Lines

Lines are
Lines just functions
are just the form
functions in the f(x) =
form of J(x) : mx ++ b, which why they
which is why they are often referred
are often referred to as
as linear functions .
linear functions.
cover functions
We'll cover functions asas a whole in aa future
a whole chapter; we’re
future chapter; we're covering lines
covering Lines first because they present some
because they present some
concepts
concepts that don’t apply
that don't other functions.
apply to other these concepts
tests these
The SAT tests
functions . The so frequently
concepts so they deserve
that they
frequently that deserve their
their
o chapter. Let's
w n chapter.
own dive in!
Let’s dive
Given any
Given w o points
any ttwo points (x1,_1/1)
(x1,yi) and (Md/2)) on aa line,
and (x2,Y2 line,

, rise
rise 1/2 2 -~ y1
Slope
SIope of Line =: -4 =z -y
o f line · -- “ll‐1
rrun
un .\'
X2 -~ x1
3 XJ

The slope
The slope is a measure of the
a measure steepness of aa Line-the
the steepness bigger the
line‐the bigger the slope,
slope, the
the m steep the line
o r e steep
more rise is the
The rise
line is. The the
distance between the
distance between they.'1 coordinates
coordinates and the distance between the coordinates. slope 2 means
u n is the
the rrun
and the distance between the x coordinates. A slope of means

goes 2 uunits
the line goes up for every
n i t s up every 11 unit to the
u n i t to right, or 2 uunits
the right, down
nits d n i t to
every 1 uunit
o w n for every to the lleft. slope of -‐ ~5
e f t , A slope

means the
means goes 2 units
line goes
the Line units down every 3 units
down for every to the right,
units to right, or
or 2 units
units up
up for every
every 3 units
units to the left.
to the left.
Lines with
Lines positive slope
with positive slope always
always go up and
go up and to the right as
the right graph above.
the graph
as in the above.

yV

rise

run

Lines with
Lines negative slope
with negative slope go and to the
down and
go down right::
the right
y

117
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 14 LINES
LINES

EXAMPLE1:
EXAMPL£1~
y

(a.b)

shown in the
line shown
The line the xy-plane
xy-plane above passes through
above passes the origin
through the point (a,
and point
origin and (a,b), where a > b. Which
b), where Which of
the following could
thelollowing bethe
could be slope of the
the slope line?
the line?

A)‐-%
A) --
1
2
B);~4
B) C ) 11
C) D);
D)~
2

..
First,
F1rst, .. tthat
notice
notice h at tthe .. positive.
lope 1s
h esslope lS .. .. Th
posnhve. Theesslope,
rise ·_ 1
Iope, -rise
ru_', 1s so equal
15aalso
b
equa I to E'
-b .
runI] a
y

Since b, ~g is always
Since a > b, less than
always less 1. For
than 1. example, if
For example, if aa =z 5 and
and b = 3, the slope
3, the slope would be ~-
would be 2 The
The only choice
only choice
a 5
that’s both
that's positive
both po sitive and than 11 is
less than
and less is answer
answer (B) .[NJ.
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2: Line
Line m passes through
m passes through points and (3,1:
points (k, 7) and 4). If
(3, k -‐ 4). the slope
If the line m
slope of line m is 3, what
what is the
the
value of k?
value k?

( k- 4)
e(k
S l o =p ----
Slope z3 ‐-43k)-‐T7 == 33
1 == 33(3
k -‐ 111 ( 3 -‐ kk))
k - 1111 =
2 99 ‐- 33kk
4 k=
4k : 2200

k:‑

118
118
 THE COLLEGE PANDA
THE COLLEGE PANDA

EXAMPLE 3:
EXAMPLE 3:If
If a line has
a line a slope
has a slope of
of~g and through the
passes through
and passes point (1,
the point (1, ‐- 22), which of
) , which the following
of the following points
points
also lies
also lies on
on the line?
the line?

