SCIENCE CHAPTER TISSUES , IS MATTER AROUND US

PURE AND MOTION IMPORTANT QUESTION AND

ANSWERS
(TISSUES)
1. What is a tissue?

Ans: It is a group of cells similar in origin and arrangement, they are specialized to
perform a particular function. Examples of tissues are blood, phloem and muscle .

2. What are the constituents of phloem?

Ans: The five constituents of phloem are sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres

3. Name types of simple tissues.

Ans: Three types simple tissues are:

I. Parenchyma

II. Collenchyma

III. Sclerenchyma

4. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.

Ans: Xylem tissue consist of four types of elements:

I. Tracheids

II. vessels

III. Xylem fibres

IV. Xylem parenchyma

5. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?

Simple Tissues Complex Tissues

1. Simple tissues are made up of a 1. Complex tissues are made up of

single type of cell. different types of cells.
2. Simple tissue consists of 2. Complex tissue consists of the
parenchyma, collenchyma and xylem and phloem.
sclernchyma.

3. It occurs in all parts of a plant. 3. It occurs only in vascular regions.

4. They perform various functions 4 4. Their main function is to carry out

like storage, protection, etc. conduction or transportation.
6. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

Ans. 1. Parenchyma
1. Living cells: Parenchyma cells are alive and can carry out many functions.
2. Thin cell walls: Their walls are soft and made of cellulose, making them
easy to break.
3. Function: They store food, water, and sometimes help in photosynthesis
(especially in green parts like leaves).
4. Where found: These are found in soft parts of the plant such as leaves,
fruits, and the pith of stems.

2. Collenchyma
1. Living cells: Collenchyma cells are also living and active.
2. Unevenly thick cell walls: Their walls are thicker at the corners due to
extra cellulose and pectin, which makes them strong.
3. Function: These cells provide support and flexibility to the plant so that it
can bend without breaking.
4. Where found: Commonly found just beneath the outer layer (epidermis) of
stems, leaf stalks (petioles), and veins of leaves.

3. Sclerenchyma
 Dead cells: Sclerenchyma cells die when they mature but their strong walls
remain.
 Very thick, lignified walls: Their cell walls have a tough substance called
lignin, which makes them very hard and woody.
 Function: These cells provide maximum strength and stiffness to the plant,
especially in hard and woody parts.
 Where found: Found in parts like the hard covering of seeds, nut shells,
coconut husk, and mature stems.

7. What are the functions of the stomata?

Ans: The functions of stomata are:
I. Gaseous exchange with the atmosphere.
II. Transpiration (formation of water vapours for the removal of excess water)

8. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

Ans. Parenchymatous tissue is present in the soft plant parts including young
stem, root, leaves, vascular bundles, flowers and fruits of plants.

9. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

Ans: Epidermis is a protective layer to all the plant parts. It will provide
protection against water loss, Control the process of gas exchange, Epidermis
secretes a waxy, water-resistant layer.
10. What are meristematic and permanent tissue?
 Ans:
Meristematic Tissue: dividing tissue is the reason for growth of plants
occurs only in specific regions this is also known as meristematic tissue.
Apical, lateral and intercalary are the classification of the meristematic tissues.

Permanent Tissue: The cells formed by meristematic tissue later lose the
ability to divide as a result permanent tissue is formed. The process of taking
up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation; this also
leads to the development of permanent tissues.

[Link] the difference between xylem and phloem.

Ans. Xylem
 Xylem is a complex permanent tissue.
 It transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
 Movement is only in one direction — upward.
 Most of the xylem cells are dead (except xylem parenchyma).
 Made up of four parts:
➤ Tracheids
➤ Vessels
➤ Xylem parenchyma (only living part)
➤ Xylem fibres

Phloem
 Phloem is also a complex permanent tissue.
 It transports food (made in leaves) to all parts of the plant.
 Movement is in both directions — upward and downward.
 Most phloem cells are living (except phloem fibres).
 Made up of four parts:
➤ Sieve tubes
➤ Companion cells
➤ Phloem parenchyma
➤ Phloem fibres (only dead part)

Types of muscles in animals

Muscles are contractile tissues that help in movement. They are of three types:

1. Striated (Skeletal) muscles: long, cylindrical, multinucleated, with light and

dark bands. Found attached to bones. They help in voluntary movement like
walking or writing.

