consumption by Humidifier = m& (w w ) × 3600 m3/hr
s s x
w ) (w
Humidifier effectiveness = x s
(w w )
s x
RSH
Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR)= , which is parallel to line (SR)
RTH
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