 1.

Signed Number Representation (Theory & Numerical) 🌟

o Explain the Signed Magnitude, 1's Complement, and 2's Complement

representations for binary numbers.

o Demonstrate the addition and subtraction of signed binary numbers using the 2's
Complement method with a clear example.

 2. Floating Point Representation 🌟

o Explain the format and normalization process for the IEEE 754 single-precision (32-
bit) floating-point standard.

o Convert a given decimal number (e.g., 12.75 or -0.125) into its IEEE 754 single-
precision format.

 3. K-Map and Logic Simplification

o Explain the process of K-Map Simplification for 4 variables.

o Simplify a given Boolean expression using a K-Map and draw the final logic circuit
using only NAND or NOR gates (Universal Gates).

 4. Combinational Circuits

o Design and explain the working of a 4-to-1 Multiplexer (MUX) and its application.

o Design and explain the working of a 3-to-8 Decoder and demonstrate its use in
implementing Boolean functions.

🧠 Unit II: Digital Logic Circuits-II and Basic Structure of Computers

Sequential Circuits and Foundation (Long Answer)

 5. Flip-Flops and Registers 🌟

o Explain the operation of a Master-Slave JK Flip-Flop with its logic diagram,

characteristic table, and timing diagram.

o Describe the structure and operation of a 4-bit Universal Shift Register.

 6. Basic Computer Operations and Functional Units 🌟

o Draw and explain the functional units (CPU, Memory, I/O) of a computer system
with a neat block diagram.

o Explain the Basic Operational Concepts (e.g., fetch, decode, execute) of a computer
and the role of registers like PC, IR, MAR, and MDR.

 7. Computer Architecture and Generations

o Describe the Von-Neumann Architecture and its key characteristics (stored program
concept). State its primary limitation (Von-Neumann Bottleneck).

o Discuss the factors that define Computer Performance (Clock Speed, CPI, Instruction
Count) and the fundamental Performance Equation.
  8. Bus Structure

o Draw and explain the structure of a Single-Bus Organization connecting the CPU,
Memory, and I/O devices. Discuss the need for a Multiple-Bus Organization.

💻 Unit III: Computer Arithmetic and Processor Organization

Core CPU and Arithmetic (Long Answer)

 9. Signed-Operand Multiplication (Algorithm) 🌟

o Describe the Booth's Multiplication Algorithm for two signed 2's complement
numbers.

o Demonstrate the algorithm with a numerical example (e.g., 13 \times -6).

 10. Integer Division (Algorithm) 🌟

o Explain the Non-restoring Integer Division Algorithm with a suitable flowchart and
an example.

o Alternatively, prepare the Restoring Division Algorithm.

 11. Floating-Point Operations

o Explain the steps involved in Floating-Point Addition/Subtraction (Alignment,

Addition/Subtraction, Normalization).

 12. Control Unit Design 🌟

o Differentiate clearly between Hardwired Control and Microprogrammed Control

units based on speed, flexibility, design complexity, and cost.

o Draw and explain the basic organization of a Microprogrammed Control Unit.

 13. Instruction Execution

o List and explain the sequence of micro-operations involved in the execution of a

complete instruction (Fetch, Decode, Execute phases).

💾 Unit IV: Central Processing Unit and Memory Organization

CPU Organization and Memory Hierarchy (Long Answer)

 14. CPU Organization and Register Structure 🌟

o Describe the General Register Organization of a CPU. Explain how an instruction's

operands are accessed using registers.

o Differentiate between Register Stack and Memory Stack organization.

 15. Addressing Modes 🌟

 o Define Addressing Modes. Explain at least four different addressing modes (e.g.,
Immediate, Direct, Register Indirect, Relative) with their effective address calculation
and a suitable example for each.

 16. Cache Memory Mapping Techniques 🌟

o Explain the concept of Cache Memory and the principle of Locality of Reference.

o Describe and compare the three main cache mapping techniques: Direct Mapping,
Associative Mapping, and Set-Associative Mapping.

 17. Virtual Memory and Paging 🌟

o Explain the concept and advantages of Virtual Memory.

o Describe the mechanism of Virtual Address to Physical Address Translation using

the Page Table. Include a neat diagram.

 18. Memory Types

o Differentiate between SRAM (Static RAM) and DRAM (Dynamic RAM).

o Explain the characteristics of various Read-Only Memories (ROM, PROM, EPROM,

EEPROM).

⚙️Unit V: Input/Output Organization

I/O Control and Data Transfer (Long Answer)

 19. Programmed I/O vs. Interrupt-Initiated I/O

o Explain the working mechanism of Programmed I/O (I/O Status Flags, CPU Polling).
Discuss its inefficiency.

o Explain the concept of Interrupt-Initiated I/O and how it improves CPU efficiency.

 20. Direct Memory Access (DMA) 🌟

o Explain the necessity of DMA. Draw and explain the block diagram of a DMA
Controller.

o Describe the three main types of DMA transfer modes (Burst, Cycle Stealing,
Transparent).

 21. Interrupt Handling and Priority 🌟

o Define Interrupts and explain the role of an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).

o Describe and compare the mechanism of Vectored Interrupts and Non-Vectored

Interrupts.

o Explain the operation of a Daisy Chain Priority Interrupt system with its hardware
setup.

 22. I/O Interface

o Explain the primary functions of an I/O Interface (e.g., Address Decoding, Data
Buffering, Synchronization).

o Differentiate between Memory-Mapped I/O and I/O-Mapped I/O.