A)
A) ((-2,
4 , --5)
5) B)(-‐2,‐1)
B) (-2,-1) cue‐11)
C) (4, -1) D) (4,10)
D) (4, 10)

A slope i
1
slope of 5 means
means 11up every 33 to
up for every to the right, or
the right, or 11 down every 3
for every
down for 3 to left. If
the left.
to the If we
we go3
go 3 to the left,
to the the point
left, the point

we get to
we get to on the line
on the is ( -‐ 22,, -‐3).
line is If we
3). If we go
go3 to the
3 to right, the
the right, the point we get
point we get to
to on the line
on the is ((4,
line is 4, -~1), [I§J.
answer (C) .
1), answer
In this
this case, we got
case, we got to the answer pretty
the answer quickly, but
pretty quickly, but if we
we hadn’t,
hadn't, we would have
we would moving right
continued moving
have continued or
right or
left until
left until we
we fotmd
found an answer choice
an answer that matched
choice that On the
matched.. On the SAT, it shouldn't ever take
shouldn't ever too long
take too long to at the
arrive at
to arrive the
answer for aa question
answer question like
like this
this..

addition to slope,
In addition you also
slope , you need to know
also need know what and y intercepts
what x and intercepts are. x-intercept is
The x-intercept
are. The is where graph
the graph
where the
crosses the
crosses the x-axis. Likewise, the y-intercept is where
Likewise, they-intercept the graph
where the crosses the
graph crosses y‐axis..
the y-axis
Let's say
Let’s say we the line
have the
we have line
2x + By
2x =
3y = 12
12
To find the x‐intercept, set
the x-intercept, equal to 0.
set y equal

2x + 3(O) =
+ 3(0) = 12
2x =
2x : 12
12
x =
: 6

The x-intercept
The x-intercept is 6.
the y-intercept,
To find the y-intercept, set equal to 0.
set xx equal 0.

2(0) + 3y == 12
12
3y := 12
3]; 12
y =z 4

The y‐intercept is 4.
They-intercept

EXAMPLE 4:
EXAMPLE 4: If the line ax
the line +
ax + 3y = 15, where aa is a
15, where has an
constant, has
a constant, x‐intercept that
an x-intercept is twice
that is twice the value of
the value of
the y-intercept, what is
the y-intercept, what is the value of aa ??
the value

set x =
First, set
First, = 0Oto find the
to find y-intercept:
they-intercept:
a ( 0 )++3y
a(O) 3 y=: 115
5
3
3yy = 115
5
yy =
=5
The y-intercept is 5,
They-intercept 5, which means the
which means x-intercept must
the x-intercept must be
be 5
5xx2
2= 10. Plugging
= 10. Plugging in
in x
x z 10, y
= 10, y= 0,
= 0,

a(10) +
a(lO) +3(0) : 15
3(0) = 15
10a = 15
a =~

119
CHAPTER 14 LINES
CHAPTER 14 LINES

All lines
All can be
lines can expressed in slope-intercept
be expressed slope-intercept form:

y = mx
mx +
+ bb

where
where m m is
is the slope and
the slope and b is the y‐intercept. So
they-intercept. So for
for the line y =
the line = 2x
2x ‐- 3,
3, the slope is 2 and
the slope the y‐intercept
and the y-intercept is
-‐ 33::
y

all lines
While all
While lines can be expressed
can be slope‐intercept form,
expressed in slope-intercept sometimes it’ll
form, sometimes it'll take some work
take some to get
work to there . If you’re
get there. you're
given slope and
given aa slope and aa y-intercept,
y-intercept, then
then of course really
it’s reall
course it's easy to get
y easy get the equation of the
the equation the line.
line . But what if
But what
we’re handed
we're slope and
handed aa slope point instead
and aa point slope and
instead of aa slope and a a y-intercept?
y-intercept? ThenThen it’ll be more
it'll be convenient to use
more convenient use
point-slope form:
point-slope form:
yy ~- yY1i =m m(x
( x-‐ xxi)
i)
(x1,y1)
where (x1,y
where given point.
the given
1 ) is the point. For example, let’s
For example, let's say we want
say we want to find the
the equation
equation of aa line has aa slope
that has
line that slope
and passes
of 3 and through the
passes through the point
point (1, -‐ 22).
) . The equation of the
The equation line is then
the line then

yy -‐ ( (-‐ 22)) =
= 33(x
(x~- 11))

