TLE 1
Drafting (Civil Technology)
Drafting in Civil Technology refers to the process of creating detailed technical drawings and plans used in
the design and construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and water systems.
1. Drawing Types
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Architectural Drawings – Floor plans, elevations, sections of buildings.
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Structural Drawings – Reinforcement details, beam and column layouts.
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Civil Drawings – Site plans, road layouts, drainage, and sewer systems.
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Mechanical Drawings – HVAC, plumbing layouts (for coordination).
Electrical Drawings – Lighting, power, and wiring schematics.
2. Drawing Standards and Conventions
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Line Types and Weights – Different lines (e.g., solid, dashed) represent different elements.
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Dimensioning – Accurate measurement annotations.
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Scales – Proper scale representation of real-world dimensions.
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Symbols and Legends – Standardized symbols (doors, windows, materials, etc.).
Title Blocks and Revision Blocks – Drawing metadata and update tracking.
3. Drafting Tools and Software
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Manual Tools – T-squares, compasses, set squares (traditional drafting).
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CAD Software – AutoCAD, Civil 3D, Revit, SketchUp.
GIS Integration – For topographical and spatial data in civil projects.
4. Site and Survey Interpretation
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Topographic Maps – Understanding contours, elevations, and natural features.
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Plot Plans – Layout of structures in relation to property lines and features.
Survey Data – Benchmarks, coordinates, levels.
5. Construction and Structural Detailing
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Foundations, Columns, Beams – Details on materials, dimensions, and reinforcement.
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Concrete and Steel Detailing – Bar bending schedules, joint details.
Cross-Sections and Elevations – Internal and external views of structures.
6. Geometric Construction and Projections
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Orthographic Projection – 2D views (top, front, side) of a 3D object.
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Isometric and Axonometric Views – 3D visualization on a 2D plane.
Perspective Drawing – Realistic 3D appearance.
7. Building Codes and Regulations
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Zoning and Planning Laws
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Safety Codes (e.g., fire exits, load requirements)
Environmental Compliance
8. Calculations and Estimation
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Area and Volume Calculations
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Material Take-offs
Basic Structural Calculations (loads, stress points)
Materials and Equipment in Drawing
A. Drawing materials (Consumables)
Material Description / Use
Drawing Paper / Smooth surface for precise lines; varies in size (e.g., A3, A2).
Vellum
Tracing Paper Thin, translucent paper for duplicating or modifying drawings.
Graph Paper Used for scaled or grid-based drawings.
Pencils Various grades (e.g., H, 2H, B, HB); used for different line weights.
Eraser For removing pencil marks; use soft erasers to avoid tearing
paper.
Eraser Shield Thin metal/plastic sheet with openings for precise erasing.
Ink / Technical Pens Used for inking final drawings (Rotring, Staedtler).
Masking Tape Holds the drawing paper in place on the drawing board.
Color Pencils / For presentation drawings and highlights.
Markers
B. Drawing Instruments (Reusable Equipment)
Instrument Description / Use
Drawing Board Flat surface for securing drawing paper.
T-square Draws horizontal lines and aligns other tools.
Triangles / Set Squares 30°-60°-90° and 45°-45°-90° angles; for vertical and inclined lines.
Protractor Measures and draws angles.
Compass Draws arcs and circles.
Divider Transfers measurements between drawings.
Scale / Ruler Measures and scales down dimensions (Architect’s or Engineer’s scale).
French Curves For drawing smooth curves not part of a circle.
Templates Pre-cut shapes (e.g., circles, plumbing symbols) for speed and uniformity.
Drafting Machine (if available) Combines T-square and protractor; improves precision and speed.
C. Optional – Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD) Tools
If you're also introducing CAD in class, these are helpful:
Item Description
Computer / Laptop For running drafting software.
AutoCAD / SketchUp Software Industry-standard drafting software.
Mouse / Stylus Tablet For precision when drawing on screen.
Printer / Plotter Prints scaled technical drawings.
Mensuration (in Drafting and Civil Technology)
Mensuration is the branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement of geometric figures, including
their lengths, areas, volumes, and perimeters. In civil technology and drafting, mensuration is essential for
designing structures, calculating materials, estimating costs, and ensuring accuracy in construction
drawings.
Why Mensuration Is Important in Civil Drafting:
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To accurately represent structures in drawings.
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To compute areas and volumes (e.g., concrete needed for a slab or bricks for a wall).
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To prepare bills of materials (BOM).
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To scale objects and use proper proportions in plans.
For cost estimation and structural planning.
Key Concepts in Mensuration
1. Linear Measurement
Used to measure length, width, height, and depth.
Units: millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm), meters (m), inches (in), feet (ft)
Examples:
Length of a beam
Height of a wall
Width of a window
2. Perimeter
The total length around a shape.
Formulas:
Rectangle: P = 2(l + w)
Square: P = 4s
Circle: P = 2πr
3. Area
Space occupied by a 2D shape (used for floors, walls, plots, etc.)
Formulas:
Rectangle: A = l × w
Triangle: A = ½ × b × h
Circle: A = πr²
Trapezoid: A = ½ × (a + b) × h
4. Volume
The capacity of 3D objects (used for concrete, water tanks, soil, etc.)
Formulas:
Cube: V = s³
Rectangular Box: V = l × w × h
Cylinder: V = πr²h
Cone: V = ⅓πr²h
5. Surface Area
The total area covering the surface of a 3D shape (for painting or finishing).
Examples:
Wall surface area for painting
Floor tiling
Roofing sheet estimation
Conversion Formulas – Linear Measurement
Metric System (commonly used in drafting)
From To Conversion
Formula
Meters (m) → Centimeters (cm) Multiply by 100 m × 100 = cm
Meters (m) → Millimeters (mm) Multiply by 1000 m × 1000 = mm
Centimeters (cm) → Meters (m) Divide by 100 cm ÷ 100 = m
Centimeters (cm) → Millimeters (mm) Multiply by 10 cm × 10 = mm
Millimeters (mm) → Centimeters (cm) Divide by 10 mm ÷ 10 = cm
Millimeters (mm) → Meters (m) Divide by 1000 mm ÷ 1000 = m
Imperial System
From To Conversion Formula
Inches (in) → Feet (ft) Divide by 12 in ÷ 12 = ft
Feet (ft) → Inches (in) Multiply by 12 ft × 12 = in
Feet (ft) → Yards (yd) Divide by 3 ft ÷ 3 = yd
Yards (yd) → Feet (ft) Multiply by 3 yd × 3 = ft
Metric ↔ Imperial
From To Conversion Formula
Inches → Millimeters Multiply by 25.4 in × 25.4 = mm
Millimeters → Inches Divide by 25.4 mm ÷ 25.4 = in
Feet → Meters Multiply by 0.3048 ft × 0.3048 =
m
Meters → Feet Divide by 0.3048 m ÷ 0.3048 =
ft
SCALE
A scale is the ratio between the actual size of an object and its drawing size. It allows drafters to reduce or
enlarge dimensions proportionally, so that the drawing still accurately represents the real-world object.
Types of Scale
1. Reduction Scale
Used when the object is too large to fit on the paper.
Examples:
House plans
Roads
Site layouts
Scale Meaning
1:100 1 unit on drawing = 100 units in real life
1:50 1 cm on paper = 50 cm in actual size
2. Full Scale
Used when the drawing is the same size as the actual object.
Example:
1:1 → 1 cm in drawing = 1 cm in real life
3. Enlargement Scale
Used when the object is too small and needs to be magnified for clarity.
Examples:
Machine parts
Electronics
Bolt threads
Scale Meaning
10:1 Drawing is 10 times larger than the real object
Measuring Practice
Look for classroom items to measure (e.g., table, whiteboard, window).
Record measurements in centimeters (cm).
Example Table:
Item Measured Length (cm) convert the convert the measurement
measurement to to (mm)
(m)
Table Length 120 cm
Door Height 210 cm
Window Width 90 cm
Let’s try to answer:
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Which is longer, the table or the door? By how many centimeters?
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Which item has a greater length in millimeters, and what is the difference in mm?
What is the combined length of the table and door in:
a) cm?
b) mm?
c) m?
- If a classroom wall is 4 meters long, and you place the table and door side by side, how much
space will be left on the wall (in meters)?
- You want to install a trim along the edge of the door. If the door is 2.1 meters tall, how many
centimeters of trim will you need?
- You are arranging two tables of the same size in a line. What is the total length in meters?
- A builder wants to order wood pieces equal to the height of the door. Each piece is sold in
centimeters. How long should each piece be?
- If you scaled the door down to a 1:50 scale, what would its height be on paper (in cm)?
- If the price of trim is ₱12 per meter, how much would it cost to install trim around the top and two
sides of the door?