Chapter 13 – Complex Number

Exercise 13.1

1. Evaluate the following:

(i) i457

O T IS
(ii) i528 N A D
CO N
(iii)

+
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(iv)

(v) +
ED PR

(vi) + + +
©

(vii) i30 + 140 + i60

(viii) i49 + i68 + i89 + 1110

Solution :
(i) i457
D

Let us simplify we get,

i457 = i(456 + 1)
= i4(114) × i
=(1)114 × i
= i[since i4 = 1]
(ii) i528
Let us simplify we get,
i528 = i4(132)
=(1)132
= 1[since i4 =1]

O T IS
(iii) N A D
CO N
Let us simplify we get,
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=

= ×
ED PR

= ×
©

= [since, i4 =1]

= [since 12 = -1]

= -1

!
+
D

(iv) "

Let us simplify we get,

!
+ " = i36+1 + #

=i+ # [ since i4 =1 ]
=i+

= i +i
= 2i

(v) $
+ "

Let us simplify we get,

$
+ " O T IS
= $%&
+
N A D
CO N
= + ) *+,, = −1
O UC AA
(
T IO
PY
=0 − 1
=0
ED PR

!!
+ !%
+ 3!
+ $ $
©

(vi)
Let us simplify we get,
!!
+ !%
+ 3!
+ $ $
= (i(76 +1 ) + i(68 +2) + i(84+3) + i(412 +2))3
=(i + i2 + i3 + i2)3 [ since i3 = -i , i2 = -1 ]
=(i +(-1) +(-i) + (-1))3
D

=(-2)3
= -8
(vii) i30 + 140 + i60
Let us simplify we get,
i30 + 140 + i60 = i(28 +2) + i40 + i60
= (i4)7 i2 +(i4)10 + (i4)15
= i2 + 110 + 115
= -1 + 1 + 1

O T IS
=1 N A D
CO N
(viii) i49 + i68 + i89 + 1110
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Let us simplify we get,
i49 + i68 + i89 + 1110 = i(48 +1) + i68 + i(88+1) + i(116 +2)
ED PR

= (i4)12 × i + (i4)17 + (i4)22 × i + (i4)29 × i2

=i+1+i–1
©

= 2i

2. Show that 1 + i10 + i20 + i30 in a real number?

D

Solution
Given
1 + i10 + i20 + i30 = 1 + i(8+2) + i20 + i(28+2)
= 1 + (i4)2 × i2 + (i4)5 + (i4)7 × i2
= 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 [since, i4 = 1, i2 = -1]
=0
Hence, 1 + i10 + i20 + i30 is a real number.

3. find the values of the following expressions :

(i) i49 + i69 + i89 + i110

O T IS
(ii) i30 + i80 + i120
(iii) i + i2 + i3 + i4
N A D
CO N
(iv) i5 + i10 + i15
O UC AA
T IO
PY
45 6 &5 6 &5 &5 &5 7
45 &5 &5 &5 &5 7
(v)
ED PR

(vi) 1 + i2 +i4 + i6 + i8 +.......+ i20

(vii) (1 + i)6 + (1 – i)3
©

Solution
(i) i49 + i69 + i89 + i110
Let us simplify we get,
D

i49 + i69 + i89 + i110 = i(48 +1) + i68 + i(88+1) + i(108 +2)
= (i4)12 × i + (i4)17 + (i4)22 × i + (i4)27 × i2
= i + 1 + i – 1 [since i4 = 1, i2 = -1]
=2i
∴ i49 + i68 + i89 + i110 = 2i
 (ii) i30 + i80 + i120
Let us simply we get
i30 + i80 + i120 = i(28+2) + i80 + i120
= (i4)7 × i2 + (i4)20 + (i4)30
= - 1 + 1 + 1[since i4 = 1, i2 = -1]

O T IS
=1
∴ i30 + i80 + i120 = 1
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(iii) i + i2 + i3 + i4
Let us simplify we get,
ED PR

i + i2 + i3 + i4 = i + i2 + i2 × i + i4
= i -1 + (-1) × i + 1[since i4 = 1, i2 = -1]
©

=i–1–i+1
=0
∴ i + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0
D

(iv) i5 + i10 + i15

Let us simplify we get,
i5 + i10 + i15 = i(4+1) + i(8+2) + i(12+3)
= (i4)1 × i + (i4)2 × i2 + (i4)3 × i3
= (i4)1 × i + (i4)2 × i2 + (i4)3 × i2 × i
= 1 × i + 1 × (-1) + 1 × (-1) × i
=i–1–i
=-1
∴ i5 + i10 + i15 = - 1

4< ( &< (= &< &< &< 7

0< &< &< " &< " &< " 1
(v)

O T IS
Let us simplify we get,
4< ( &< (= &< &< &< 7 & =& & " & "
N A D
= "

CO N
0< &< &< " &< " &< " 1 & =& " & " & "
=
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= i10
=i8 i2
ED PR

= (i4)2 i2
= (1)2 (-1) [since i4 = 1, i2 = -1]
©

= -1
4< ( &< (= &< &< &< 7
0< &< &< " &< " &< " 1
= -1

(vi) 1 + i2 +i4 + i6 + i8 +.......+ i20

D

Let us simplify we get,

1 + i2 +i4 + i6 + i8 +.......+ i20 = 1 + (-1) + 1 + (-1) + 1 + .....+ 1
=1
∴ 1 + i2 +i4 + i6 + i8 +.......+ i20 = 1
(vii) (1 + i)6 + (1 – i)3
Let us simplify we get
(1 + i)6 + (1 – i)3 = {(1 + i )2}3 + (1 – i)2 (1 – i)
= {1 + i2 + 2i}3 + (1 + i2 – 2i)(1 –i)
={1 – 1 + 2i}3 + (1 – 1 – 2i)(1 – i)
=(2i)3 + (-2i) (1 –i )

O T IS
= 8i3 + (-2i) + 2i2
= -8i – 2i – 2 [since i3 = -i , i2 = - 1]
N A D
CO N
= - 10 i – 2
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= - 2(1 + 5i)
= - 2 – 10i
ED PR

∴ (1 + i)6 + (1 – i)3 = - 2 – 10i

©
D
 Exercise 13.2

1. Express the following complex numbers in the standard

from
a+ ib:
(i) (1 + i ) (1 + 2i)
&
&
O T IS
(ii) N A D
CO N
&
(iii)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
&
(iv)
&
ED PR

&
(v)
4 & &√ 7
(vi)
©

&
&
(vii)

(viii)

(ix) +
D

(x) 0
& 1

(xi) ? − @? @
& &

&√
√
(xii)
Solution
(i) (1 + i) (1 + 2i)
Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a +ib),
(1 + i)(1 + 2i) = (1+ i) (1 + 2i)
= 1(1 +2i) + (1 + 2i)
= 1 + 2i + 2i2

O T IS
= 1 +3i + 2(-1) [since, i2 = -1]
= 1 + 3i – 2
N A D
CO N
= - 1 + 3i
O UC AA
T IO
PY
∴ The values of a, b are -1, 3
ED PR

&
&
(ii)
©

Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

= ×
& &
& &
[Multiply and divide with (-2 –i)]
0 & 1
0 1
=
4 A $ 7
$
=
D

0 A ! 1
$
= [since, i2 = -1]
0 $ !1
B
=

∴ The values of a, b are − B , − B

$ !
 &
(iii)

Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

&
= & &

=$ &$
[since, i2 = -1]

×
$
&$ $
=

=
$
$
O T IS
N A D
CO N
$
C A
O UC AA
= T IO
PY
$
=C A
[since, i2 = -1]
$
ED PR

B
=

∴ The value of a, b are ,−

$
B B
©

&
(iv)

Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

= ×
D

& &
[Multiply and divide with (1 –i)]
&
=
&
=

=−
 =-i
∴ The values of a, b are 0,-1

& #
&
(v)

Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

=
& # #& #& &
& &

=
3&
O T IS
. &
&
$ &A
N A D
CO N
3& & &A
O UC AA
T IO
PY
&
=
&
&
=
ED PR

[Multiply and divide with (2-3i)]

×
&
&
©

=
0 & 1
=
$& A
$ C
= [since, i2 = -1]
!& A
=
D

∴ The values of a, b are

! A
,

4 & &√ 7
(vi)

Let us simplify and express the standard form of (a + ib)

4 & &√ 7 4 &√ & &√ 7
=

=
& √ & &√

& √ & &√

= [Since, i2 = -1]
4 & &√ 7
=
√

O T IS
[Multiply and divide with (1 + i)]
4 & &√ 7
×
√ &
&
N A D
CO N
=
4 √ & & &√ & 7
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=
4 √ & √ & &√ & &√ 7
[since, i2 = -1]
ED PR

4 √ & √ & &√ & &√ 7

=
©

√ &
=

= -√3 +
∴ The values of a, b are -√3 , 1
D

&
(vii) $&B

Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib),

&
$&B
= [Multiply and divide with (4 – 5i)]

= $&B × $
& $ B
B
 0 $ B & $ B 1
= $ B

43 %& B 7
= A B
03& 1
=
B
A B
[Since, i2 = -1]
&
$
=

∴ The values of a, b are

$
,$

O T IS
N A D
CO N
#
O UC AA
#
T IO
PY
(viii)

Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

4 # & #7
=
#
ED PR

# .
4 & .7
0) *+,, = −11
©

4 & .7
= 0) *+,, = −11
0 1
&
=
0 $1
&
=
D

[Multiply and divide with (1 –i)]

0 $1
= &
×
0 $ 1
=
 4 & $ &$ 7
=
0 &$ 1
=
A <
=
= -3 – i
∴The values of a, b are -3, -1

O T IS
N A D
CO N
(ix) (1 + 3i)-3
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

& #
(i +2i)-3 =
ED PR

= #& & & #

&A &$ &3 #

©

&A &$ &3 .

= [since, i2 = -1]

0) *+, = −11
&A &3
=

=
D

=− &

[Multiply and divide with (3 -2i)]

=− &
×
&
C $
=
 & <
=
&
=

∴ The value of a, b are − ,

$
(x) 0 $ & 1

$ O T IS
Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

= 0$
$
N A D
CO N
0 $ & 1 & & 1
O UC AA
T IO
PY
$
= 0$&$ 1

0) *+,, = −11
$
ED PR

= 0$& 1
$
= A&
©

[Multiply and divide with (6 -2i)]

×A
$ A
= A&
0 A $ A 1
A
=

4 3 A $ &3 7
D

A $
=
0 3 1
0) *+,, = −11
% &3
A $
=
0 % %1
$%
=

$
=
∴ The values of a, b are $ , − $

(xi) ? − @ ? B& @
$
$ &

Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)

? − @? @ =? @? @
$ & $ $
$ & B& $ & B&

=? @ ? B& @
& &3 $

O T IS =?
&
&C
$ &

@ ? B& @
$
N A D
CO N
& $ $
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=? @? @
&C $
$ B&

=
&C< $<
ED PR

B < B&<
$ &C
B B& B&
=
©

&$ & ! C
B&B B
=
& C
B %
=
A&
3 %
=
D

[Multiply and divide with (28 + 10i)]

×
A& 3& %
3 % 3& %
=
A 3& % & 3& %
3 %
=

= 168 + 60 + 868 + − 100

%
!3$
 A3&C 3 & %
!3$ %%
=
$!3&C 3
33$
=

∴The values of a, b are 33$ , 33$

$!3 C 3

B&√
√
(xii)

O T IS
Let us simplify and express in the standard form of (a + ib)
N A D
= 4GHIJ KIL M*N N O N, P Jℎ 1 + √2 7

CO N
B&√
√
O UC AA
T IO
PY
B&√ &√ &√
R
=
ED PR

4B&B√ &√ & 7

=
4B&A√ & 7
0) *+,, = −11
©

4 &A√ 7
=

= 1 + 2√2
∴ The values of a, b are 1, 2√2
D

2. Find the real values of x and y if

(i) (x + iy) (2-3i) = 4 + i
(ii) (3x – 2iy) (2 + i)2 = 10(1 + i)
 + =
& S T&
&
(iii)

(iv) (1 + i) (x + iy) = 2 – 5i

Solution
(i) (x + iy) (2-3i) = 4 + i
Given:

O T IS
(x + iy) (2 -3i) = 4 + i
N A D
CO N
Let us simplify the expression we get
O UC AA
T IO
PY
X(2 – 3i) + iy (2 – 3i) = 4 + i
2x – 3xi + 2yi – 3yi2 = 4 + i
ED PR

2x + (-3x + 2y)i – 3y(-1) = 4 + i [ since i2 = -1]

2x + (-3x + 2y)i + 3y = 4 + i [ since i2 = -1]
©

(2x + 3y) + i(-3x + 2y) = 4 + i

Equation real and imaginary parts on both sides we get
2x + 3y = 4.... (i)
And -3x + 2y = 1... (ii)
Multiply (i) by 3 and (ii) by 2 and add
D

On solving we get
6x – 6x – 9y + 4y = 12 + 2
13y = 14
$
Y=

Substitute the value of y in (i) we get,

2x + 3y = 4

2x + 3? @ = 4
$

B $
=
%
2x =
B
X=
B $
X= y=
O T IS
N A D
∴The real values of x and y are ,
B $

CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(ii) (3x – 2i y) (2 + i)2 = 10(1 +i)
ED PR

