1.
Electric Charges and Fields
Charge is the physical property of matter responsible for electric interactions.
Coulomb's Law: F = k q1 q2 / r²
Electric field: E = F/q
Field due to point charge: E = k q / r²
Electric dipole moment: p = q·2l
Gauss's Law: ■E·dA = Q/ε■
Applications: Field due to infinite plane sheet = σ/2ε■
2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential: W/q
Potential due to point charge: V = kq/r
Potential energy of dipole: U = -pEcosθ
Capacitance: C = Q/V
Parallel plate capacitor: C = ε■A/d
Energy in capacitor: U = 1/2 CV²
3. Current Electricity
Ohm’s Law: V = IR
Resistance: R = ρl/A
Resistivity depends on material and temperature.
Electric power: P = VI = I²R
Combination:
Series: R_total = R1+R2+...
Parallel: 1/R = 1/R1+1/R2...
Kirchhoff’s laws: KCL & KVL
4. Moving Charges and Magnetism
Magnetic force: F = qvB sinθ
Motion of charged particle in magnetic field: circular motion
Lorentz force: F = q(E + v×B)
Biot–Savart Law: dB = µ■/4π * (Idl×r)/r³
Ampere’s Law: ■B·dl = µ■I
Solenoid field: B = µ■nI
5. Magnetism and Matter
Magnetisation: M = magnetic moment/volume
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
Types: diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic
Hysteresis curve behaviour
Earth’s magnetism: declination, dip, horizontal component
6. Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday's Law: ε = -dΦ/dt
Lenz's Law: direction of induced current opposes cause
Self inductance: L = µ■n²A/l
Mutual inductance: M depends on coil geometry
Induced EMF in moving conductor: ε = Blv
7. Alternating Current
AC voltage: V = V■ sin ωt
Current in LR, LC, RLC circuits
Reactance: X_L = ωL, X_C = 1/ωC
Impedance: Z = √(R²+(X_L-X_C)²)
Resonance: ωL = 1/ωC
8. Electromagnetic Waves
EM waves are transverse.
Maxwell’s equations predict EM waves.
Speed in vacuum: c = 3×10■ m/s
Order of spectrum: Radio → Microwave → IR → Visible → UV → X-ray → Gamma
9. Ray Optics
Reflection: angle_i = angle_r
Refraction: Snell's Law: n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2
Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
Magnification: m = h2/h1 = v/u
Total internal reflection applications: optical fibers
10. Wave Optics
Young’s Double Slit Experiment (YDSE): β = λD/d
Interference: constructive (path difference = nλ), destructive (=(2n+1)λ/2)
Diffraction through single slit: θ = λ/a
Polarisation: plane polarised light
11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Photoelectric equation: eV■ = hν − hν■
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric effect
12. Atoms
Bohr’s model:
Energy levels: E_n = −13.6/n² eV
Radius: r_n = n²a■
Line spectrum due to transitions
13. Nuclei
Mass defect: ∆m = m_before − m_after
Binding energy: B.E = ∆m·c²
Radioactivity decay: N = N■ e^(−λt)
Half-life: t■/■ = ln2/λ
14. Semiconductor Electronics
Intrinsic semiconductors: pure Si, Ge
Doping: n-type, p-type
PN junction diode characteristics
Rectifier: half-wave, full-wave
Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR