PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY (LEC) – FINALS

MODULE 8 – PLANT ORGAN: - Chrysanthemum - Located bellow the stigma is a rod-

FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND SEEDS shaped middle part called as style and
FLOWERS aperture – areas on the walls of a pollen grain a swollen base (called the ovary) that
- made of modified leaves which is used for reproduction contains eggs.
- they are unique to flowering plants,
normally developing on vegetative STRUCTURE OF FLOWERS - Once the pollen reaches the stigma, it
shoots MAJOR FLOWER PLANTS:
forms a pollen tube down through the
- its purpose is for a plant to be able to Gynoecium – parts that make up the female
reproduce sexually (propagate) style to the ovary where sperm is
part of the flower. This includes carpels and all of
their part (stigma, style, ovary, and ovule) deposited.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT - Flowers that have female parts and no
ANNUAL Androecium – parts that make up the male part male parts are called pistillate.
- the cycle (germinate, grow, bear fruits, of the flower. This includes the stamen and all of
and die) is completed in a single season their parts (filament, anther, and pollen) PETALS – colorful, leaf-like structures; colorful
and ends with the death of the parent to attract animals and insect for reproduction
plant Perianth – outer protective cover which includes (pollinators); e.g., bees and butterflies; some are
- within / once a year the shower petals and sepals colorful because of the presence of secondary
- e.g., sunflower, corn, watermelon, metabolites while others are because of
lettuce - The male part of the flower is called flavonoids
- Zinnia flower stamen.
- Made of the stalk-like filament that COROLLA – all of the petals together (group of
BIENNIALS holds up the sack-like anther. petals)
- takes two growing seasons to complete - Anther contains pollen, the grain
the cycle released by the flowers, which contains
- first year: stem and leaves grow SEPALS – green leaf-like structures beneath the
the sperm.
- second year: flowers and fruits petals
- Flowers that have male parts and no
- e.g., spinach, carrot, cabbage, and female parts are called staminate.
onion CALYX – all of the sepals together (group of
- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea); digoxin; - The female flower part is called the sepals)
brand name: LANOXIN; used as cardio pistil.
protectant - The carpel is the basic unit of the PERIANTH – (also known as perigonium) the
female reproductive organ, and a pistil technical term for the envelop that surrounds the
PERENNIALS reproductive parts of a flower. In some plants
may consist of one or more carpels.
- may take several to many growing where a clear distinction of petals and sepals
- The carpel is composed of stigma, style,
seasons to go from a germinated seed cannot be made, the parts of the perianth are
and ovary.
to a plant producing new seeds called tepals.
- e.g., tomatoes, banana, mango, coconut - The stigma is a sticky tissue at the end
- Lavender of the pistil that is receptive to pollen.

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 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY (LEC) – FINALS

BRACT – modified leaves at the base of a Dioecious – plant with unisexual flowers, FLOWER SYMMETRY
flower or floral inflorescence. They may be but with staminate and pistillate on separate - refers to the correspondence in
green, but in some cases, the bracts are colorful individuals (same plant, different flowers) arrangement, size, and form of parts on
(e.g., poinsettias). e.g., soy beans, asparagus, hemps opposite sides of a point, line, or plane,
or the regularity of form, size, or
PEDICELS – branchlets of smaller stalks; flower FLOWER SEX arrangement with reference to
stem - refers to the presence or absence of corresponding parts
male and female parts within a flower
RECEPTACLE – portion of the pedicel that INFLORESCENCE
holds the flower. Perfect or bisexual – having both stamens - a collective cluster of flowers; it can be
and carpels. Bisexual flower sex is likely the single or compound
Best flower for the structure of plants is ancestral condition in angiosperms.
Gumamela. Nectar – secreted by many flowers and is
Imperfect or unisexual – flowers either collected as a food by animal visitors. It is
pistillate / female, in which only carpels mainly a solution of glucose, fructose, and
develop, or staminate / male, in which only sucrose
stamens develop
FLOWER PERIANTH
- plants may have flowers that are - also known as perigonium
complete or incomplete - the outermost, nonreproductive group of
modified leaves of a flower
Complete flower – a flower that has sepals, - Perianth type can include aspects of the
PLANT AND FLOWER SEX petals, pistils, and stamens (technically has entire perianth; however, it could include
PLANT SEX male and female parts) aspects of only the calyx, corolla, or
- refers to the presence and distribution of hypanthium (if present).
perfect and imperfect flowers on Incomplete flower – a missing part of the - Generally, perianth type is based on the
individuals of a species flower is observed structure of corolla alone, in which case
it could logically be termed corolla type.
Hermophroditic – plant with only bisexual Perfect flower – a flower with male and
flowers female parts FLOWER PLACENTATION
- refers to the positioning of the ovules
Monoecious – plant with only unisexual Imperfect flower – a flower that is missing and takes into account the number and
flowers, both staminate and pistillate on the male or female parts position of placentae, septa, and locules
same individual plant (e.g., corn, cucumber,
oak)

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 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY (LEC) – FINALS