Once it’s in point-slope

Once it's we can
form, we
point -slope form, expand and
then expand
can then shift things
and shift around to get
things around get to slope-intercept if we
form if
slope-intercept form we
need to.
need
= 33(x
y -‐ ((-‐ 22)) = ( x-‐ 1)
l)
= 33xx -‐ 3
y +2 =
=33xx ~- 55
y=

EXAMPLE 5:
EXAMPLES:
y
,
........ ,_
............ 'J
.........
,_
,_
.........
,.,. "' i-....
I"
-14. - SI 2 - 1P
-X
'
Which of the
Which following could
the following be the
could be the equation of the
equation of line shown
the line shown in the xy-plane
in the above?
xy-plane above?

A ) y == ‐- Z2x+3
A)y x+3 B)y
1
B)y=%x+3
= -2 x + 3 C)y=‐%x+3
C)y
1
=--x+ 3 D ) y=
D)y = 2x
2 x-‐ 33
2

To get
To the equation
get the equation of of the line y =
the line mx +
: mx + b, we
we need
need to the slope
to find the slope m and the
m and y-intercept b,
they-intercept The line
b. The line crosses
crosses
the y-axis at 3, sob = 3. The line goes downward from left right, down
the y‐axis at 3,so b : 3. The line goes downward from left to right, down 1 for every 2 to right, so the slope
every to the right , so the
the slope
1
m is -‐ ~.
5. Therefore, equation of the
the equation
Therefore, the line is y =
the line z -‐ ;%x+
x + 3. Answer
Answer ~-(C) .

120
 THE COLLEGE
THE PANDA
COLLEGE PANDA

EXAMPLE6: A line
EXAMPLE6: through the points
line l1passes through ( - 22,3)
points (- and (3, 13).
,3) and 1;3),What is the y‐intercept
y~interceptof Imel?
line I ?

yz‐y1 = 1 133-‐ ‐ 33 =: 2
Slope
5 = 1 Y2- Y1 =
=
oPe X2 x 2-‐ xX11 33 ‐- ( -‐ 22)) 2
Using point-slope
Using point form, our
-slope form, line is
o u r line
13 = 2(x -‐ 3)
y -‐ 13
Note that
Note we could've
that we could’ve used point (-
other point
used the other ( ‐ 22,,3).
3). The result
result will
will ttum
u r n out be the
out to be the same.
same.

y -‐ 13
13 =: 2(x
2(x -‐ 3)
3)
=22xx ‐- 66++113
y= 3
y=
: 22x
x++ 7

After
After putting
putting the equation
equation into slope‐intercept form,
into slope-intercept we can
form, we can easily
easily see that
that they -intercept is [z].
the y-intercept ..

There are aa few more

There are things you
more things need to know
you need about lines.
know about lines.

Two lines parallel if they

lines are parallel they have
have the same slope.
same slope.
y

Two lines
Two lines are perpendicular if
are perpendicular if the
the product
product of
of their
their slopes
slopes is In other
is -‐ 11.. In other words,
words, ifif one
one slope
slope is
is the
the negative
negative
1
reciprocal of the
reciprocal the other
other (e.g. and -‐ E).
(e.g. 22 and
2 ).
y

121
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER LINES
14 LINES

EXAMPLE 7: Line
EXAMPLE m has
Line m has a slope of ~g and
a slope passes through
and passes point (4,
the point
through the 3). If line
(4, 3). 1:is
line n perpendicular to line
is perpendicular line
m and
m through the
passes through
and passes the same
same point (4,3), which
point (4,3), the following
which of the following could
could bebe the
the equation line n ?
equation of linen?