Given
(3x – 2iy) (2 + i)2 = 10(1 + i)
©

(3x – 2yi) (22 + i2 + 2(2) (i)) = 10 + 10i

(3x -2yi) (4 +(-1)+ 4i) = 10 + 10i [since i2 = -1]
(3x – 2yi) (3 + 4i) = 10 + 10i
Let us divide with 3 + 4i on both sides we get,
%& %
D

&$
(3x – 2yi) =

= now multiply and divide with (3 – 4i)

0 % – $< & %< – $< 1
– $<
=
4 % $% & % $% 7
C A
=
 0!% %1
B
=

Now, equation real and imaginary parts on both sides we get

and -2y = −
!% %
B B
3x =
!%
X = !B and y = B
$
B B
X= and y =

∴ The real values of an x and y are ,B

$

O T IS B
N A D
CO N
O UC AA

+ =
& S T&
T IO
PY
&
(iii)

Given
ED PR

+ =
& V W&
&
& V & W& &
©

&
=i
& V & & W & &
=i
& V A& & A& C W& &
C
=i

& V A& & A ! W& &

D

%
= i [since i2 = -1]

(4+2i) x – 3i -3 + (9 – 7i)y = 10i

(4x + 9y – 3) + i(2x – 7y – 3) = 10i
Now, equation real and imaginary parts on both sides we get,
4x + 9y – 3 = 0.... (i)
And 2x – 7y – 3 = 10
2x – 7y = 13.... (iii)
Multiply (i) by 7 and (ii) by 9 and add
On solving these equations we get
28x + 18x +63y – 63y = 117 + 21
46x = 117 + 21

O T IS
46x = 138
3
$A
N A D
CO N
X=
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=3
Substitute the value of x in (i) we get
ED PR

4x + 9y – 3 = 0
9y = -9

Y = −C
C
©

= -1
X = 3 and y = -1
∴The real values of x and y are 3 and -1
D

(iv) (1+i) (x + iy) = 2 – 5i

Given
(1+ i) (x +iy) = 2 – 5i
Divide with (1 +i) on both the sides we get,
 B
&
(x + iy) =

Multiply and divide by (1 –i)

×
B
&
=
0 B 1
=
0 ! &B 1
= [since, i2 = -1]

=
!

O T IS
and y = −
!
N A D
CO N
∴Three real values of x and y are − , −
!
O UC AA
T IO
PY
3. Find the conjugates of the following complex numbers:
ED PR

(i) 4-5i

&
(ii)
©

&
(iii)

&
(iv)
0 & & 1
&
(v)
0 & 1
0 & 1
D

(vi)

Solution
(i) 4-5i
Given:
4 – 5i
We know the conjugate of a complex number (a + ib) is (a – ib)
So,
∴ The conjugate of (4 – 5i) is (4 + 5i)

&
(ii)

Given:

&B
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Since the given complex number is not in the standard form of (a
O UC AA
T IO
PY
+ ib)
Let us convert to standard form by multiplying and dividing with
ED PR

(3 – 5i)
We get,

= ×
B
©

&B &B B
B
B
=
B
C B
=
B
D

C B
= [since i2 = -1]

=3−
B
$

We know the conjugate of a complex number (a + ib) is (a – ib)

So,
∴ The conjugate of )
B &B
$ $

&
(iii)

Given:

&

O T IS
Since the given complex number is not in the standard form of
(a + ib)
N A D
CO N
Let us convert to standard form by multiplying and dividing with
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(1 –i)
We get
ED PR

&
= &
×
©

—
= [since i2 = -1]

We know the conjugate of a complex number (a + ib) is ( a – ib)

D

So,

∴ The conjugate of )
&
 &
(iv)

Given

&

Since the given complex number is not in the standard form of

(a + ib)

O T IS
Let us convert to standard form,

=
&
& &
N A D
CO N
C& A
O UC AA
T IO
PY
&
= [since i2 = -1]
3 A
&
=
ED PR

Now let us multiply and divide with (2 –i) we get,

= ×
3 A 3 A
& &
©

3 A
=
A 3 &A
$
= [since i2 = -1]

=
A % &A
B
D

% %
B
=

−
% %
B B
=

= 2 – 4i
We know the conjugate of a complex number (a + ib) is (a – ib)
So,
∴The conjugate of (2 – 4i) is (2 + 4i)

0 & & 1
&
(v)

Given:
0 & & 1
&

O T IS
Since the given complex number is not in the standard form of
N A D
CO N
(a +ib)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Let us convert to standard form,
0 & & 1 & & &
& &
=
ED PR

&& &
&
=
& &
©

&
= [since i2 = -1]
&
&
=

Now let us multiply and divide with (3 –i) we get

= ×
& &
& &
D

&
=
&C
C—
= [since, i2 = -1]
&3
%
=
 A&3
%
=

=B +
$
B

We know the conjugate of a complex number (a +ib) is (a –ib)

So,

∴The conjugate of )
&$ $
B B

0
O T IS
& 1
N A D
0 1

CO N
&
(vi)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Given:
0 & 1
0 & 1
ED PR

Since the given complex number is not in the standard form of

(a +ib)
©

Let us convert to standard form,

0 & 1 & &
0 & 1 &
=

A&C $ A
&$
=
A&B A
D

&
=
&B
$&
=

Now let us multiply and divide with (4 -3i) we get,

= ×$
&B &B $
$& $&
 $ &B $
$
=

$3 A& % B
A C
=
$3 A B
A C
=
A A
B
=

We know the conjugate of a complex number (a + ib) is (a – ib)

So,
O T IS
N A D
∴ The conjugate of )
A A A & A

CO N
B B
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR

4. Find the multiplication inverse of the following complex

numbers:
(i) 1 –i
©

(ii) (1 +i√ )2
(iii) 4 -3i
(iv) √ +
D

Solution
(i) 1 –i
Given:
1- i
We know the multiplication inverse of a complex number (z) is
z-1 or Y
so,
z=1–i
z-1 =

Let us multiply and divide by (1 + i) we get

×
&
&

O T IS
=
&
N A D
CO N
=
&
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= [since, i2 = -1]
&
=
ED PR

∴ The multiplicative inverse of (1-i) is

&
©

(ii) (1 +i√ )2
Given:
(1 +i√3)2
Z = (1 +i√3)2
D

= 12 + (1√3)2 + 2(1) (i√3)

