Chapter 8 question answer

Ques1 Meaning and definition of bio mechanics in sports?

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Mechanics -means, the discipline which studies the movement of object/motion of
objects with the help of mechanical principles.
(III) Bio-mechanics is the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting
on a human body/ object and the effects produced by these forces".
Ques2 explain any four importance of biomechanics in sports?
Ans Bio-Mechanics is branch of science which deals with effect of forces acting on a
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living of organism in moving condition or in Stationary condition. Bio-mechanics helps
in the field of sports in the following way.
1. Improvement of Technique: Biomechanics helps to improve technique. It
determines how the technique should be executed to get best result. Example:
Shifting from orthodox to disco put Technique is shot put
2. Improvement of Equipment: If helps to improve equipment According to nature
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& safety of the game for example in increase in thickness of mat for high jump
3. Improvement in Training method: It helps to develop new Training method to get
better results for example Development of Isotonic method to develop strength.
4. Development of Skill: It helps to develop skill of the sports. Example:
Development in the skill of fielding in cricket.
Ques3 elaborate the newton’s law of motion and their applications in the field of sports ?
Ans Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation
for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces
acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law
defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force,
and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have

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been expressed in several ways
1. Law of inertia: According to this law a body at rest will remain at rest and a
body in motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an external force. There are great examples of this
law in sports such as starting in rowing, starting in sprinting, starting in throwing
the hammer. Basically if an object is in motion, it remains in motion unless
something or some external force stops it. The external force may be
gravitational force, the surface of playing field or a defensive player etc. For Ex:
Starting in sprinting, starting in rowing, starting in hammer throw.
2. Law of acceleration: According to this law, A change in motion is directly
proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass. If

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two unequal forces are applied to objects of equal mass, the object that has
greater force applied will move faster. Conversely, if two equal forces are applied
to objects of different masses, the lighter mass will travel at a faster [Link]. in
hammer throw, a thrower who is stronger will throw the hammer farther than a
thrower who is less stronger.
3. Law of reaction: According to this law ‘For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.’ There are so many examples in sports where this law is
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applied. e.g., in swimming a swimmer pushes the water backwards (action) and
the water pushes the swimmer forward (reaction) with the same force. In
swimming, a swimmer pushes the water backwards (action). The water pushes
the swimmer forward (reaction) with the same force.
Ques4 what do you understand by equilibrium? What are its types ?
Ans Equilibrium can be defined as the state of balance or stable situation, where
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opposite forces cancel each other out and where there is no change are occurring.
When body or any system is in equilibrium condition there no net tendency of
change. Equilibrium has to do with the with the forces acting on body. When no
forces is acting to make body move in a line the body is in translational equilibrium,
When no forces is acting to make body turn the body is in rotational equilibrium and
When no forces is acting to make body but only that the forces are balanced.
Type of equilibrium-
1. Dynamic equilibrium- This equilibrium is the balance of the body, when body is
in movement.
2. Static equilibrium- This is the balance of the body when body is in rest or
stationary position.
Ques5 describe centre of gravity and its applications in sports?

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Ans Center of Gravity (C.G.):
It is the point in a body where the whole weight is considered to act. The position of C.G.
changes with body posture and movement.

Applications in Sports:
•Athletes lower their C.G. for better balance and stability (e.g., wrestling, football).
•In gymnastics and high jump, controlling C.G. helps in balance and clearing greater
heights.
•Sprinters and skiers shift their C.G. forward or sideways for speed and quick turns.

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Ques6 discuss the various types of friction.
Ans Friction: is a force that develops when the surfaces of two objects comes in
contract to each other & there will be relative motion between these objects or tends to
do relative motion between these two objects. Friction force always acts in opposite
direction to the movement.
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Types of Friction
1. Mechanical Friction
•General term for the resistive force that occurs when two surfaces are in contact
and oppose relative motion.
•Example: Friction between shoe sole and ground while running.
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2. Fluid Friction
• The resistive force experienced by a body moving through a fluid (liquid or gas).
• Example: Swimmer facing water resistance, or cyclist facing air resistance.

3. Static Friction
• The friction that prevents a body at rest from moving when a force is applied.
• Example: A heavy box resists initial movement until enough force is applied.

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 4. Dynamic Friction
• The friction that acts on a body in motion. It is generally less than static friction.
• Example: A football sliding on the ground after being kicked.

5. Sliding Friction
•A type of dynamic friction that occurs when two solid surfaces slide over each
other.
•Example: A hockey stick sliding on ice.

6. Rolling Friction
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•
•
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A type of dynamic friction that occurs when a body rolls over a surface.
Rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
Example: A basketball rolling on the court.
Ques7 define projectile. Explain the benefits of projectile?
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Ans
Projectile :
A projectile is an object thrown or struck into the air, which moves under the influence of
its initial velocity and gravity (e.g., javelin, football, basketball).
Benefits of Projectile in Sports:
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[Link] – Helps athletes aim correctly in games like basketball, archery, or shooting.
[Link] – Knowledge of projectile motion improves distance and height in
events like long jump, shot put, and javelin throw.
[Link] & Timing Control – Correct release angle and timing help achieve maximum
efficiency and success in throws, kicks, and jumps.

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