1. Why is it said management principles are universal?
(1) Because management principles can be
applied to all types of organizations — business, government, or non-business — and in all
countries, at every level of management.
2. How management is an intangible force? (1) Management is intangible because it cannot be
seen or touched; its presence is felt through the results such as improved efficiency, team spirit,
and goal achievement.
3. Write one important objective of management. (1) One important objective of management is to
achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively.
4. Which function of management is considered as the base of all other functions? (1) Planning is
considered the base of all other management functions because it provides direction and forms the
foundation for organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
5. Management is not considered as a full-fledged profession. Discuss. (5) Management is not
regarded as a full-fledged profession because it does not fully satisfy all the features of a
profession: 1. Restricted Entry: There is no compulsory qualification or license to become a
manager. 2. Professional Association: Though there are management associations, membership is
not mandatory. 3. Code of Conduct: No binding ethical code is enforced legally. 4. Dominance of
Practice: Many managers gain experience through practice rather than formal education. 5. Service
Motive: Managers often work for profit motives rather than purely serving society. Hence,
management is considered a quasi-profession or an emerging profession.
6. Write five fundamental features of management. (5) 1. Goal-Oriented: Aims to achieve
organizational objectives. 2. Universal Process: Applicable to all organizations and levels. 3.
Continuous Process: Management functions are performed continuously. 4. Group Activity:
Involves working with and through others. 5. Intangible Force: Its impact is felt through
performance, not seen directly.
7. Management is considered to be both an art and a science. Explain. (8) Management as a
Science: - It has a systematic body of knowledge with principles based on cause and effect. - Its
principles are universally applicable, though not as exact as natural sciences. - It uses observation,
experimentation, and analysis to develop theories.
Management as an Art: - It requires personal skill, creativity, and practice to apply principles
effectively. - Managers must use judgment and experience to handle real situations. - Success
depends on the individual’s ability to apply knowledge creatively.
Conclusion: Thus, management combines both scientific principles and artistic practice, making it a
balanced blend of art and science.