= 1 + 3i2 + 2i√3
= 1 + 3(-1) + 2 i√3 [since i2 = -1]
= 1 – 3 + 2 i√3
= - 2 + 2i√3
We know the multiplicative inverse of a complex number (z) is
z-1 or Y
So,
Z = -2 + 2 i√3

Z-1 = + 2 √3

O T IS
Let us multiply and divide by -2 -2 i√3, we get
N A D
CO N
×
√
O UC AA
& √ √
T IO
PY
=

√
√
=
ED PR

√
=$

√
©

$
=

√
A
=

= −3 −
√
3

∴ The multiplicative inverse of (1+ i√3)2 is

<√
D

(iii) 4 – 3i
Given:
4 – 3i
We know the multiplicative inverse of a complex number (Z) is

Y
Z-1 or

So,
Z = 4 – 3i
Z-1 = $ − 3

Let us multiply and divide by (4 + 3i) we get

=$−3 ×4+
O T IS$
+ 3
N A D
CO N
=4+$ − 3
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=4+ − 9
A

=4+ − 9 −1
ED PR

=4+
B
©

∴ The multiplicative inverse of (4 – 3i) is

$&
B

(iv) √ +
D

Given:
√5 + 3
We know the multiplicative inverse of a complex number (Z) is
Z-1 or Y

So,
Z = √5 + 3

+3
√B
Z-1 =

Let us multiply and divide by √5 + 3

= ×
√B
√B& √B

=
√B
√B

=B
√B
C O T IS
N A D
CO N
=B
√B
O UC AA
T IO
PY
C

=
√B
$
ED PR

∴ The multiplicative inverse of √5 + 3 is

√B
$
©

5. if Z1 = 2 – i, Z2 = 1 + i, finds

rs r
s &s &
&s &
D

Solution
Given:
Z1 = (2 –i) and Z2 = (1 + i)
|t|
We know that, rur = |u|
t

So,
rY r = rY r
Y &Y & Y &Y &
&Y & &Y &

| & && |
=| & &|
|$|
=| |

O T IS
We know, |M + w| is √M + w
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
So now,

√$= &%
ED PR

R &
=
©

$
√
=

= 2√2

∴ The value of r Y r is 2√2

Y &Y &
&Y &
D

6. If Z1 = (2 –i), Z2 = (-2 + i), find

(i) Re ? @
x x
x x

(ii)Im ? @
x x

Solution
Given:

O T IS
Z1 = (2 –i) and Z2 = (-2 +i)

(i) Re ? @
x x
x x
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
We shall rationalise the denominator we get
= ×y
y y y y y
y y
ED PR

y y
y y
=

[since, Z z̅ = |z| ]
&
©

|y |
=

& × × &
| |
=
D

$ $ &
&
=
$ &
$&
=

& $ &
$&
=
 A& &3 &$
B
=

&
B
=

O T IS
7. Find the modulus of
&
− &
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Solution
ED PR

Given:

−
&
&
©

So,

−
&
&
Z=

Let us simplify we get

1+ 1+ −
D

0 & & & 7

= [since i2 = -1]
$
=

= 2i
We know that for a complex number Z = (a + ib) its magnitude is
given by |z| = R M + w

So,
|z| = R 0 + 2
=2

∴ The modulus of − ) 2.
&

O T IS &
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
|& }
~•€•‚ that x2 + y2 = 1

PY
8. If x + iy = | }
ED PR

Solution
Given:
©

t& u
X +iy = t u

We know that for a complex number Z = (a +ib) it’s magnitude is

given by |z| = R M + w
D

So,
|t|
rur ) |u|
t

Applying modulus on both sides we get,

|ƒ + L| = r r
t& u
t u
 √t &u
Rt & u
=

√t &u
√t &u
=

=1
Squaring on both sides we get,

?Rƒ + L @ = 1

X2 + y2 = 1
∴ Hence proved.
O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
& „
9. Find the least positive integral value of n for which is
ED PR

real.
©

Solution
Given:
& …

& …
D

Z=

Now let us multiply and divide by (1 +i) we get

×
& &
&
=
&
=
 & &
=
&
=

=
= i[which is not real]
For n = 2 we have
&
=
O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= -1 [which is real]
& …
So, the smallest positive integral ‘n’ that can make real is
ED PR

2.
∴The smallest positive integral value of ‘n’ is 2.
©

10. Find the real values of † for which the complex number
& ‡€ˆ †
‡€ˆ †
is purely real.
D

Solution
Given:
 & ‰Š‹ Œ
‰Š‹ Œ
& ‰Š‹ Œ
‰Š‹ Œ
Z=

Let us multiply and divide by (1+2i cos )

×
& ‰Š‹Œ & ‰Š‹Œ
‰Š‹Œ & ‰Š‹Œ

O T IS
=
& ‰Š‹Œ & ‰Š‹Œ & ‰Š‹Œ
N A D
CO N
‰Š‹Œ
=
& ‰Š‹ Œ& ‰Š‹Œ& ‰Š‹ Œ
O UC AA
T IO
PY
$ ‰Š‹ Œ
=
& ‰Š‹Œ& ‰Š‹ Œ
$ ‰Š‹ Œ
ED PR

=
& ‰Š‹Œ& ‰Š‹ Œ
$ ‰Š‹ Œ
=
©

‰Š‹ Œ& ‰Š‹Œ

&$‰Š‹ Œ
=

For a complex number to be purely real the imaginary part

should be equal to zero.
D

So,

=0
‰Š‹Œ
&$‰Š‹ Œ

3 cos • = 0 (since 1 + 4cos2 • ≥ 1)

Cos • = 0
Cos • = cos
•

0 …& •1
•= •‘’ * ∈ z

= 2n” ± , •‘’ * ∈ z
•

The value of • to get the complex number to be purely real is

2n” ± for n ∈ Z.
•

O T IS
N A D
CO N
11. Find the smallest positive integer value of n for which
& „
O UC AA
T IO
PY
„– is a real number.
ED PR

Solution
Given:
& —
©

—–

& —
Z= —–

Let us multiply and divide by (1 – i)2

D

×
& —
= —–

…
=? @ × 1−
&
 …
× @ × 1 + −2 1
& &
&
=?

…
= ? @ × 1 + −1 − 2
&

…
= ? @ × −2
&

…
= ? @ × −2
O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA

= in × (-2i)
T IO
PY
= -2in+1
ED PR

For n = 1,
©

Z = -2i1+1
= -2i2
= 2, which is a real number
∴The smallest positive integer value of n is 1.
D

− = S + T, find (x, y)
&
&
12. If

Solution
Given:
 − =ƒ+ L
&
&

Let us rationalize the denominator we get

? × @ − ? × @ = x + iy
& &
& &

?
& O T IS
@ − ?
&
@ =ƒ+ L
N A D
CO N
O UC AA

?
& &
T IO @ −?
&
@ = x + iy

PY
ED PR

? @ −? @ = x + iy
&
©

? @ − ?− @ = ƒ + L

i3 –(-i)3 = x + iy
2i3 = x + iy
D

2i2. I = x + iy
2(-1)l = x + iy
-2i = x + iy
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides we get
X = 0 and y = -2
∴ The values of x and y are 0 and -2.