3 3
A)y= -- 32 x + 9
A)y=‐§x+9 B)y=‐§x‐‐3
B)y= - -x
2
- 3 C)y=‐?2‐x+6
C)y =- -x + 6
2
D)y=‐%x+9
D)y
3
=- -x + 9
2

3
it's perpendicular
Because it's
Because m, linen
line m,
perpendicular to line line Hmust
must have slope of -~‐5'
have aa slope ~- Using point-slope form,
Using point-slope form,

3
y‐3z‐g(x‐4)
y - 3 =-
2
(x - 4)

yz‐gx+6+3
y =-
3
2x + 6 + 3
3
yy=‐%x+9
=- x+ 9
2
Weget
We equation into
get the equation slope-intercept form
into slope-intercept form to see that the
see that answer is ~-( D ) .
the answer

Finally,you’ll need to know

Finally, you'U need equations of horizontal
know the equations horizontal and vertical lines.
and vertical equation of the
The equation
lines . The vertical line
the vertical line that
that
passes through
passes 0) is x = 3.
(3,0)
through (3, 3.
y
x=3

+-+--+---+---+--+--+--+--f-1-+ X

equation of the
The equation line that
horizontal line
the horizontal passes through
that passes (0, 3)) is y =
through (0,3 : 3.
3.

yll

y=3

+-+--+---+---+--+---+--+---t---,1--+ X

122
 COLLEGE PANDA
THE COLLEGE
THE PANDA

CHAPTER EXERCISE:Answers for this chapter start on page 307.

A calculator
calculator should
should N be used
O T be
NOT on the
used on the
following
following questions.
questions.
In the xy-plane,
ln the xy-plane, points (‐3,5) and
points (-3,5) (6, 8) lie
and (6,8) on
lie on
line 1.
line Which of
I. Which of the following points is also
following points is also onon
lline
i n e ]I??
What is the equation
What equation ofof the line parallel
the line to the
parallel to the
y-axis and
y~axis and 3 units to the
3 units right of
the right of the y-axis?
the y-axis? (0, 6)
A) (0,6)
A)
A)) Xx=
A = -‐ 3 B) (3,8)
B ) x=3
B) x=3 C)
C) (9,10)
(9, 10)
C)) yy =
C = ‐- 3 D) (12,11)
D) (12,11 )
D)) yy== 3
D

y
y
(5, n)
•
(-1, 1)
•
+----, 0+-----. X

Figure not
Note: Figure
Note: n o t drawn to scale.
drawn to scale.
- -6
the figure
In the figure above,
above, the slope of
the slope line through
the line
of the through
t w o plotted points is The graph of LineI is shown in the xy-p lan e
the
the two plotted points is~%- What
What is
is the value
the value
above. Which of the following is an equation of
o
off n
n?? a line that is parallel to line I ?
A) 9
B) 4
A)y=‐§x+2
2
A) y =-- x + 2
3
C) 3 2
B)y=§x+10
B) y = x + 10
3
7
D) 3
3 C)yzgx‐4
3
C) y = - x - 4
2
D)) yy =
D =33xx-~ 11

In the xy-p lane, a

xy-plane, line has
a line anx-intercept
has an of -‐22
x-intercept of
and a
and a y-intercept
y-intercept of -‐ 44.. What
What is
is the slope of
the slope of the
the
line?
line?
A)) -‐ 2
A

B) ~§11
B)
2
1
C) -5
C)
2
D) 2

123
CHAPTER 14 LINES

y y

+---+-----+---<>----+----- X
-3 -2 - 1 O 1 2 3 Line I/ in the xy-coordinate
xy-coordinate system
system above be
can be
above can
represented by the
represented the equation mx + b.
equation y = mx b. Which
Which
In the
the xy‐plane
xy-plane above,
above, the graph of the
the graph linear
the linear of the
the following must be
following must be true?
true?
function J
function f is perpendicular
perpendicular to the graph of the
the graph the
linear
linear function (not shown).
function g (not If the
shown). If graphs of
the graphs offf A) mb
A) >0
mb >
B) mb < 00
B) mb
and g intersect
and the point
intersect at the point (1,~),
(1, 2), what
what is the
the
mb =
C) mb = 0
value of gg(‐1)
value (- 1) ?
? mb =
D) mb : 1