2. Smooth muscles: spindle-shaped, uninucleated, without bands. Found in walls

of internal organs like stomach and intestine. They work involuntarily and help
in functions like movement of food.

3. Cardiac muscles: branched, uninucleated, striated, with special junctions

called intercalated discs. Found only in the heart. They contract and relax
rhythmically without fatigue, pumping blood throughout life.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue is a protective tissue that covers the body, lines organs and cavities,
and forms glands. The cells are tightly packed and rest on a basement membrane.
Types of epithelial tissue:

 Squamous epithelium: flat cells, allow diffusion (lungs, blood vessels).

 Cuboidal epithelium: cube-shaped, help in secretion and absorption (kidney

tubules).

 Columnar epithelium: tall cells, absorb and secrete (intestine).

 Ciliated columnar epithelium: have cilia to move substances (respiratory tract,

oviduct).

 Glandular epithelium: specialized for secretion (glands).

Functions: protection, absorption, secretion, movement of particle

Neuron functions and structure

A neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It helps in
transmitting messages in the form of electrical impulses.

 Cell body (cyton): contains nucleus and cytoplasm.

 Dendrites: short branches which receive impulses from other neurons.

 Axon: long fibre that carries impulses away from the cell body to muscles or
other neurons.
Thus, neurons form a network that helps in coordination of body activities.

Give Reasons
a) Meristematic cells have large nuclei, dense cytoplasm, and no vacuoles.
 Vacuoles are used for storage, but meristematic cells are actively dividing. To
divide continuously, they need dense cytoplasm and more space for
organelles, so vacuoles are absent.
b) Sclerenchyma has no intercellular spaces.
 The walls of sclerenchyma cells are very thick due to deposition of lignin. The
cells fit tightly without spaces. This makes the tissue very strong and suitable

for providing rigidity .

1. Difference between Plant Tissue and Animal Tissue

Feature Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

Restricted to meristematic regions Growth occurs throughout the body

Growth
(apical, lateral, intercalary). but cells stop dividing after some time.

Mainly meristematic (dividing) and Four main types: epithelial,

Types
permanent (simple & complex). connective, muscular, nervous.

Transport Special tissues (xylem, phloem) for Blood and lymph transport materials.
Feature Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

transport of water and food.

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall Animal cells lack cell wall, only have a
Cell Wall
made of cellulose. cell membrane.

Large vacuoles present in plant

Vacuoles Vacuoles very small or absent.
cells.

2. Tendons

 Tendons are a type of connective tissue.

 They are strong and fibrous, made mainly of collagen fibres.

 Tendons connect muscles to bones.

 They are strong but not very flexible.

 Function: help in movement by transmitting force of muscle contraction to

bones.

3. Ligaments

 Ligaments are also connective tissue.

 They are tough, elastic, and made of both collagen and elastic fibres.

 Ligaments connect bones to bones at joints.

 They are strong but provide flexibility to joints.

 Function: hold bones together in place and allow movement.

4. Bones

 Bones are hard connective tissue made of cells (osteocytes) embedded in a

hard matrix of calcium and phosphorus salts.

 They form the skeleton of our body.

 Functions:

o Provide shape and support.

o Protect important organs (e.g., skull protects brain, ribcage protects

heart and lungs).

o Help in movement along with muscles.

o Store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

 o Produce blood cells in bone marrow.

5. Cartilage

 Cartilage is a soft and flexible connective tissue.

 It is made of cells (chondrocytes) in a flexible matrix with proteins.

 It is found in the tip of nose, external ear, trachea, and ends of long bones.

 Functions:

o Provides flexibility and support.

o Reduces friction between bones at joints.

o Helps in smooth movement of bones.

What is cork? How is it formed?

→ Cork is a protective tissue formed by the cork cambium (phellogen). It has suberin
in walls, making it waterproof.

Difference between Areolar and Adipose Tissue

Feature Areolar Tissue Adipose Tissue

Type Loose connective tissue Specialized connective tissue

Made of large fat cells

Made of fibres and different cells
Structure (adipocytes) filled with fat
(fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells).
globules.

Found beneath skin, around

Found between skin and muscles, around
Location kidneys, heart, and under
blood vessels, nerves, and bone marrow.
eyeballs.

- Stores fat as reserve food.

- Joins different tissues together.
- Provides insulation (keeps
Function - Fills spaces between organs.
body warm).
- Provides support and repair.
- Cushions and protects organs.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

1. Squamous Epithelium

o Made of thin, flat cells like tiles.

o Found in the lining of mouth, lungs (alveoli), and blood vessels.

o Function: protects underlying parts and allows diffusion and filtration.