= S + T , find x + y
&
13. If

Solution
Given:
&
O T IS
=ƒ+ L=ƒ+ L
N A D
CO N
Upon expansion we get
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=ƒ+ L
& &

& &
ED PR

− =ƒ+ L
©

Now, let us multiply and divide by (2+i) we get

× =ƒ+ L
&
&
D

=ƒ+ L
$&

=ƒ+ L
&$
$
 =ƒ+ L
&$
B

Let us equate real and imaginary parts on both sides we get,

X = − B and y = B
$

So,
X + y = −B +
$
B
&$
B
O T IS
N A D
CO N
=
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=B

∴ The value of ƒ + L ) B
ED PR
©
D
 Exercise 13.3

1. find the square root of the following complex number.

(i) -5 + 12i
(ii) -7 -24i
(iii) 1 – i

O T IS
(iv) – 8 – 6i N A D
(v) 8 – 15i

CO N
(vi) -11 – 60√−
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(vii) 1 + 4√−
ED PR

(viii) 4i
(ix) –i
©

Solution

If b > 0, √M + w = ± ™š › + š ›œ
t&√t &u t&√t &u

If b < 0, √M + w = ± ™š › − š ›œ
t&√t &u t&√t &u
D
(i) -5 + 12i

Given
-5 + 12i
We know Z = a + ib
So, √M + w = R −5 + 12

Here b > 0 O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Let us simplify now,

√−5 + 12 = ± ™š › + š ›œ
B&R B & B&R B &
ED PR

[Since b > 0]
©

= ± ™? @ + ? @œ
B&√ B& $$ B&√ B& $$

= ± ™? @ + ? @œ
B&√ AC B&
D

= ± ™? @ + ? @œ
B& B&√ AC
= ± ž? @ + ? @ Ÿ
3 3

=± 4 + 9

= ± 02 + 3 1

O T IS
∴ Square root of (-5 + 12i) is ±[2 + 3i]
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR

(ii) -7 -24i
Given:
©

-7 – 24i
We know Z = -7 – 24i
So, √M + w = R −7 − 24
Here b < 0
D

Let us simplify now,

R −7 − 24 =

± ™š › − š ›œ
!&R ! & $ !&R ! & $
[Since b < 0]

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
!&√$C&BA! !&√$C&BA!

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
!&√A B !&√A B

O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA

= ± ž? @ − ? @Ÿ
!& B !& B
T IO
PY
ED PR

= ± ž? @ − ? @ Ÿ
3
©

= ± 9 − 16

= ± 03 − 4 1
D

∴ Square root of (-7 -24i) is ± [3 -4i]

(iii) 1 – i
Given:
1 –i
We know, Z = (1 – i)
So, R M + w = R 1 −
Here, b < 0

O T IS
N A D
CO N
Let us simplify now,

R R
R 1− = ± ™š1 + › − š−1 + ›œ
O UC AA
& &
T IO
[Since, b < 0]
PY
ED PR
©

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
&√ & &√ &

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
&√ &√
D

= ± ž¡¢ £ − ¡¢ £Ÿ
√ & √

∴ Square root of (1 –i) is ± ž¡¢ £ − ¡¢ £Ÿ

√ & √
(iv) -8 – 6i

Given:
-8 – 6i
We know, Z = -8 – 6i
So, R M + w = −8 − 6
Here b < 0
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Let us simplify now,
O UC AA
T IO
PY
√−8 − 6 = ± ™š › − š ›œ
3&R 3 & A 3&R 3 & A
ED PR

[since b < 0 ]
©

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
3&√A$& A 3&√A$& A

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
3&√ %% 3&√ %%
D

= ± ž? @ − ? @Ÿ
3& % 3& %
= ± ž? @ − ? @ Ÿ
3

= 1 − 9

= ± 01 − 3 1

O T IS
∴ Square root of (-8 – 6i) is ± 01 − 3 1
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR

(v) 8 – 15 i
©

Given:
8 – 15i
We know Z = 8 – 15i
So, √M + w = 8 − 15
D

Here b < 0
Let us simplify now,
√8 − 15 = ± ™š › − š ›œ
3&R3 & B 3&R3 & B

[since b < 0 ]

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
3&√A$& B 3&√A$& B

O T IS
N A D
CO N
= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
3&√ 3C 3&√ 3C
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR

= ± ž? @ − ? @Ÿ
3& ! 3& !
©

= ± ž? @ − ? @ Ÿ
B C
D

= ± −
B
√ √

=±
R B
∴ Square root of 8 − 15 ) ±
R B

(vi) -11 - 60√−

Given:
- 11 – 60√−1
We know Z = -11 - 60√−1

O T IS
So, R M + w = −11 − 60√−1
N A D
CO N
= -11 – 60i
O UC AA

Here b < 0
T IO
PY
Let us simplify now,
ED PR

√−11 − 60 = ± ™š › −
&R & A%
©

š ›œ
&R & A%

[since b< 0]
D

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
&√ & A%% &√ & A%%

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
&√ ! &√ !
= ± ž? @ − ? @Ÿ
&A &A

= ± ž? @ − ? @ Ÿ
B% !

= ± 25 − 36 O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= ±05 − 61
ED PR

∴ square root of (-11 -60√−1 is ± (5 – 6i)

©

(vii) 1 + 4√−
Given:
1+4√−3
We know Z = 1 + 4√−3
D

So, R M + w = 1 + 4√−3
= 1 + 4(√3) (√−1
= 1 + 4√3 i
Here b > 0
Let us simplify now,

⎡ &¢ & $√ &¢ & $√

⎤
1+4√−3 = ± ⎢§ ¨ + § ¨⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
[since b > 0]

= ± ™?
O T IS
&√ &$3
@ + ?
&√ &$3
@œ
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
= ± ™?
&√$C

PY
@ + ?
&√$C
@œ
ED PR
©

= ± ž? @ + ? @Ÿ
&! &!
D

= ± ž? @ + ? @ Ÿ
3 A

=± 4 + 3
= ±42 + √3 7

∴ Square root of 1+4√−3 is ±42 + √3 7

(viii) 4i

O T IS
N A D
CO N
Given:
O UC AA
T IO
PY
4i
We know Z = 4i
So, R M + w = 4
ED PR

Here b > 0
©

Let us simplify now,

√4 = ± ™š › + š › œ [since b > 0]
%&√% &$ %&√% &$
D

= ± ™? @ + ? @œ
%&√%& A %&√%& A
= ± ™? @ + ? @œ
%&√ A %&√ A

= ± ž? @ + ? @Ÿ
%&$ %&$

$ O T IS
= ± ž? @ + ? @ Ÿ
$
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=± 2 + 2
ED PR

