Including Competency Based Questions: REVIEW EXERCISE Competency Focused (Objective) Questions correct order of stages of binary fission in Multiple Choice Questions Sol. (b) ‘The ci Oy Tein this bdeny hunania is I, Il, 1, Vs TV. In this, binary fs 4. offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction Leishmania te orientation lation othe egy have greater similarity among themselves because structure. : (ROERTERA 4 The modes of reproduction in Spirogyra and Pianaris () asexual reproduction Involves only one parent, respectively are hte (i) asexual reproduction does not involve gametes. (a) Regeneration and budding (ii) asexual reproduction occurs before sexual (b) Regeneration and fragmentation reproduction, (6) Fragmentation and regeneration (Ww) asexual reproduction occurs after sexual (@) Budding and regeneration reproduction. Sol, (c) Spirogyra reproduces asexually by fragmentation, (a) (@) and Gi) (©) @ and (it) where each broken piece grows into a new filament, (© Gi and () (4€) (aii) and (iv) While Planaria reproduces asexually by regeneration, Sol. (a) Offspring have greater similarity as only one parent where each cut piece develops into a complete is involved in asexual reproduction and it does not organism. involve the formation of gametes. 5. Which one of the following statement is true for 2. Observe the figure given below labelled as (A-E). Hydra, Amoeba and Spirogyra? ie Which of the foll ‘shows the cytoplasmic (@) They are multicellular division? caripareRey waver GU! (©) They are unicellular 7 (6) They reproduce sexually o (€) They reproduce asexually A 8 ge (> Sol. (d) Hydra, Amoeba and Spirogyra are the organisms that ey} >) Re ‘reproduces asexually without the involvement of gametes through budding, fission and fragmentation, S respectively. Nucleus @A wp Given below figure shows the leaf of Bryophyllum with (©CandD (@ DandE organ used for vegetative propagation labelled as 4’ Sol. (b) In the above figure, part labelled as D only shows the cytoplasmic division during binary fission in Amoeba, 3. Choose the correct order of the stages of binary fission in Leishmania. (eese2023) Which of the following correctly represent the ‘A’in the above figure? i (a) Rhizome (b) Bulb (c) Bud (@ Adventitious roots om mM Sol. (c) The organ ‘A’ shows the bud of Bryophyllum which is (LLM. ()LM.V responsible for the vegetative propagation. (10, V,11V (10,0, v,1V 256 Allfwone Science 10th @ scanned with OKEN Scannerjnbread mould, the structure | * necnet ae 's labelled as A and a (a) hyphae and spore {b) root and sporangium {hyphae and sporangium, {@) root and spores {o)In the given image, hyphae and tiny bulb- sporangium, 4, offsprings formed as a result of sex produce more variations because (a) genetic material is contributed by many parent i parents (b) sexual reproduction isa lengthy proces (©) genetic material is contributed by two individu tne species to produce s new pene na of came me ode ev tee copying i not accompanied bythe ration o cellular apparatus: : rites sain “ sol. (2 Offspring produced by sexual reproduction produce more variations because genetic material is contributed by both the parents. In this process, recombination of genes from both the father and mother leads to variation in the offspring. the thread-like project ad-like projections A are ‘On-a-stick like structures B are al reproduction 9, Parts) of a flower which attracts insects for pollination is/are icase 2024) (a) petals and sepals (b) anther and stigma (©) petals only (@) sepals only Sol. (c) Petals are the part of a flower that attracts insects for pollination. The petals are responsible for providing unique shape, colour and fragrance to a flower to attract, pollinators. Consider the following three flowers namely X, Yand Z, which flower (s) would develop into a fruit? [68S#'202% 10. Flower X Flower ¥ Flower Z ()OnlyX —(b) OnlyZ (c)Xand¥ (4) YandZ Sol." (c) The ovary present in the pistil of the plant develops into a fruit. As both X and ¥ contain pistil, both has the capacity to develop into a fruit. Hee 20340 411. Tho diagram shown below deplets pollination. Choose the option, that will show a maximum variation in the offspring. [onse sar 2023 (@) A, Band ¢ (b) Band D (©B Cand D (@Aandc Sol. (b) As both B and D are showing cross-pollination, it will show maximum variation in the offspring. 12. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events of sexual reproduction in a flower? (@) Pollination, fertilisation, seedling, embryo (b) Seedling, embryo, fertilisation, pollination (©) Pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling (a) Embryo, seedling, pollination, feti Sol. (c) The correct sequence of events are as follows Pollination (transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma) + Fertilisation (fusion of germ cells to form zygote) t Embryo formation (zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule) + Seedling (ovule develops a tough coat and converts into aseed) (Based Que. 13. The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular species remain: due to co (@) doubling of chromosomes after 2ygote formation (6) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation (6) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation (4) halving of chromosomes ater gamete formation (b) The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular species remains constant due to halving of chromosomes during gamete formation (asa result of meiotic division). 