2. Cuboidal Epithelium

o Cube-shaped cells with a central nucleus.

o Found in kidney tubules and gland ducts.

o Function: helps in absorption, secretion, and also forms glands.

3. Columnar Epithelium

o Tall, pillar-like cells arranged in rows.

o Found in the inner lining of the stomach and intestine.

o Function: helps in absorption of nutrients and secretion of mucus and

enzymes.

4. Ciliated Epithelium

o Columnar cells with fine hair-like structures called cilia.

o Found in the respiratory tract and oviducts (fallopian tubes).

o Function: cilia move to push mucus or ovum from one place to another.

5. Glandular Epithelium

o Modified cuboidal or columnar epithelium.

o Found in sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas.

o Function: secretes substances like sweat, saliva, enzymes, and

hormones.

(MOTION)

🔹 1. Motion

> A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time.

🔹 2. Rest

> A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time.

🔹 3. Scalar Quantity

> A quantity that has only magnitude and no direction.

Example: Distance, speed, time.

🔹 4. Vector Quantity
> A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
Example: Displacement, velocity, acceleration.

🔹 5. Distance

> The total path covered by a moving object. It is a scalar quantity.

🔹 6. Displacement

> The shortest distance between the initial and final position of a body in a
specific direction. It is a vector quantity.

🔹 7. Uniform Motion

> When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be
in uniform motion.
Example: A car moving at constant speed.

🔹 8. Non-uniform Motion

> When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to
be in non-uniform motion.
Example: A car slowing down or speeding up.

🔹 9. Speed

> The rate of change of distance with respect to time.

Speed = Distance / Time
It is a scalar quantity.

🔹 10. Uniform Speed

> If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, its speed is
uniform.

🔹 11. Variable Speed (Non-uniform Speed)

> When an object covers different distances in equal intervals of time, it has
variable speed.

🔹 12. Average Speed

> Total distance travelled divided by total time taken.

Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time

🔹 13. Velocity

> The rate of change of displacement with time. It has direction.

Velocity = Displacement / Time
It is a vector quantity.

🔹 14. Uniform Velocity

> When an object moves in a straight line and covers equal displacements in
equal intervals of time.

🔹 15. Variable Velocity

> When an object changes its speed or direction (or both) with time.

🔹 16. Average Velocity

> Total displacement divided by total time taken.

Average Velocity = Total Displacement / Total Time

🔹 17. Acceleration

> The rate of change of velocity with time.

Acceleration = Change in velocity / Time taken
It is a vector quantity.

🔹 18. Uniform Acceleration

> When the velocity of a body changes equally in equal intervals of time.
Example: Free fall of an object.

🔹 19. Non-uniform Acceleration

> When the velocity of a body changes unequally in equal intervals of time.

🔹 20. Retardation / Deceleration

> When acceleration is in the opposite direction of motion, i.e., velocity is

decreasing with time.

🔹 21. Instantaneous Speed / Velocity

> The speed or velocity of an object at a particular instant of time.

🔹 22. Slope of Distance-Time Graph

> It gives the speed of the object.

🔹 23. Slope of Velocity-Time Graph

> It gives the acceleration of the object.

 🔹 24. Area under Velocity-Time Graph

> It gives the displacement of the object.

🔹 25. Uniform Acceleration

 An object is said to be in uniform acceleration if its velocity increases or

decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time.

🔹 26. Non-uniform Acceleration

 An object is said to be in non-uniform acceleration if its velocity

changes by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time.

(IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?)

[Link] the difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous solutions.

[Link]. Homogenous mixture Heterogenous mixture

A homogenous mixture is that mixture in A heterogenous mixture is that mixture

which the components mix with each in which the composition is not uniform
1.
other and its composition is uniform throughout and different components
throughout the solution. are observed.

Components of heterogeneous
Components of homogeneous mixture
2. mixtures can be seen through naked
cannot be seen through naked eyes.
eyes.

Example: mixture of salt and sugar,

Example: salt solution, sugar solution,
3. grains and pulses along with some dirt
air, etc.
particles (often stone pieces) etc.

Saturated solutions : A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at

the same temperature and pressure is called a saturated solution
Unsaturated solution : A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at the
same temperature and pressure is called an unsaturated solution