= ± 4 √2 + √2 7
©

= ± √2 1 +

∴ Square root of 4i is ± √2 1 +
D
(ix) – i
Given:
-i
We know Z = -i
So, R M + w = −

Here b < 0
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Let us simplify now,
O UC AA
T IO
PY
√− = ± ™š › − š › œ [ since b < 0 ]
%&R% & %&R% &
ED PR
©

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
%&√%& %&√%&

= ± ™? @ − ? @œ
%&√ %&√
D

= ± ž? @ − ? @Ÿ
%& %&
= ± ž? @ − ? @Ÿ

=± −
√ √

=± −
O T IS
−1
N A D
CO N
√
O UC AA
T IO
PY
∴ Square root of –i is ± − −1
√
ED PR
©
D
 Exercise 13.4

1. Find the modulus and arguments of the following complex

numbers and hence express each of them in the polar form:

O T IS
(i) 1 + i
(ii) √ +
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
(iii) 1 – i T IO
PY
&
(iv)
ED PR

&
(v)
&
(vi)
©

(vii) sin 120o – i cos 120o

(viii) –
&√

Solution
D

We know that the polar form of a complex number Z = x + iy is

given by Z = |z|
(cos • + i sin • )
Where,
|z̅| = modulus of complex number = R ƒ + L
|W|
• = arg (Z) = argument of complex number = tan-1 ?|V|@

(i) 1 + i
Given: Z = 1 +i
O T IS
N A D
CO N
So now,
|¬| = Rƒ + L
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= √1 + 1
ED PR

= √1 + 1
= √2
©

|W|
• = tan-1 ?| |@
V

= tan-1 ? @
D

= tan-1 1

Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 1st quadrant and the
value of • is 0o ≤ • ≤ 90o
•=$
•

Z = √2 cos ? $ @ + sin ? $ @
• •

∴ Polar form of (1 +i) is √2 cos ? $ @ + sin ? $ @

• •

(ii) √ +
Given: Z = √3 +
O T IS
N A D
CO N
So now,
|¬| = R ƒ + L
O UC AA
T IO
= ¢ √3 + 1
PY
ED PR
©

=R 3+1

= √4
D

=2

|W|
• = tan-1 ?| |@
V
= tan-1 ? @
√

Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 1st quadrant and the
value of • is 0o ≤ • ≤ 90o

•=A
•

O T IS
Z = 2?cos ? A @ + sin ? A @@
• •
N A D
CO N
∴ polar form of √3 + ) 2(cos ? A @ + sin ? A @
• •
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR

(iii) 1 – i
©

Given: Z = 1 –i
So now,
|z| = Rƒ + L

= R1 + −1

=R 1+1
D

= √2
|W|
• = tan-1 ?|V|@

= tan-1 ? @
Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 4th quadrant and the
value of • is -90o ≤ • ≤ 0o

•=−
•
$

Z = √2 (cos ?− $ @ + sin ?− $ @
• •

= √2 ? @ − sin ? $ @
®¯° • •
$

O T IS
∴ polar form of (1 –i) is √2 cos $ − sin $
• •
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
&
(iv)
ED PR

&
Given : Z =

Let us multiply and divide by (1 –i) we get

©

×
&
Z=

=
&
=
D

&
=

=−
= 0 –i
So now,
|z| = Rƒ + L

= R0 + −1
= √0 + 1
= √1

• = tan-1 ?| |@
O T IS
|W|
N A D
CO N
V
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= tan-1 ?%@

= tan-1 ∞
ED PR

Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 4th quadrant and the
value of • is -90o ≤ • ≤ 0o
©

•=-
•

Z = 1 ?cos − + sin − @
• •

= 1 ?cos − sin @
• •
D

∴Polar form of ) 1 ?+‘) − ) * @

• •
&
 &
(v)

&
Given: Z =

Let us multiply and divide by (1 –i) we get

×
&
Z=

= —
O T IS
N A D
CO N
=
O UC AA
T IO
PY
So now,
|z| = Rƒ + L
ED PR

=¢ + ?− @
©

= ¢$ + $

= ¢$

√
D

=
|W|
• = tan-1 ?|V|@

? @
? @
-1
= tan
= tan-1 1
Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 4th quadrant and the
value of • is -90o ≤ • ≤ 0o

• = −$
•

?cos ?− $ @ + sin ?− $ @@
• •
√
Z=

=
√ O T IS
?cos ? $ @ − sin ? $ @@
• •
N A D
CO N
∴Polar form of ) ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@
• •
O UC AA
T IO & √ $ $

PY
&
ED PR

(vi)
&
Given: Z =
©

Let us multiply and divide by (1 + 3i) we get

×
& &
&
Z=
& & &
– #²
=
& & &A
D

C
=
&B<&A
C
=
B&B
%
=
= −1 +

So now,
|z| = Rƒ + L

= ¢?− @ + ? @

= ¢$ + $
O T IS
N A D
=¢
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
$

√
=
ED PR

|W|
• = tan-1 ?|V|@
©

= tan-1 ¡ £

= tan-1 1

Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 2nd quadrant and the
D

value of • is -90o ≤ • ≤ 180o

•=
•
$

?+‘) + )* @
• •
√ $ $
Z=
∴Polar form of ) ?+‘) + )* @
& • •
√ $ $

(vii) sin 120o – i cos 1200

Given: Z = sin 1200 – i cos 120o

− ?− @
√
=

+ ? @
√

O T IS
= N A D
CO N
So now,
|z| = R ƒ + L
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= ¢? @ + ? @
√
ED PR

= ¢?$ + $@
©

= ¢$
$

= √1
=1
D

|W|
• = tan-1 ?|V|@

? @
√#
= tan-1
š ›
= tan-1 ? @
√

Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 1st quadrant and the
value of • is 0o ≤ • ≤ 90o
•=
•
A

Z = 1 ?cos ? @ + sin ? @@
• •
A A

∴Polar form of + ? @ ) ? @ ) 1 cos ? A @ + sin ? A @

√ • •

O T IS
N A D
CO N
–
O UC AA
T IO
PY
&√
(viii)
A
&√
ED PR

Given: Z =

Let us multiply and divide by 1 − √3 we get

Z=− ×
A √
©

&√ √
A& A√
√
=

A& A√
=

A& A√
D

$
=

= -4 + i 4 √3
So now,
|z| = Rƒ + L
= ¢ −4 + 4√3

= R 16 + 48
= √64
=8

|W|
• = tan-1 ?|V|@

$√
O T IS
N A D
CO N
$
= tan-1
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= tan-1 √3
Since x > 0, y > 0 complex number lies in 2nd quadrant and the
ED PR

value of • is 90o ≤ • ≤ 180o

•=
•
©

Z = 8 cos ? @ + sin ? @
• •

∴ Polar form of is 8 cos ? @ + sin ? @

A • •
&√
D
2. write (i25)3 in polar form.

