Complete Networking Study Guide - Combined

📄 File 1: 1.networking_study_guide.html
Computer Networking Study Guide
What is Networking?
Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources with each other.
Share Resource Device = Printer

First Network ( पहला नेटवर्क )

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
ARPANET was created by the US Department of Defense in 1969.

First E-Mail
The first email message was sent over ARPANET in 1971 = Ray Tomlinson
Founder = Network/Internet
BOB KAHN & VINT CERF

Internet Started
January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet.
Because it marks the adoption of the standardized TCP/IP protocols.

Internet Started in India

The first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) on 15
August 1995.

Networking Models ( नेटवर्र्िंग मॉडल)

A networking model is a set of guidelines and standards that defines how data is transmitted and received over a network. It is also
known as a networking architecture or a networking blueprint.

2 Networking Models (2 नेटवर्र्िंग मॉडल)

1. TCP/IP Model (1970-1983)
2. OSI Model (1984)

Detailed Information:
1. TCP/IP Model = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol = 1970 (adopted as the protocol standard for ARPANET = in
1983).
2. OSI Model = Open System Interconnection Model = 1984

OSI Model
OSI = Open Systems Interconnection
Developed by = ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
Year = 1984
OSI model used by = IT professionals
Purpose = Track the flow of = How data transfers in networks.

It is a = Reference model or Conceptual model.

This model is = Not practically implemented.
OSI model contains = 7 Layers.
Layers follow = Set of rules, called Protocol

OSI Model = PDU = Protocol Data Unit

7) Application Layer = Data
6) Presentation Layer = Data
5) Session Layer = Data
4) Transport layer = Segments
3) Network Layer = Packets
2) Data Link Layer = Frames
1) Physical Layer = Bits
OSI Model = Devices Works =
7) Application Layer = Gateway
6) Presentation Layer = Gateway
5) Session Layer = Gateway
4) Transport layer = Gateway
3) Network Layer = Router
2) Data Link Layer = Switch, Bridge, Modem
1) Physical Layer = Hub, Repeater, Modem, Cables
Q. Firewall Works on which Layer.?
Layer-3 & Layer-4
Network layer & Transport layer
Q. Today Firewall Works on.?
Application Layer

OSI Model = Address Used =

7) Application Layer
6) Presentation Layer
5) Session Layer
4) Transport layer = Port Address
3) Network Layer = IP /Logical Address
2) Data Link Layer = MAC /Physical Address
1) Physical Layer

1) Physical Layer =
✓ Maintain Physical Connection
✓ Topology
✓ Networking Modes
✓ Bit synchronization
✓ Bit rate control
✓ Hub, Repeater
✓ Wired/Wireless Connection

📄 File 2: 2_Networking_Study_Guide_TextOnly.html
Networking Study Guide
OSI Model = Devices Works =
Q. Firewall Works on which Layer.?
Layer-3 & Layer-4
Network layer & Transport layer
Q. Today Firewall Works on.?
Application Layer

1) Physical Layer =
✓ Maintain Physical Connection
✓ Topology
✓ Networking Modes
✓ Bit synchronization
✓ Bit rate control
✓ Hub, Repeater
✓ Wired/Wireless Connection
2) Data Link Layer =
✓ MAC Address/Ethernet Address
✓ Error-free transfer of data frames
✓ Flow Control
✓ Error Control
✓ Switch, Bridge, Modem
✓ LLC & MAC = Sub Layer
✓ PDU = Frames
✓ Node to Node connection

LLC & MAC Sub Layers

LLC = Logical Link Control
✓ Display Error Messages (If any)
MAC = Media Access Control
✓ MAC Address
✓ Ethernet Address
✓ Physical Address
✓ Burned In Address
✓ NIC Card Address

3) Network Layer =
✓ Routing and forwarding the packets
✓ Internetworking
✓ Addressing = IP Address
✓ Source – to – Destination Delivery
✓ Logical Addressing
✓ Multiplexing

4) Transport Layer =
✓ End-to-End layer
✓ Point to Point Layer
✓ Host to Host
✓ Deals with = Acknowledgement of Data
✓ Heart of OSI Model
✓ Connection Oriented Service = TCP
✓ Connection Less Service = UDP
✓ Protocols = TCP & UDP
✓ TLS Security (Transport Layer Security)

Transport Layer Communication Types

end-to-end communication = Transport layer
Process to process-delivery = Transport layer
port to port = Transport layer
Host-to-Host = Transport layer
node-to-node = data link layer

5) Session Layer =
✓ Session Management
✓ Synchronization
✓ Dialog Controller
✓ PDU = Data

6) Presentation Layer =
Also called Translation Layer or Syntax Layer
✓ Translation
✓ Encryption
✓ Decryption
✓ Compression
✓ PDU = Data
✓ Syntax & Semantics
✓ Protocols = ASCII, BCD, EDCDIC, JPEG, MPEG, GIF, PNG,
7) Application Layer =
✓ Also called = Desktop Layer
✓ Layer Close to = end user
✓ Used by = end-user software
✓ Network Virtual Terminal
✓ FTAM-File transfer access and management
✓ Mail Services
✓ Directory Services
✓ PDU = Data
✓ Protocols = HTTP, FTP, Telnet, DNS, SMTP, POP,

TCP/IP Network Model

4. Application layer
3. Transport Layer
2. Internet Layer
1. Network Access Layer/Link

Host to Host
TCP/IP Network Model = 5 Layers
Session & Presentation Layer = Absent

TCP/IP Network Model

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP = Connection Oriented Protocol
IP = Connectionless Protocol
Developed in = 1970's
Standard in = 1983
Developed by = US Department of Defense
Developer = Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
Layers = 4/5

This study guide contains the actual content from the [Link] slides for study and revision purposes.
📄 File 3: 3_Networking_Study_Guide.html
Networking Study Guide
IEEE Standard
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE's core purpose is to = foster technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity.