OVARY POSITION HYPOCOTYL - they contain food reservoirs in the form

- assess the position or placement of the - short portion of the embryonic shoot of cotyledons and endosperms
ovary relative to the other floral part connecting the radicle to one or two - the seed coat is protective in nature
cotyledons which protects the embryo inside
Superior ovary – with sepals, petals, and
stamens, and/or hypanthium attached at the PLUMULE / EPICOTYL SEED SHAPES
base of the ovary - the shoot apex above the point of - linear
attachment of the cotyledon - oblong
Inferior ovary – has sepals, petals, - elliptic
stamens, and/or hypanthium attached at the SEED COAT - ovate
ovary apex - known as the testa, this is normally - obovate
formed from one or both integuments - oval
Half inferior ovary – used for sepals, - frequently it is tough and survives - spherical
petals, stamens, and/or hypanthium unfavorable conditions
attached at the middle of the ovary FRUITS
MICROPYLE - any ovary and its accessory parts that
SEEDS - a tiny pore in the testa that lies on the has developed and matured
- matured ovule which consists of an opposite of the tip of the radicle - usually contains seeds
embryonic plant with storage food and - it permits water to enter the embryo
surrounded by a protective seed coat before active germination FRUIT STRUCTURE
EXOCARP
SEED STRUCTURE RADICLE - skin of the fruit
ENDOSPERM - the embryonic root which will develop
- nutritive tissue that surrounds the into the primary root of the plant ENDOCARP
embryonic plant in a seed - it is usually the first part of the embryo to - inner boundary around the seed
- it incorporates within it a large number of push it way out of the seed during - maybe hard and stony
nutrients, a mixture of carbohydrate, germination - skin before the seed
lipid, and protein, and remains in the
ripe seed of some plants which may be HILUM MESOCARP
mainly starch - scar left by the stalk which attached the - a fleshy tissue between the exocarp and
- contains plant hormones which may ovule to the ovary wall before it became the endocarp
stimulate the growth of the embryo a seed - the part we eat

COTYLEDON SEED FUNCTIONS

- the seed of a plant embryo that often - help in germination of the new plant
contains food stored for germination
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 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY (LEC) – FINALS

PERICARP Types of Berries: central partition, which is exposed

- collection of the three regions (general TRUE BERRY – a fruit with a thin skin when the two halves of the fruit
term: three regions are exocarp, and a pericarp that is relatively soft at separate (e.g., Mustard Family or
endocarp, and mesocarp) maturity; e.g., tomatoes, grapes, Brassicaceae, broccoli, cabbage,
- collective term persimmons, peppers, and eggplants, radish)
strawberry, raspberry, blackberry 4. Capsules – the most common of
KINDS OF FRUITS (technically not true berries; they are the dry fruits that split; they consist
- fleshy fruits aggregate fruits – fruits that consist of of at least two carpels that split in a
- dry fruits a number of smaller fruits derived from a variety of ways; some split along the
single flower with more than one ovary) partitions between the carpels, while
FLESHY FRUITS PEPOS – are berries with relatively thick others split through the cavities in
- mesocarp is partly fleshy and mature rinds (e.g., pumpkins, cucumbers, the carpels (e.g., irises, orchids,
watermelons, squashes, and lilies, poppies (opium poppies),
SIMPLE FLESHY FRUITS cantaloupes) violets, and snapdragons)
- develop from a flower with a single pistil HESPERIDIUM – is a berry with a
- the ovary may be superior or inferior, leathery skin containing oils; e.g., INDEHISCENT – dry fruits that do not split at
and it may be simple or it can be oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit maturity
compound
- simple has single carpel 3. Pomes – simple fleshy fruits, the bulk of 1. Achene – attached to its surrounding
- compound have two or more carpel whose flesh comes from the enlarged pericarp; the husk (pericarp) is relatively
floral tube or receptable that grows up easily separated from the see (e.g.,
Carpels – leaf-like megasporophyll bearing around the ovary (e.g., apple) sunflower seed, buttercup, buckwheat)
one or more ovules in the inner surface 2. Nuts – one-seeded fruits similar to
DRY FRUITS achenes but they are generally larger,
KINDS OF SIMPLE FLESHY FRUITS DEHISCENT – dry fruit that split at maturity and the pericarp is much harder and
1. Drupe – a simple fleshy fruit with a thicker; they develop a cup, or cluster of
single seed enclosed by a hard, stony, 1. Follicle – splits along one side or bracts at their base
endocarp, or pit seam only, exposing the seeds 3. Grain (caryopsis) – tightly united with
2. Berries – develop from a compound within (e.g., laskspur, columbine, the seed and cannot be separated from
ovary and commonly contain more than milkweed, peony) it; a type of achene found in grasses
one seed; entire pericarp is fleshy and it 2. Legume – splits along two sides or which originates from superior ovary
is difficult to distinguish between the seams; legume family or Fabaceae (e.g., corn, rice, oats, wheat, barley)
mesocarp and the endocarp (e.g., peas, beans, garbanzo beans, 4. Samaras – the pericarp surrounding the
lentils, carob, kudzu, and mesquite) seed extend out in the form of a wing or
3. Siliques – splits along two sides or membrane which aids in dispersal
seams but the seeds are borne on a
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 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY (LEC) – FINALS

5. Schizocarp – twin fruit well represented

by the Parsley family (Apiaceae) (e.g.,
parsley, carrots, anise, caraway, dill)

SEED DISPERSALS
- dispersed by wind
- dispersed by animal
- dispersed by water

DISPERSAL BY WIND
- dandelions
- maple
- poppy
- orchis
- cottonwood
- tumbleweed
- cogon grass

DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS
- cocklebur
- bedstraw fruit
- bur clover fruit
- capsule of unicorn plant
- even humans can be pollinators

DISPERSAL BY WATER
- rice
- onion