Solution
Given : z = (i25)3
= i75
= i74. i

O T IS
= (i2)37 . i
= (-1)37 . i
N A D
CO N
= (-1) . i
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= -i
=0–i
ED PR

So now,
|z| = Rƒ + L
©

= R0 + −1
= √0 + 1
= √1
|W|
• = tan-1 ?|V|@
D

= tan-1 ?%@

= tan-1 ∞
Since x ≥ 0, y < 0 complex number lies in 4th quadrant and the
value of • is -90o ≤ • ≤ 0o
•= −
•

Z = 1 ?cos ?− @ + sin ?− @@
• •

= 1 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@
• •

∴ Polar form of (i25)3 is 1 ? − sin @

‰Š‹• •

O T IS
3. Express the following complex numbers in the form r ( cos
†+ i sin † ):
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(i) 1 + i tan a
ED PR

(ii) tan a – i
(iii) 1 – sin a + i cos a
©

³ ³
‡€ˆ & ˆ „
(iv)

Solution
(i) 1 + i tan a
D

Given : Z = 1 + i tan a
We know that the polar form of a complex number Z = x + iy is
given by Z = |z| ( cos • + i sin •)
Where,
|z| = modulus of complex number = Rƒ + L
|W|
• = arg(Z) = argument of a complex number = tan-1 ?|V|@

We also known that tan a is a periodic function with period ”.

So a is lying in the interval 0, ∪ ”

• •

Let us consider case 1:

a ∈ 0,
•

O T IS
N A D
CO N
so now,
|z| = ’ = Rƒ + L
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= √1 + JM* M
= √),+ M
ED PR

•
= sec a since, sec a is positive in the interval [0, ]
©

|W|
• = tan-1 |V|

= tan-1 ?tan @
t

= tan-1 (tan a)

= a since, tan a is positive in the interval 0,

•
D

∴ Polar form is Z = sec a ( cos a + i sin a ]

Let us consider case 2:
a∈ ,”
•
so now,
|z| = ’ = Rƒ + L

= √1 + JM* M
= √),+ M
= |sec M|
,”
•
= - sec a since, sec a is negative in the interval

O T IS
|W|
• = tan-1 |V|
N A D
CO N
= tan-1 ?tan @
t
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= tan-1 (tan a)

= - ” + a since tan a is negative in the interval ? , ”@

•
ED PR

• = - ” + a [ since • lies in 4th quadrant]

Z = - sec a ( cos ( a – ”) + i sin (a – ”)
©

∴Polar form is Z = - sec a ( cos (a – ” ) + i sin ( a – ” )

(ii) Tan a – i
D

Given : Z = tan a – i
We know that the polar form of a complex number Z = x + iy is
given by Z = |z| (cos • + i sin • )
Where,
|z| = modulus of complex number = Rƒ + L
|W|
• = arg (Z) = argument of complex number = tan-1 ?|V|@

We also know that tan a is a periodic function with period ”.

So a is lying in the interval 0, ∪

• •

O T IS
Let us consider case 1:

a ∈ 0,
•
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
so now,
|z| = r = Rƒ + L

= √JM* M + 1
ED PR

= √),+ M
©

= |sec M| since, sec a is positive in the interval 0,

•

= sec a
|W|
• = tan-1 |V|

= tan-1 ?µ¶· t@
D

•
= tan-1 (cot a) since, cot a is positive in the interval [ 0, ]

= a – [since , • lies in 4th quadrant]

•

Z= sec a +‘) ?M − @ + ) * ? M − @
• •
∴Polar from is Z = sec a ?cos ?M − @ + sin ?M − @@
• •

Let us consider case 2:

a ∈ ? , ”@
•

so now,
|z| = ’ = Rƒ + L

= √JM* M + 1
= √),+ M O T IS
N A D
CO N
= |sec M|
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= - sec a since, sec a is negative in the interval ? , ”@
•

|W|
• = tan-1 ?| |@
ED PR

= tan-1 ?µ¶· t@
©

= tan-1 (cot a)

= + M ) *+,, cot M ) *,¸MJ O, * Jℎ, *J,’OMI ? , ”@

• •

•= + M0) *+, , • I ,) * 3Jℎ ¹HMN’M*J1

•

Z = - sec a ?cos ? + M @ + sin ? + M@@

• •
D

∴ polar form is Z = - sec a ?cos + M@ + sin ? + M@

• •

(iii) 1 – sin a + i cos a

Given : Z = 1 – sin a + i cos a
By using the formulas,
Sin2 • + cos2 • = 1
Sin 2 • = 2 sin • cos •
Cos 2• = cos2 • - sin2•
So,

Z = ?) * ? @ + +‘) ? @ − 2 sin ? @ cos ? @@ + š+‘) ? @ −

t t t t t

O T IS
N A D
CO N
) * ? @›
t
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@ + +‘) ? @ − ) * ? @
t t t t
ED PR

We know that the polar form of a complex number Z = x + iy is

given by Z = |z| ( cos • + i sin • )
©

Where,
|z| = modulus of complex number = Rƒ + L
|W|
• = arg (Z) = argument of complex number = tan-1 ?| |@
V
D

Now,

|z| = R 1 − ) *M + +‘) M
= √1 + ) * M − 2 ) *M + +‘) M
= √1 + 1 − 2) *M
= R 2 1 − sin M

= ¢ 2 ?) * ? @ + +‘) ? @ − 2 sin ? @ cos ? @@

t t t t

= ¢ 2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@
t t

O T IS
= r√2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@r
t t
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
º º
T IO
‰Š‹ ? @ ‹ … ? @

PY
• = tan-1 § º º
¨
š‰Š‹? @ ‹ …? @›
ED PR

º º º º
?‰Š‹? @ ‹ …? @@?‰Š‹? @&‹ …? @@
©

º º
= tan-1
š‰Š‹? @ ‹ …? @ ›

º º
®¯°? @&°<·? @
= tan-1 ¡ º º £
®¯°? @ °<·? @
D

º º
®¯°? @ &»t…? @
= tan ¡ º º £
®¯°? @ µ¶·? @
-1

¼ º
µ¶·? @&µ¶·? @
= tan-1 ¡ ¼ º £
µ¶·? @ µ¶·? @
= tan-1 ?tan ? $ + @@
• t

We know that sine and cosine functions are periodic with period
2”
Here we have 3 intervals:
0≤a≤
•