IEEE Standard=
✓ IEEE 802.1 = LAN Protocol (Bridging)
✓ IEEE 802.2 = Logical Link Control
✓ IEEE 802.3 = Ethernet
✓ IEEE 802.4 = Token Bus
✓ IEEE 802.5 = Token Ring
✓ IEEE 802.6 = MAN
✓ IEEE 802.7 = Broadband
✓ IEEE 802.8 = Fiber Optics
✓ IEEE 802.9 = Integrity Voice/Data Network
✓ IEEE 802.10 = Network Security
✓ IEEE 802.11 = WLAN (WI-FI)
✓ IEEE 802.12 = Demand Priority
✓ IEEE 802.13 = Not Used
✓ IEEE 802.14 = Cable Modems
✓ IEEE 802.15 = Wireless PANs (Personal Area Network)
✓ IEEE 802.15.1 = Bluetooth
✓ IEEE 802.15.4 = Zigbee
✓ IEEE 802.15.5 = Mesh Network
✓ IEEE 802.16 = WIMAX/Wireless MAN
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
IP Address & MAC ADDRESS
IP Address = Internet Protocol Address
MAC Address = Media Access Control Address

✓ IPV-4 Address = 32 Bit/4Byte

✓ IPV-6 Address = 128 Bit/16 Byte
✓ MAC Address = 48 Bit/6Byte = 12 digit Hexadecimal Number

IP Address Classes
Multicasting
Class A addresses =
[Link] – [Link]
Reserved = Loop Back Address

IP Address/MAC ADDRESS Development

✓ IP Address = Developed By ?
➢ IPV-4 = DARPA
➢ IPV-6 = IETF
*DARPA = Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
*IETF = Internet Engineering Task Force
✓ MAC Address = Developed By ?
➢ Xerox PARC

IP Address/MAC ADDRESS Characteristics

✓ IP Address = It can Change (Temporary)
✓ MAC Address = Permanent (Can't Change)
✓ IP Address = Identify device on Internet
✓ MAC Address = Address of Networking Device
✓ IP Address Command = ipconfig
✓ MAC Address Command = getmac
✓ IP Address = found on Google(What's my IP)
✓ MAC Address = Mention in NIC Card
NIC = Network Interface Card

Address Types Comparison

IP Address also called MAC Address also called
➢ Logical Address ➢ Physical Address
➢ Hardware Address
➢ Ethernet Address
➢ Burned-in address

Address Formats & OSI Layers

✓ IP Address = Written in form of ?
➢ IPV-4 = Decimal Notation
➢ IPV-6 = Hexadecimal Notation
✓ MAC Address = Written in form of ?
➢ Hexadecimal Notation
✓ IP Address = OSI Layer?
➢ 3rd Layer = Network Layer
✓ MAC Address = OSI Layer?
➢ 2nd Layer = Data Link Layer

IP Address Management
Founder = Vint Cerf
Managed by = IANA
IANA = Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IP Address in India Assigned By = APNIC
APNIC = Asia Pacific Network Information Centre

📄 File 4: 4_Networking_Study_Guide.html
Networking Study Guide
How to change IP Address =
✓ Switch networks
✓ Reset your modem
✓ Connect via Virtual Private Network (VPN)
✓ Use a proxy server
✓ Contact your ISP

Types of IP Address =
✓ Private IP Address = Router (Assign to)→ Device
✓ Public IP Address = ISP (Assign to) → Router
Private IP Address = Reserved by IANA
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]

Special IP Addresses
Loop Back Address = [Link]
Broadcast IP Address = [Link]

Protocol Used
Find IP Address = RARP
Find MAC Address = ARP
*ARP = Address Resolution Protocol
*RARP = Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Network Services
➢ DNS = Domain Name System
Convert Domain Name into → IP Address
➢ DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Assign automatic IP Address to host in network

Networking Devices
HUB = Dumb Device, Broadcast Message
Repeater = Regenerate Signal, Active Hub
Bridge = Same Network
Gateway = Different Network
Firewall = Hardware + Software

Router
1. Internetworking Device
2. Operates on = Layer 3 of OSI Model
3. Works on = Network Layer
4. Data Forward = Packets
5. Used in = LAN & WAN
6. Table = Routing Table
7. Manufacturer = Cisco, D-Link, HP
8. Router Send data with the help of = IP Address
9. Features = Firewall, VPN, Traffic Monitor
10. Frequency = 2.4 GHz – 5GHz

Modem =
Modulator = Digital mode → Analog mode
Demodulator = Analog mode → Digital mode

📄 File 5: 5_Networking_Study_Guide.html
Networking Study Guide
Connection Types
Dial Up Connections = Telephone Lines
MODEM used = Slowest Connection
DSL = Digital Subscriber Line = Router used
= Fastest Connection = Broadband Connection
Topology =
Physical or Logical layout of a network.

Topology Types =
✓ Bus = Multipoint Connection, LAN, Fault Tolerance difficult, CSMA CD, CSMA CA
✓ Star = Hub, LAN
✓ Ring = Tokens, FDDI, LAN
✓ Tree = Multiple Hub configure
✓ Mesh = Point to Point link, Reliable, Wiring more, Router, Home Automation, Bi-directional
✓ Hybrid = Combination of 2 or more

Topology Definitions
✓ CSMA CD = Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection
✓ CSMA CA = Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance
✓ FDDI = Fiber Distributed Data Interface

What is Port in Networking ?

1. Used to identify the senders and receivers of messages in computer networking.
2. Ports deal in = 4th Layer in OSI Model = Transport Layer
3. Each host can have = 65535 ports per IP address

Port Number of Various Protocols

Protocol Full Name Port Number Details
FTP = 21 = Control Channel
FTP File Transfer Protocol 20/21
FTP = 20 = Data Channel
SFTP SSH (Secure Shell) File Transfer Protocol 22
Telnet Telnet 23
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 25
DNS Domain Name System 53
DHCP Server = 67 (Client Send to Server)
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 67/68
DHCP Client = 68 (Server Send to Client)
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol 80
POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3 110
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol 143
IRC Internet Relay Chat 194
HTTPS HTTPS (S = Secure) 443

📄 File 6: 6_Networking_Study_Guide.html
Networking Study Guide
Topic – Network Types
1) LAN – Local Area Network
✓ Private Network
✓ Small Geographical Area
✓ Share Resources
✓ Data Transfer Speed = 10 Mbps to 1Gbps
✓ Devices = Hub/Switch
✓ High Security
✓ Range = 100 Mt – 2 Km
✓ Cable = Twisted Pair Cable / Coaxial Cable
✓ IEEE develop specification for LAN
✓ Types = Wired & Wireless
▪ Wired LAN = Cables = Ethernet = 802.3
▪ Wireless LAN = WIFI = 802.11

2) MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

✓ Cover = City
✓ Create = Interconnecting 2 LAN (LAN + LAN = MAN)
✓ Cable = Fiber Optic Cable
✓ Example = Cable television network
✓ Devices = Hub/Switch , Routers/Bridge
✓ Less Security
3) WAN – Wide Area Network
✓ WAN = Telecommunication Network
✓ Cover = Countries (Large Geographical Area)
✓ Internet is largest WAN
✓ Transmission medium = Satellite
✓ Device = Routers
✓ Less Security
✓ Firewall Required
✓ Example = Internet

4) PAN – Personal Area Network

✓ Bluetooth Enable Device
✓ Infrared Enabled Device
✓ Hotspot
✓ Wireless Keyboard & Mouse
✓ Bluetooth enabled headphones
✓ Wireless Printers
✓ TV remotes
✓ Range = 10 metres

5) SAN – Storage Area Network

SAN = Cloud Computing
1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)
2. Microsoft Azure
3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
4. Alibaba Cloud
5. Oracle Cloud
6. IBM Cloud
7. Tencent Cloud
8. DigitalOcean
9. Salesforce

6) CAN – Campus Area Network

✓ A CAN is also known as a corporate area network (CAN)
✓ Group of interconnected Local Area Networks (LAN)
✓ Range = 1 to 5 km

Networking Types =
1) Internet = All can Access = Public Network
2) Intranet = Only for Employees = Private Network
3) Extranet = b/w 2 companies = Private Network

Networking Modes =
1) Simplex = Keyboard - Monitor
2) Half Duplex = Walkie Talkie
3) Full Duplex = Mobile/Video Conferencing

Networking Cables = Guided Media

1) Twisted Pair Cable
➢ Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) = Used in Factory
➢ Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP) = LAN Connection
2) Co-Axial Cable
= TV Cable
3) Fibre Optic Cable
= Under Sea = Fastest = Broadband Connection
Networking Cables = Connector
1) Twisted Pair Cable
➢ RJ 45 Connector = Registered Jack-45
2) Co-Axial Cable
➢ BNC connector = Bayonet Neill–Concelman
3) Fibre Optic Cable =
➢ SC Connector = Subscriber Connector
➢ ST Connector = Straight Tip
➢ LC Connector = Lucent Connector
➢ FC Connector = ferrule connector/ Fiber Channel

Un-Guided Media
1) Radio Waves = Wireless Mouse
2) Microwaves = remote sensing, radar
3) Infrared Waves = thermal imaging, astronomy, meteorology, data networking, and telecommunications

📄 File 7: 7_Networking_Study_Guide.html
Networking Study Guide
Subnet Mask
✓Subnetting एक नेटवर्क को छोटे Subnetwork में विभाजित करने की प्रक्रिया है , जिसे सबनेट भी कहा जाता है

Subnet in Networking
✓ A subnet, or subnetwork, is a network inside a network.
✓ Subnets make networks more efficient.
✓ Subnetting is used in increasing network security.