The line y = -‐ 22xx -‐ 22 is perpendicular line I. If

perpendicular to line/. If
these two lines have the same y-intercept, which
of the following could be the equation of line / ?
A
A)) yy=z ‐- Z
2xx-‐ z2
allowed on the following
A calculator is allowed following B
B) ) yy== 2x
2 x- ‐ 2
questions.
questions.
1
C)
C) .v yz‐ix‐Z
=-- 2 x - 2
1
y
D)y=%x‐2
D) y = - x - 2
2
m

The slope line/ I is ~%and

slope of line its y‐intercept
and its y-intercept is 3.
What is the equation
What equation of the line perpendicular
the line perpendicular to
line I that
line goes through
that goes 5) ??
(1,5)
through (1,
A
A)) yy =-
= ‐ 22xx + 3
What is the slope
What slope of the
the line m in the
line m figure
the figure B
B) ) yy =-
= ‐ 2x
h+ +7
above?
above?
1 11
11
A)
A) - 2 C)
C) y y:_§x+7
= - 2x + 2
1 1 9
B
B) ) ‐ ‑
2 D)
D) yy‐§x+§
= 2x + 2
1
C) -
C)
4
1
D) 2

124
 THE COLLEGE
THE COLLEGE PANDA
PANDA

2
line with
A line slope of g passes
with aa slope through the
passes through the In the xy-plane, the line with equation
3
points (1,4)
points (1, (x, 10).
and (x,
4) and 10). What value of x?
the value
What is the x? -1y1
ax ‐ 531 := 8, where
.
where a 15a constant, passes
is a constant, passes
A) 4
A) through
through the point (2,6).
the point What is the
(2, 6). What the
B) 6 x-coordinate the x-intercept
x-coordinate of the x-intercept of the
the line?
line?
C) 8
C)
D ) 1100
D)

D Average speed,
speed , 5
s Number of
Number
Day
ay per hour)
(miles per hour) calories burned,
burned , c
a
Monday
Monday 7.2 616 y = bx + c
Thursday
Thursday ”‑ 6.8 584
d
Friday
Friday 7.9 672 y = ‐- xX +
+cC
y e
Saturday
Saturday 8.5 720
The equations
The two perpendicular
equations of two lines in the
perpendicular lines the
On certain days of the
certain days the week, Elaine runs
week, Elaine r u n s for an
an
xy-plane are
xy-plane shown above,
are shown where a,b,c,d,
above, where and e
a, b, c, d, and e
hour on
hour on aa treadmill.
treadmill. For each day that
each day that she ran in
she ran
a .
the last week,
the last week, the table above
the table above shows
shows the average
the average are
are constants. If O
constants. If b < 1, which
0< 2 which of the
the
speed sat
speeds which she
at which she ran,
ran, in miles per hour,
miles per and
hour, and following must be
following must true?
be true?
the number of calories
the number calories c she
she burned during the
burned during the
run.. If
run If the
modeled
relationship between
the relationship between cc ands
linear function,
modeled by aa linear
and s can
which of the
function, which the
be
can be
A)‘1<‐1
d
A) - < - 1
e 8
following functions best
following functions best models the
models the d
relationship?
relationship? B)_1<fl<0
B) - 1 < - < 0
e
L’

c(s) =
A) c(s) 30s + 400
z305+400
A)
C)0<§<1d
C) 0 <-<
e
l
B ) c(s)
B) c(s) = 660s
0 $ + 2210
10
d
C) c(s) =
C) c(s) 80s + 40
2805+40 D)5>1
D) - > 1
e
8
D ) c(s) =
D) 2 990s
0 5-‐ 330
0

If m
If and b are
m and real numbers
are real and m
numbers and m > 0 and
and b > 0,
0,
then the line whose equation
then the line whose equation is y = mx +
= mx + b
contain which
cannot contain
cannot the following
which of the following points?
points?
A) (0,1)
A) (0, 1)
B)
B) (1,1)
(1,1)
C
C)) ((-‐ 11,1)
,1)
D)
D) (O,‐1)
(0, - 1)

125