Content

1. Spot Speed Study

2. Traffic Volume study
3. Saturation Flow Rate Computation
4. Signal Timing Design
5. Capacity and Level of Service Computation For two-
Lane Highway
6. Capacity and Level of Service Computation For Multi-
Lane Highway
 Spot Speed Study
How to conduct Spot Speed Studies?
• Location where the speed study to be conducted
* Mid-blocks of urban highways
* Straight and level sections of rural section.
* Intersections and roundabouts
approaching and dissipation speed

• Study length
Traffic Stream Average Speed Recommended Study Length
No
mph ft/s km/h Feet Meter
1 < 25 < 37 < 40 88 27
2 25-40 37 - 60 40 – 64 176 54
3 > 40 > 60 > 64 264 80

• Sample size
According to hand book of traffic studies, sample size of studying
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spot speed study was 50 up to 100 vehicles.
 From Gerji to Gerji Emperial (GERJI APPROACH)
Test Start time End time Vehicle Time Elapsed Study Length Approach Speed
Vehicl (sec) (sec) type (sec) (m) km/h mi/h
1 7.1 11.75 Bus 4.65 27 20.90 14.22
2 15.9 19.91 Pc 4.01 27 24.24 16.49
3 24.7 30.03 Pc 5.33 27 18.24 12.41
4 25.6 31.56 Pc 5.96 27 16.31 11.09
5 29.1 35.95 Pc 6.85 27 14.19 9.65
6 34.8 39.65 Pc 4.85 27 20.04 13.63
7 46.5 51.33 Pc 4.83 27 20.12 13.69
8 52.8 58.76 Pc 5.96 27 16.31 11.09
9 54.6 61.02 Pc 6.42 27 15.14 10.30
10 57.7 63.93 Pc 6.23 27 15.60 10.61
11 21.3 25.42 Bus 4.12 27 23.59 16.05
12 45.9 50.24 Pc 4.34 27 22.40 15.24
13 50.9 55.43 Pc 4.53 27 21.46 14.60
14 55.5 62.33 Pc 6.83 27 14.23 9.68
15 57.6 64.61 Pc 7.01 27 13.87 9.43
16 0.6 7.71 Pc 7.11 27 13.67 9.30
17 3.1 9.97 Pc 6.87 27 14.15 9.62
18 5.3 11.9 Pc 6.60 27 14.73 10.02
19 18.4 23.4 Pc 5.00 27 19.44 13.22
20 21.4 24.81 Pc 3.41 27 28.50 19.39
21 24.1 28.96 Lt 4.86 27 20.00 13.61
22 26.5 31.53 Pc 5.03 27 19.32 13.15
23 28.7 33.47 Pc 4.77 27 20.38 13.86
24 36.1 41.22 Pc 5.12 27 18.98 12.91
25 38 43.13 Pc 5.13 27 18.95 12.89
26 40.7 45.48 Pc 4.78 27 20.33 13.83
27 46.8 50.49 Pc 3.69 27 26.34 17.92
28 50 53.31 Pc 3.31 27 29.37 19.98
29 29.2 33.37 Pc 4.17 27 23.31 15.86 4
30 32.2 36.47 Pc 4.27 27 22.76 15.49
How to Analyse Spot Speed?
• By Developing Speed Class

5
• By developing frequency distribution histogram
• By plotting cumulative frequency vrs approaching speed and
calculate the 15th, 50th and 85 th percentile spot speed study and
pace

7
• From the spot speed study data initial time and final time with
vehicle number with distance is known so as to have flow and
density of a given road for one study area. From this –

1) Develop Green-sheild model relation ship between speed and

density, speed and flow and flow and density, also plot graphical
relation ship between them.

2) Using regression analysis develop a formula flow as a function

of speed, flow as a function of density and density as a function
of speed

3) From the above provided formula and regression analysis

compute jam density and free flow speed.

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 Conclusion and Recommendation

*** Based on the collected data and from the analysis conclude
your study.
Conclusion part include
• Summary of your study
• Comparisons between study elements and compare the results
with the reality and discuss about roads about safety perspective
• finally recommend what should be done in the future for safe
and efficient flow of traffic

9
 Reference

Duane Smith, Jeff McIntyre, Mark Anderson-Wilk and Sarah Moreau

“Handbook of Simplified Practice for Traffic Studies” (November
2002) Center for Transportation Research and Education Iowa State
University.

“Highway capacity manual” (HCM) transportation research board

2000, executive committee.

Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel (2009) “Traffic and Highway

Engineering (4th edition)” University of Virginia ISBN-10: 0-495-
08250-3

10
 Traffic Volume Study
Traffic count will be conducted for successive two hours for each 15
min either in the morning or afternoon peak hour time. (therefore there
will be 8 traffic volume count for one study area)

Data collection, vehicle classification and PCU/PCE

• Location where the speed study to be conducted

* Mid-blocks of urban highways
* Straight and level sections of rural section.
* Intersections and roundabouts approaching and dissipation speed

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Heavy vehicle bus small and medium truck large truck and truck trailer.
Which is class 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13
12
Light vehicle passenger car class 1, 2 and 3
 MOVEMENT (10AM – 11AM)
THROUGH LEFT TURN RIGHT TURN U-TURN
APPROACH
S&MT

S&MT

S&MT

S&MT
BUS

BUS

BUS

BUS
BIC

BIC

BIC

BIC
PC

PC

PC

PC
LT

TT

LT

TT

LT

TT

LT

TT
BOLE 218 19 10 2 2 2 16 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0
MEGENAGNA 286 18 6 2 1 1 41 2 0 0 0 0 26 2 1 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0
GERJI 69 4 1 0 0 0 85 2 0 0 0 0 42 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 STREET 42 0 0 0 0 0 40 3 0 1 0 1 39 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 How To Analyse The collected Data
Peak Hour Volume (PHV and PHF) is the maximum number of
vehicles that pass a point on a highway during a period of 60
consecutive minutes. The peak hour volumes PHVs are used for,

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 Traffic volume Study and Analysis
5000

4500
TRAFFIC VOLUME (veh/h)
4000

3500
Tuesday
3000
Thursday
2500
Wendesday
2000

1500
Before 7 am - 8 am - 9 am - 10 am - 11 am - 12 am - 1 pm - 2 pm - 3 pm - 4 pm - 5 pm - 6 pm - After
7:00 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am 12 am 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6 pm 7 pm 7:00
am pm
DAY TIME

5000

4500
TRAFFIC VOLUME (veh/h)

4000

3500

3000 Thursday

2500 Tuesday
Wednesday
2000

1500
7 am - 8 am - 9 am - 10 am - 11 am - 12 am - 1 pm - 2 pm - 3 pm - 4 pm - 5pm - 6pm - After
8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am 12 am 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 7:00
pm
DAY TIME
 TRAFFIC VOLUME (veh/day)
15000 12516
10400 Light vehicle (PC)
Traffic Count 10000
Heavy vehicle
BI / Motor cycle
Summary at Gerji 6300
4532
5000
Emperial 1834 220 451 23 159 35 146 28
Roundabout; 0

Tuesday
APPROACHES

Major road
100 THROUGH
90 LEFT TURN
Percentile 81 80
80
RIGHT TURN
Proportioning of 70
U- TURN
PERCENTILE (%)

60
Each Turning 50
41 40
40 36 36
Movement per 30 22 24

Hour per 20
7
11
7
10
10
Approach at 0
BOLE MEGENAGNA GERJI 24 STREET
Gerji Emperial
v = 2018 veh/h v = 2192veh/h v = 1000veh/h v = 920veh/h
Roundabout
APPROACHES
Adjustment of Periodic Counts
Expansion factors, used to adjust periodic counts, are determined
either from continuous count stations or from control count stations.
Expansion Factors from Continuous Count Stations-
1. Hourly expansion factors
2. Daily expansion factors
3. Monthly expansion factors

Hourly Expansion Factors (HEFs) are determined by the formula

Daily Expansion Factors (DEFs) are determined by the formula

Monthly Expansion Factors are determined by the formula

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 Table 4.5 Hourly Expansion Factor

𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐻𝑖
𝐻𝐸𝐹𝑖 =
𝐻𝑖

Table 4.6 Daily Expansion Factor

𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖
𝐷𝐸𝐹𝑖 =
𝐷𝑖

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Table 4.7 Monthly Expansion Factor

1 𝑛
∗ 𝑖=1 𝑀𝑖
𝑀𝐸𝐹𝑖 = 𝑛
𝑀𝑖

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Intersection Summary
Sheet

20
21
 Conclusion and Recommendation
*** Based on the collected data and from the analysis conclude
your study.
Conclusion part include
• Summary of your study
• Comparisons between study elements and compare the results
with the reality and discuss about roads safety perspective
• finally recommend what should be done in the future for safe
and efficient flow of traffic
• is there any congestion exist in the study area? Elaborate with
respect to vehicle composition and turning movement
• discus the result of PHF

22
 Reference

Duane Smith, Jeff McIntyre, Mark Anderson-wilk and Sarah Moreau

“Handbook of Simplified Practice for Traffic Studies” (November
2002) Center for Transportation Research and Education Iowa State
University.

“Highway capacity manual” (HCM) transportation research board

2000, executive committee.

Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel (2009) “Traffic and Highway

Engineering (4th edition)” University of Virginia ISBN-10: 0-495-
08250-3

23
 Saturation Flow Rate Computation
Saturation flow rate is defined as the flow rate per lane at which
vehicles can pass though. The saturation flow rate represents the
number of vehicles per hour per lane that can pass through a
signalized intersection. (HCM 2000).

Two methods are adopted to conduct signalized intersection saturation

flow rates

Site Oriented Experimental Method

Saturation Flow Rate Computation

Using formulas (HCM, 2000)

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 Site Oriented Experimental Method
Reference is taken from Dr Bikila’s Slide

25
Reference is taken from Dr Bikila’s Slide

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 Using formulas (HCM, 2000)
S= SO*N*fW*fHV*fg*fp*fbb*fa*fLU*fLT*fRT*fLpb*fRpb
S = Saturation flow rate for the subject lane group, expressed as a total for all lanes
in the lane group (veh/h)
SO = Base saturation flow rate per lane (1900pc/h/ln)
N = Number of lanes in the lane group
fW = Adjustment factor for lane width (3.6m is base condition)
f HV = Adjustment factor for heavy vehicles in the traffic stream
fg = Adjustment factor for approach grade
fp = Adjustment factor for the existence of parking lane and parking activity
adjustment to the lane group.
f bb = Adjustment factor for the blocking effect of local buses that stop within the
intersection area
fa = Adjustment factor for area type
f LU = Adjustment factor for lane utilization
f LT = Adjustment factor for left-turn in the lane group
f RT = Adjustment factor for right-turn in the lane group
f Lpb = Pedestrian adjustment factor for left-turn movements, and
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f Rpb = Pedestrian/bicycle adjustment factor for right-turn movements
Factor Formula Definition of variables Notes

W ≥2.4
(W − 3.6) If W > 4.8 two lane
fW fW = 1 + W = lane width (m) analysis may be
9
considered

100 %HV= % heavy vehicle

fHV fHV =
100 + %HV(ET − 1) for lane group volume
%G %G= % grade on a lane -6 ≤ %G≤ +10
fg fg = 1 −
200 group approach
N = number of lane in lane 0 ≤ Nm ≤ 180
18Nm fp ≥ 0.05
N − 0.1 − group
fp fp = 3600
Nm = number of parking fp = 1 for no parking
N
maneuvers per hour
N−
14.4NB NB = number of bus 0 ≤ Nb ≤ 250
fbb fbb = 3600 fbb ≥ 0.55
stopping per hour
N
Vg = un adjusted demand flow rate for the lane
fa = 0.9 in CBD group veh/h
fa VgL= un adjusted demand flow rate on the single
fa =1 in all other areas lane in the lane group with the highest volume and
N = number of lanes in the lane group

vg
fLU fLU =
vgL − N 28
Factor Formula Definition of variables Notes

Protected phasing PLT = proportion of LT in

Exclusive lane lane group
fLT = 0.95
fLT
Shared lane PRT = proportion of RT in
1 lane group
fLT =
1 + 0.05PLT
Exclusive lane PLT = proportion of LT in
fLT = 0.85 lane group
Shared lane ApbT = permitted phase
fRT
fRT = 1 − 0.15 pRT adjustment
Single lane PLTA= proportion of LT
fRT = 0.9 − 0.135 pRT protected green over total

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Sample Example study on Gerji Emperial roundabout
Gerji Emperial Roundabout Approaches
Bole Gerji 24 Street Megenagna

fW 0.9889 0.9889 0.9889 0.9889

fHV 0.8410 0.8030 0.7270 0.8280
fg 0.9999 1.0003 1.0000 1.0001
fp 1.0000 0.9300 0.9500 1.0000
fbb 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
fa 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
fLU 0.9100 0.9500 0.9500 0.9100
fLT 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
fRT 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
fLpb 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
fRpb 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
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 Conclusion and Recommendation
*** Based on the collected data and from the analysis conclude
your study.
Conclusion part include
• Summary of your study
• Comparisons between study elements and compare the results
with the reality and discuss about roads safety perspective
• Is there any congestion exist in the study area? Elaborate with
respect to vehicle composition and turning movement
• Discus the result of saturation flow rates using two methods

31
 Reference

Duane Smith, Jeff McIntyre, Mark Anderson-wilk and Sarah Moreau

“Handbook of Simplified Practice for Traffic Studies” (November
2002) Center for Transportation Research and Education Iowa State
University.

“Highway capacity manual” (HCM) transportation research board

2000, executive committee.

Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel (2009) “Traffic and Highway

Engineering (4th edition)” University of Virginia ISBN-10: 0-495-
08250-3

32
After completing chapter 4 and five immediately you have
to proceed with the subsequent project titles
No 4,5 and 6

Keep Up The Good Works and Pursue Your Dreams

That
Makes You Happy

Thank you very much

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