Q.1. How many host can be configured using a subnet mask [Link] ?
सबनेट मास्क [Link] का उपयोग करके कितने होस्ट कॉन्फ़िगर किए जा सकते हैं?
Options:
1) 254
2) 126
3) 62
4) 30
5) 20

Solution:
255-128 = 127
127-1 = 126

[Link]
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
10000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
Count 1 = 8+8+8+1 = 25
32-25 = 7
2^7 = 128
128-2 = 126
Note = -2 bcz network id and a broadcast id

Q.2. How many host can be configured using a subnet mask [Link] ?
सबनेट मास्क [Link] का उपयोग करके कितने होस्ट कॉन्फ़िगर किए जा सकते हैं?
Solution:
255-252 = 3
3-1 = 2

[Link]
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
11111100
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Count 1 = 8+8+8+6 = 30
32-30 = 2
2^2 = 4
4-2 = 2
Note = -2 bcz network id and a broadcast id
Mesh Network Calculation
एक तरह से ट्रांसमिशन संभव है इसलिए हमें डेटा भेजने और प्राप्त करने के लिए सिम्प्लेक्स लाइंं की आवश्यकता है ।

Q. How many total links are required to connect 12 devices in a fully connected mesh network.?
पूरी तरह से कनेक्टेड मेश नेटवर्क में 12 डिवाइसं को जोड़ने के लिए कु ल कितने लिंक की आवश्यकता है ?
Solution:
total link = n(n-1)/2
= 12(12-1)/2
= 12(11)/2
= 132/2
= 66

📄 File 8: 8_Networking_Study_Guide.html
Networking Study Guide - Questions & Answers
IP Address Classes
Class A = 0
Class B = 10
Class C = 110
Class D = 1110
Class E = 1111

Q.1. OSI model developed in which year.?

OSI मॉडल किस वर्ष विकसित हुआ?
1) 1981
2) 1990
3) 1996
4) 1984
5) None of these

Q.2. Which type of model is OSI.?

OSI किस प्रकार का मॉडल है ?
1) Practical Model
2) Realistic Model
3) Conceptual Model
4) Complex Model
5) None of these

Q.3. The physical layer is concerned with movement of _____ over the physical medium.?
भौतिक परत भौतिक माध्यम पर _____ की गति से संबंधित है ?
1) Bits
2) Frames
3) Data
4) Packets
5) None of these

Q.4. When a host on Network A sends a message to a host on network B, which address does the router look at.?
जब नेटवर्क ए पर एक होस्ट नेटवर्क बी पर एक होस्ट को एक संदेश भेजता है , तो राउटर किस पते को देखता है ?
1) Port
2) Logical
3) Physical
4) Socket
5) None of these

Q.5. Ethernet uses a _______ physical address that is imprinted on the network interface card (NIC) ?
ईथरनेट एक _______ भौतिक पते का उपयोग करता है जो नेटवर्क इंटरफे स कार्ड (एनआईसी) पर अंकित होता है
1) 32 Bit
2) 64 Bit
3) 128 Bit
4) 6 Byte
5) None of these

Q.6. The ______ layer responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without errors?
______ परत बिना किसी त्रुटि के डेटा इकाइयों को एक स्टेशन से दूसरे स्टेशन तक पहुंचाने के लिए जिम्मेदार है ?
1) Transport
2) Network
3) Data Link
4) Physical
5) More than one of the above
Q.7. The ______ layer responsible for Source to Destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links?
एकाधिक नेटवर्क लिंक पर एक पैके ट के स्रोत से गंतव्य तक वितरण के लिए जिम्मेदार ______ परत?
1) Transport
2) Network
3) Data Link
4) Physical
5) More than one of the above

Q.8. The ______ layer establishes, maintains & synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices?
_____ परत संचार उपकरणों के बीच परस्पर क्रिया को स्थापित, रखरखाव और सिंक्रोनाइज़ करती है ?
1) Transport Layer
2) Network Layer
3) Session Layer
4) Physical Layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.9. The ______ address identifies a process on a host.?

______ पता होस्ट पर एक प्रक्रिया की पहचान करता है ?
1) Physical
2) IP
3) Port
4) Specific
5) More than one of the above

Q.10. The ______ address also known as link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN?
______ पते को लिंक पते के रूप में भी जाना जाता है , क्या यह एक नोड का पता है जो उसके LAN या WAN द्वारा परिभाषित है ?
1) Physical
2) IP
3) Port
4) Specific
5) More than one of the above

Q.11. The ______ layer enables the users to access the network?
______ परत उपयोगकर्ताओं को नेटवर्क तक पहुंचने में सक्षम बनाती है ?
1) Transport
2) Application
3) Data Link
4) Physical
5) More than one of the above

Q.12. TCP/IP Network model comes in which year?

TCP/IP नेटवर्क मॉडल किस वर्ष आता है ?
1) 1980
2) 1970
3) 1990
4) 1960
5) More than one of the above

Q.13. Among these which is not the layer of TCP/IP model.?

इनमें से कौन सी TCP/IP मॉडल की परत नहीं है ?
1) Network Layer
2) Internet Layer
3) Transport Layer
4) Session Layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.14. TCP/IP protocol was designed by ?

TCP/IP प्रोटोकॉल किसके द्वारा डिज़ाइन किया गया था?
1) Vint Cerf
2) Bob Kahn
3) Both of these
4) Tim Berners Lee
5) More than one of the above

Q.15. Which waves are used for short range communication such as those between a PC and a peripheral device?
छोटी दूरी के संचार के लिए कौन सी तरंगों का उपयोग किया जाता है जैसे कि पीसी और परिधीय डिवाइस के बीच?
1) Normal waves
2) Micro wave
3) Fiber optic
4) Infrared wave
5) More than one of the above
Q.16. Among these name the connection-less protocol?
इनमें से कनेक्शन-रहित प्रोटोकॉल का नाम बताएं?
1) TCP
2) UDP
3) IP
4) 2&3
5) None of these

Q.17. Among these name the connection-oriented protocol?

इनमें से कनेक्शन-उन्मुख प्रोटोकॉल का नाम बताएं?
1) UDP
2) TCP
3) Both of these
4) IP
5) None of these

Q.18. What is the main advantage of UDP?

यूडीपी का मुख्य लाभ क्या है ?
1) More Overload
2) Reliable
3) Low Overload
4) Fast
5) More than one of the above

Q.19. Port number of HTTP is ?

HTTP का पोर्ट नंबर है ?
1) 21
2) 25
3) 81
4) 80
5) More than one of the above

Q.20. Port number of FTP is ?

एफटीपी का पोर्ट नंबर है ?
1) 21
2) 25
3) 60
4) 81
5) More than one of the above

Q.21. Port number of DHCP Server is ?

डीएचसीपी सर्वर का पोर्ट नंबर है
1) 57
2) 67
3) 77
4) 87
5) More than one of the above

Q.22. Which of the following protocol is used for remote terminal connection service?
रिमोट टर्मिनल कनेक्शन सेवा के लिए निम्नलिखित में से किस प्रोटोकॉल का उपयोग किया जाता है ?
1) RARP
2) UDP
3) FTP
4) TELNET
5) More than one of the above

Q.23. The application layer of the OSI model is?

OSI मॉडल की एप्लिके शन परत है ?
1) Four layer
2) Five layer
3) Six layer
4) Seven layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.24. Full form of SSL?

एसएसएल का फु ल फॉर्म?
1) Secured Station Layer
2) Secured Session LAN
3) Session Secured Layer
4) Secure Socket Layer
5) More than one of the above
Q.25. Bridge works in ______ layer.?
ब्रिज ______ परत में काम करता है ?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.26. Which is a reference tool for understanding data communication between any two network system?
किन्हीं दो नेटवर्क प्रणालियों के बीच डेटा संचार को समझने के लिए एक संदर्भ उपकरण कौन सा है ?
1) LAN
2) WAN
3) ISO Model
4) OSI Model
5) More than one of the above

Q.27. How many layers are there in OSI model ?

OSI मॉडल में कितनी परतें होती हैं?
1) 6
2) 7
3) 8
4) 5
5) More than one of the above

Q.28. Router operates in which layer of OSI Reference Model?

राउटर OSI रेफरेंस मॉडल की किस परत में काम करता है ?
1) Layer 1 (Physical Layer)
2) Layer 3 (Network Layer)
3) Layer 4 (Transport Layer)
4) Layer 7 (Application Layer)
5) More than one of the above

Q.29. Bridge works in which layer of the OSI model ?

ब्रिज OSI मॉडल की किस परत में काम करता है ?
1) Application Layer
2) Transport Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Data link Layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.30. How many layers are in the TCP/IP model?

TCP/IP मॉडल में कितनी परतें होती हैं?
1) 4 Layers
2) 5 Layers
3) 6 Layers
4) 7 Layers
5) More than one of the above

Q.31. Repeater operates in which layer of the OSI model

रिपीटर OSI मॉडल की किस परत में काम करता है ?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.32. MAC Address is the example of.?

MAC एड्रेस किसका उदाहरण है ?
1) Transport Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Application Layer
4) Physical Layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.33. Layer-2 Switch is also called ?

लेयर-2 स्विच को क्या कहा जाता है ?
1) Multiport Hub
2) Multiport Switch
3) Multiport Bridge
4) Multiport NIC
5) More than one of the above
 Q.34. Which of the following is/are Protocols of Application Layer?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा/से एप्लिके शन लेयर का प्रोटोकॉल है/हैं?
1) FTP
2) SMTP
3) POP3
4) All of above
5) None of these

Q.35. Which of the following protocol is/are defined in Transport layer?

निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा प्रोटोकॉल ट्रांसपोर्ट लेयर में परिभाषित है/हैं?
1) FTP
2) SMTP
3) UDP
4) HTTP
5) More than one of the above

Q.36. This is not a application layer protocol?

यह एक एप्लिके शन लेयर प्रोटोकॉल नहीं है ?
1) HTTP
2) SMTP
3) FTP
4) TCP
5) More than one of the above

Q.37. In the OSI model, encryption and decryption are function of which layer?
OSI मॉडल में एन्क्रिप्शन और डिक्रिप्शन किस लेयर के कार्य हैं?
1) Transport
2) Session
3) Presentation
4) Application
5) More than one of the above

Q.38. Who developed standards for the OSI reference model ?

OSI संदर्भ मॉडल के लिए मानक किसने विकसित किए?
1) ANSI
2) IEEE
3) ISO
4) BCD
5) More than one of the above

Q.39. In an OSI model, the first layer is the ___ layer?

OSI मॉडल में , पहली परत ___ परत होती है ?
1) Session Layer
2) Application Layer
3) Data Link Layer
4) Physical Layer
5) More than one of the above

Q.40. Which is the layer of the OSI reference model that employs Error Detection?
OSI संदर्भ मॉडल की वह परत कौन सी है जो त्रुटि का पता लगाने का कार्य करती है ?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Session Layer
5) More than one of the above

📄 File 9: 9_Networking_Study_Guide.html
9. Networking Study Guide
Internet Protocols, Email Protocols & OSI Model Questions
Internet Protocols
Q.41. _____ protocol is the foundation of the internet and most home and business networks.?
1) HTTP
2) Transmission control protocol (TCP) or internet protocol (IP)
3) FTP
4) Telnet
5) DHCP
Answer: TCP/IP

Q.42. _____ protocol commonly used for real-time applications such as video streaming and online gaming.?
1) HTTP
2) User datagram protocol (UDP)
3) FTP
4) UDP
5) DHCP
Answer: UDP

Q.43. _____ is a protocol used for real-time communication through text messaging.?
1) HTTP
2) Internet relay chat (IRC)
3) TCP/IP
4) SNMP
5) ICMP
Answer: IRC

Q.44. _____ protocol automatically assigns IP addresses and network configuration settings to devices on a network.?
1) DHCP - Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)
2) TCP/IP
3) SNMP
4) ICMP
5) IRC
Answer: DHCP
Email Protocols
Q.45. _____ protocol allows users to download emails from the server to their local devices.?
1) DHCP
2) Post office protocol (POP) Version 3
3) POP3
4) IMAP
5) SMTP
Answer: POP3

Q.46. _____ protocols allows users to view and manipulate emails on the server without downloading them.?
1) DHCP
2) Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
3) POP3
4) IMAP
5) SMTP
Answer: IMAP

Q.47. _____ protocols uses SSL/TLS encryption to protect the confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted.?
1) HTTP
2) HTTPS - HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
3) DHCP
4) TCP/IP
5) UDP
Answer: HTTPS

Q.48. _____ protocols is designed to send and distribute outgoing E-Mail.?

1) SMTP - Simple Mail Transport Protocol
2) MIME
3) POP
4) IMAP
5) All of these
Answer: SMTP

Q.60. _____ protocol enables more advanced email management and synchronization across numerous devices.?
1) IMAP
2) MIME
3) SMTP
4) HTTP
5) POP3
Answer: IMAP

Network Protocols & Services

Q.49. _____ protocols is designed for connecting one system with another as remote login.?
1) TCP/IP
2) Teletype Network
3) MIME
4) POP
5) Telnet
Answer: Telnet

Q.50. _____ protocols is designed was designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet.?
1) Telnet
2) DHCP
3) TCP/IP
4) HTTP
5) Gopher
Answer: Gopher

Q.51. _____ protocol used by network devices to send error messages and operational information.?
1) Telnet
2) ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
3) TCP/IP
4) HTTP
5) Gopher
Answer: ICMP
Address Resolution Protocols
Q.52. _____ protocol translates IP addresses to MAC addresses and vice versa.?
1) Telnet
2) ICMP
3) ARP
4) RARP
5) HTTP
Answer: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Q.53. _____ protocol translates domain name into IP addresses.?

1) Telnet
2) Domain name system (DNS)
3) ICMP
4) ARP
5) HTTP
Answer: DNS

Q.54. _____ protocol is used to find an IP address when only the MAC address is known.?
1) Telnet
2) ARP
3) RARP
4) DNS
5) HTTP
Answer: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Q.55. _____ protocol is used to find MAC address when IP address is known.?
1) Telnet
2) ARP
3) RARP
4) DNS
5) HTTP
Answer: Address Resolution Protocol
OSI Model Questions
Q.56. Which is the layer that converts Packets to Frames and Frames to Packets in the OSI model.?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) Session Layer
Answer: Data Link Layer

Q.57. Choose the incorrect about MAC Address.?

1) MAC is globally unique
2) Always in a hexadecimal format
3) 12-digit number
4) 48 bit
5) 8 byte number
Answer: 8 byte number (48/8 = 6-byte)

Q.58. In OSI Model IP Address & MAC Address comes under which layer respectively.?
1) Data Link, Session
2) Physical, Data Link
3) Network, Presentation
4) Network, Data Link
5) Application, Presentation
Answer: Network, Data Link

Q.59. Attempt to gain or change IP Address or DNS is called.?

1) Sniffing
2) Spoofing
3) Phishing
4) Spooling
5) Smishing
Answer: Spoofing

Q.61. ___ is a passage to connect two network that may work on different networking models.?
1) Hub
2) Switch
3) Gateway
4) Router
5) Bridge
Answer: Gateway

Q.62. Which of the following addresses is 32-bit.?

1) MAC address
2) Virtual address
3) Source address
4) Destination address
5) None of these
Answer: Logical Address = Virtual Address

Q.63. Select the standard protocol of the Internet.?

1) TCP/IP
2) HTTP
3) UDP
4) FTP
5) DHCP
Answer: TCP/IP

Q.64. Contention based MAC protocol are commonly used in.?

1) Ethernet Networks
2) Token Ring Networks
3) ATM Networks
4) Point to Point Networks
5) All of these
Answer: Ethernet Networks

Q.65. HTTP protocol is used for.?

1) E-Mail Communication
2) File Transfers
3) Web Browsing
4) Remote Terminal Access
5) All of these
Answer: Web Browsing
Q.66. The maximum Length (in bytes) of an IPV-4 datagram is.?
1) 32
2) 256
3) 1024
4) 65535
5) 128
Answer: 65535 (The maximum IP packet size is 65,535 bytes (2^16-1))

Q.67. A single packet on a data link is known as _____.?

1) Bits
2) Frames
3) Data
4) Datagram
5) Tokens
Answer: Frames
OSI Model Layers
Q.68. Which layer in OSI Model is not comes under the category of Hardware layer.?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) All of these
Answer: Transport Layer

Q.69. Which layer in OSI Model comes under the category of Software layer.?
1) Session Layer
2) Presentation Layer
3) Application Layer
4) All of these
5) None of these
Answer: All of these

Q.70. Topologies like Bus, Star, Ring, Tree comes under which layer in OSI Model.?
1) Session Layer
2) Presentation Layer
3) Application Layer
4) Physical Layer
5) Data Link Layer
Answer: Physical Layer

Q.71. Lower Sub Layer of Data Link Layer in OSI Model is.?
1) Logical Link Control
2) Mac Layer
3) Physical Layer
4) Network Layer
5) TCP/IP Layer
Answer: Mac Layer

Q.72. In OSI model dialogue control and token management are responsibilities of?
1) Session Layer
2) Network layer
3) Transport layer
4) Data link layer
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Session Layer

Q.73. ________ is operates in all seven layers of OSI model?

1) Gateway
2) Bridge
3) Hub
4) Repeater
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Gateway

Q.74. The functionalities of the presentation layer include?

1) Data Compression
2) Data Encryption
3) Data Decryption
4) All of these
5) None of these
Answer: All of these

Q.75. In Transport layer data travel in the form of ?

1) Frames
2) Bits
3) Packets
4) Segments
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Segments

Q.76. Transport Layer deals with which type of Address?

1) Logical address
2) Physical Address
3) Port Address
4) Application Specific Address
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Port Address
 Q.77. Which layer specifies voltage, wire speed, and cables and moves bits between devices?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Session Layer
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Physical Layer

Q.78. The Process to Process delivery of the entire message is the responsibility of the ____ layer?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Transport Layer

Q.79. The ____ Layer is the layer closest to the transmission medium?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Physical Layer

Q.80. The _______ layer lies between the Network Layer & Session Layer.?
1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Transport Layer
4) Presentation Layer
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Transport Layer

Q.81. Which of the following layer of OSI model also called end-to-end layer?
1) Presentation layer
2) Network layer
3) Session layer
4) Transport layer
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Transport layer

Q.82. CSMA/CA operates in which layer of OSI Model.?

1) Physical Layer
2) Data Link Layer
3) Network Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Data Link Layer
CSMA/CA: Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance

Q.83. Node to Node delivery of data units is the responsibility of the ____ layer.?
1) Transport
2) Data Link
3) Presentation
4) Application
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Data Link

Networking Commands
1. Ping Command
Purpose: Testing Network Connectivity
Protocol: ICMP = Internet Control Message Protocol
Measured in: milliseconds (ms)
Lower Ping = Faster Connection

ping [Link]
PING (Packet Internet Groper) command is the best way to test connectivity between two nodes, whether it is Local Area Network
(LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN).

📄 File 10: 10_Networking_Study_Guide.html

10. Networking Study Guide
Networking Commands & IP Address Classification
Networking Commands
1. Ping Command
Purpose: Testing Network Connectivity
Protocol: ICMP = Internet Control Message Protocol
Measured in: milliseconds (ms)
Lower Ping = Faster Connection

ping [Link]
PING (Packet Internet Groper) command is the best way to test connectivity between two nodes, whether it is Local Area Network
(LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN).
2. NetStat Command
Stands for: network statistics
Purpose: Show network status and protocol statistics
Checks Network Connection for: TCP, Routing Tables, Network Interface, Network Protocol Statistics

netstat
3. ARP Command
Stands for: Address Resolution Protocol
Purpose: Find MAC Address of destination computer when IP Address is known

arp -a
4. Ipconfig
Purpose: Used to view the IP addresses on the computers
ipconfig
5. Getmac
Purpose: Used to view the mac address of network devices

getmac
6. HostName
Purpose: Used to display the current name of your Windows computer

hostname
7. Tracert
Stands for: Traceroute
Purpose: This Command is used for displaying possible routes (paths) and measuring transit delays of packets
Maximum: 30 Router/Hop
Protocol: ICMP
tracert [Link]
8. nslookup
Stands for: name server lookup
Purpose: find out the corresponding IP address of domain name system (DNS)
nslookup
9. NBTSTAT
Purpose: Used for Troubleshooting NetBIOS issues