•
≤M≤
O T IS
•
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
≤ M ≤ 2”
•
ED PR
©

Let us consider case 1:

In the interval 0 ≤ M ≤
•

Cos ? @ > sin ? @ M*N MI)‘ 0 < $ + <

t t • t •

So,

|z| = r√2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@r

t t
D

= √2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@
t t
• = tan-1 ?tan ? $ + @@
• t

= $ + [since, • lies in 1st quadrant]

• t

∴polar from is Z = √2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@ ?cos ? $ + @ +

t t • t

sin ? $ + @@
• t

O T IS
N A D
CO N
Let us consider case 2:
≤M<
• •
O UC AA
T IO
PY
In the interval

Cos ? @ < sin ? @ M*N MI)‘ <$+ <”

t t • • t
ED PR

So,

|z| = r√2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@r

½ t
©

= - √2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@
t t

= √2 ?sin ? @ − cos ? @@
t t
D

• = tan-1 ?tan ? $ + @@
• t

=”− + [ since, • lies in 4th quadrant]

• t
$

−
• t
$
=
Since (1-sin a )> 0 and cos a < 0 [ z lies 4th quadrant]

= −
t •
$

∴ Polar form is Z = - √2 cos ? @ − sin ? @ šcos ? @ − ? $ @› +

t t t •

sin ? − $ @
t •

Let us consider case 3:

≤ M ≤ 2”
•
In the interval
t
O T IS
Cos ? @ < sin ? @ M*N MI)‘ ” < $ +
t • t
<
B•
N A D
CO N
$
O UC AA
T IO
PY
So,

|z| = r√2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@r

t t
ED PR

= −√2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@

t t

= √2 ?sin ? @ − cos ? @@
t t
©

= tan-1 ?tan ? $ + @@
• t

= ” − ? + @ [since, • lies in 1st quadrant and tan’s period is ”]

• t
$

= −
t •
D

∴polar from is Z = - √2 ?cos ? @ − sin ? @@ ?cos ? − @@ +

t t t •
$

sin ? − @
t •
$
(iv) ‡€ˆ³ ³
& ˆ„

¼ ² ¾¿À ¼
®¯° &
Given: Z =
# #

Let us multiply and divide by 1 − √3 P, ¸,J

O T IS
N A D
CO N
²√ #
&
Z=
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= 2 × 1 − + √3 × 1 − − √3
√
ED PR

× & √ &√
©

× & √ &√
—
=
× √ &√
$
D

× √ &√
$
=
 √ &√
=

We know that the polar form of a complex number Z = x + iy is

given by Z = |z| (cos • + i sin •)
Where,

O T IS
|z| = G‘NHIH) ‘• +‘GKI,ƒ *HGw,’ = Rƒ + L
N A D
|W|
•= arg (Z) = argument of complex number = tan-1 ?| |@

CO N
V
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Now,
ED PR

|z| = ¢?1 − @ + ?−1 − @

√ √
©

=¢1 + 2 − 2√3 + 1 + 2 +
√
$

= ¢$
3
D

= √2
√
• = tan ¡Á1 + − Á£
-1 √
= tan-1 ? @
&√
√
&√ &√
√ &√
= tan-1

& & √
= tan-1

= tan-1 ?4 + @
√

O T IS
N A D
CO N
Since x < 0, L < 0 complex number lies in 3rd quadrant and the
O UC AA
T IO
PY
value of • is 1800 ≤ • ≤ − 90o
ED PR

= tan-1 (2+√3)
©

=−
!•

Z = √2 ?cos ?− @ + sin ?− @@
!• !•
D

= √2 ?cos @ − sin ? @
!• !•

= √2 ? @ − sin ? @
®¯° !• !•
∴ Polar form of ) √2 ?cos ? @ − @
!• °<· !•
¼ ² ¾¿À ¼
®¯° &
# #

4. If Z1 and Z2 are two complex number such that |x | = |x |

ÂÂÂÂ
and arg (z1) + arg (z2) = ³ then show that Z1 = -x

Solution
Given:
O T IS
|z | = |z | and arg (Z1) + arg (Z2) = ”
N A D
CO N
Let us assume arg (Z1) = •
O UC AA
T IO
PY
arg (Z2) = ” – •
we know that in the polar from Z = |¬| (cos • + i sin •)
ED PR

Z1 = |z | (cos • + i sin •).......(i)

Z2 = |z | (cos (” – •) + i sin (” – • ))
©

= |z | (-cos • + i sin •)
= - |z | (cos • - i sin • )
Now let us find the conjugate of
z = - |z | (cos • - i sin • )......(ii) (since ÂÂÂÂÂ
ÂÂÂ ⌈z ⌉ = |z |)
D

Now,

=
y y ®¯° Œ& °<· Œ
ÂÂÂ
y Y ®¯° Œ& ‹ …Œ
 0) *+, |z | = |z |
|Y |
= − |Y |

= -1
When we cross multiply we get
Z1 = - ÂÂÂ
z

O T IS
N A D
CO N
Hence proved.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
5. If Z1, Z2 and Z3, Z4 are two pairs of conjugate complex

numbers, prove that arg ? @ + |•Å ? @ = 0

x x
ED PR

x x
©

Solution
Given :
Z1 = ÂÂÂ
z
Z3 = z$̅

We know that arg ? @ = arg z − arg z

y
D

So,

Arg?y @ + arg ?Y @ = arg(z1) – arg(z4) + arg(z2) – arg (Z3)

y y
#
= arg (z̅ ) – arg (Z4) + arg (Z2) – arg (z$̅ )
= [arg(z ) + arg z̅ ] – [arg(z$ ) + arg (z$̅ )]
= 0 – 0 [ since arg (Z) + arg (z̅) = 0]
=0

Hence proved.

O T IS ³
+ ? − ‡€ˆ @ in polar form.
³
N A D
CO N
6. Express sin
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Solution
ED PR

Given:

Z = sin B + ?1 − cos B @
• •
©

By using the formula,

Sin 2• = 2 sin • cos •
1 – cos 2• = 2 sin2 •
So,

Z = 2 sin cos + ?2) * @

• • •
D

% % %

?cos + sin @
• • •
% % %
= 2 sin
∴The polar form of sin B + ?1 − @ ) 2 sin ?cos +
• ‰Š‹• • •
B % %

i sin @
•
%

O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR
©
D