nbtstat
10. TASKKILL
Purpose: Used for Ending processes

taskkill/?
11. SYSTEMINFO
Purpose: Used for Displaying system information
systeminfo
12. Other Commands
cls: Used for Clear Screen
format: format a drive
schtasks: schedule task
chkdsk: scan a drive (e.g., chkdsk c:)
IP Address Classification
Binary Conversion Notes
4 bit = 1 Nibble
1 bit = 1/4 nibble
32 bit = 32/4 = 8 nibble
Q. How many classes are there in IP Address?
1) 3 Classes
2) 4 Classes
3) 2 Classes
4) 5 Classes
5) 6 Classes
Answer: 5 Classes
IP Address Classes
Class Range Purpose
CLASS A [Link] to [Link] Large networks
CLASS B [Link] to [Link] Medium networks
CLASS C [Link] to [Link] Small networks
CLASS D 224 to 239 Used for Multicast
CLASS E 240 to 255 Used for Research
Networking Commands Quiz
Q.1. What is the use of Ping Command.?
1) PING Stands for Packet InterNet Groper
2) Network connectivity Testing
3) Network interface card troubleshooting
4) Putting DNS name resolution issues to the test
5) All of these
Answer: All of these

Q.2. ICMP is used in.?

1) PING
2) Traceroute
3) Both of these
4) IPCONFIG
5) SYSTEMINFO
Answer: Both of these

Q.3. Which command is used for Network Statistics.?

1) NetSTATIS
2) NetStat
3) NetAllStat
4) All of these
5) None of these
Answer: NetStat

Q.4. To find MAC address _____ is used.?

1) ARP
2) Traceroute
3) RARP
4) More than one of the above
5) None of these
Answer: ARP

Q.5. ipconfig command is used for.?

1) Find MAC Address
2) Find Networks
3) Find TCP/IP
4) Find IP Address
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Find IP Address

Q.6. Command to find MAC address is.?

1) macget
2) getmacaddress
3) getmac
4) getmacid
5) More than one of the above
Answer: getmac
 Q.7. ____display the current name of your Windows computer.?
1) Hosteid
2) Hostcomputer
3) Hostpanel
4) Hostname
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Hostname

Q.8. ______displaying possible routes (paths) and measuring transit delays of packets.?
1) Tracert
2) Tracerouter
3) Traceaddress
4) Tracenetwork
5) More than one of the above
Answer: Tracert

Q.9. _____ command is used for corresponding IP address of domain name system (DNS).?
1) lookup
2) networkLook
3) ARP
4) RARP
5) nslookup
Answer: nslookup

Q.10. _____ command is used for ending processes.?

1) lookup
2) networkLook
3) ARP
4) RARP
5) taskkill
Answer: taskkill

IP Classification Questions
Q. This IP – [Link] belongs to which class?
1) CLASS A
2) CLASS B
3) CLASS C
4) CLASS D
5) CLASS E
Answer: CLASS A

Q. This IP – [Link] belongs to which class?

1) CLASS A
2) CLASS B
3) CLASS C
4) CLASS D
5) CLASS E
Answer: CLASS B

Q. This IP – [Link] belongs to which class?

1) CLASS A
2) CLASS B
3) CLASS C
4) CLASS D
5) CLASS E
Answer: CLASS C

Q. This IP – [Link] belongs to which class?

1) CLASS A
2) CLASS B
3) CLASS C
4) CLASS D
5) CLASS E
Answer: CLASS A

Network ID Questions
Q. Find the Network ID of this IP Address – [Link]?
1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]
4) [Link]
5) None of these
Answer: [Link]
 Q. Find the Network ID of this IP Address – [Link]?
1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]
4) [Link]
5) None of these
Answer: [Link]

Q. Find the Network ID of this IP Address – [Link]?

1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]
4) [Link]
5) None of these
Answer: [Link]

Subnet Mask Questions

Q. What is the Subnet Mask of Class A IP Addressing.?
1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]
4) [Link]
5) None of these
Answer: [Link]

Q. What is the Subnet Mask of Class B IP Addressing.?

1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]
4) [Link]
5) None of these
Answer: [Link]

Q. What is the Subnet Mask of Class C IP Addressing.?

1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]
4) [Link]
5) None of these
Answer: [Link]

Additional Networking Concepts

Routing
Device: Router
OSI Layer: 3 (Network Layer)
Uses: IP Address, Packets

Transport Layer
Purpose: Process-to-process delivery
Known as: Heart of OSI Model
Protocols: TCP/UDP
Security: SSL/TLS
Note: A socket is bound to a port number

MAC Protocol
OSI Layer: 2 (Data Link Layer)
Uses: MAC Address, Ethernet Address, Frames
Devices: Switch, Bridge

Important Protocol Notes

Find IP Address: RARP
Find MAC Address: ARP
Maximum IP packet size: 65,535 bytes (2^16-1)

Wireless Technologies
BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy): Designed to consume less power and operate over long periods
WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks): Mostly used in agriculture to monitor environmental conditions and control irrigation
Zigbee: Uses much less energy than Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.15.4 standard
Security Protocols
1) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
2) Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
3) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
4) Secure Electronic Transaction (SET)

Exam Information
STET [SHIFT - 1]: Networking = 15 Questions
STET [SHIFT - 2]: Networking = 13 Questions