14. During adolescence, reproductive phase starts and (a) general growth rate begins to slow down [68SE2023 (b) height becomes less (6) the body weight is reduced (@) hair growth decreases Sol, (a) During adolescence, reproductive phase starts and general growth rate begins to slow down, Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 257 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner15. Which list accurately describes the changes that take Place in nvates during puberty? (8) thick hair growth on fave, cracking of voice, enlargement of reproductive organs (©) thin hair growth occurs on the body, size ofthe breasts increases, pitch of the voice increases (©) reproductive organs enlarge, size ofthe breasts increases, thick hair growth on the body (€) size of the breasts increases, beginning of ‘menstruation, thick hair growth on the body Sol. (a) Thick hair growth on face, cracking of voice and enlargement of reproductive organs are some changes that accurately describes the changes that takes place in males during puberty 16. Given below is the structure of human body. representing different type of endocrine glands found. Choose the correct option for the parts, labelled as (X, Yand 2). (2) Epididymis Sperm duct (b) Sperm duct Seminal vesicle Testes (c) Seminal vesicle Epididymis Sperm duct ‘Vas deferens (a) Epididymis Sperm peepee rie ee Sol. (b) 17. The correct sequence of organs in the male reproductive system for ‘transport of sperms is (2) Testis—> Vas deferens —> Urethra (b) Testis > Ureter > Urethra (©) Testis—> Urethra —> Ureter (€) Testis > Vas deferens —> Ureter Sol. (a) Sperms formed in testis are delivered through the vas deferens which joins with another tube called urethra coming from the urinary bladder. 18, Given below Is the table showing different parts of @ female reproductive system and thelr related functions. fillthe blanks by choosing correct option. 258 Allénone Science 10th Seminal vesicle (NOERTLExeinpIat bserve the table carefully and accordingly Colut Column B Ovates Boag Oviduet Paros c Peegnancy : ip caret See 0 (2) A-Ovulation, B-Uterus, C-tertisation, De a (0) A-Lterus Berilisation C-Vagins, D-Ovaltion (o A-Feilisation, B-Uterus, C-Ovulation D-Vaging (@) A-Ovelation, B-Fertlisation, C-Uterus, D-Vaging sol. (€) 419, Choose the disease from the following that cannot py sexually transmitted. (@) Syphilis (©) HIV-AIDS Sol. (b) Hepattis-A isa water sexually transmitted disease. 20. The bacterial and the viral infections that may be caused due to unsafe sex respectively are CBSE 2024 (@)Wartsand HIV-AIDS (6) HIV-AIDS and wars {© Gonorrhoea and syphilis (4) Syphilis and warts Sol. () Syphilis and warts are bacterial and viral infections respectively that may be caused due to unsafe sex, (0) Hepattis-A (@ Gonorthoea borne viral disease and not g Assertion-Reason Questions Direction (Q. Nos. 4-7) In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given by the corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the ‘statements, mark the correct answer as (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation ofA (b) Both A and Rare true, but R is not the correct explanation of A (€) Ais true, but Ris false (4) A is false, but R is true 1. Assertion (A) Individuals produced by asexual reproduction are known as clones. Reason (R) They are known as clones because they are genetically identical. Sol. (a) Both A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A. 2. Assertion (A) Generally’ the number of chromosomes inva cell and in a germ cell is not the same in species. Reason (R) When two germ cells combine, they resto the normal number of chromosomes in a species. ‘caseser 208 Sol. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerE of chromos ‘phe number of somes in somatic cells ts doubl shat in gon cells because germ cells undergo melee reducing the chromosome number by hafgoe os production, assertion A) Offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically sitar othe parents, reason (R) Asexual reproduction invok ; Ives a single parent. 7 (eBse 2034 #4) oth Aand Rare tue and Ris the correct explanation ofA Asexual reproduction isa mode of reproduction th A ction that {involves a single parent only, "The new offsnrine ty this method after cell division are genetial roa ther parents or are clone to their parce a 4, Assertion (A) In male reproductive system, t sperm takes place in a fluid which also provide nutlens Reason (R) Prostate gland and seminal ves; - their content in testes. inal vesicles secretes (0) Ais true, but R is false. R can be corrected Prostate gland and seminal vesicles that vas deferens. 5. Assertion (A) The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with the help of a special tissue called placenta, Reason (R) Placenta is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall. easea08 (@) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of AL 6. Assertion (A) Vasectomy is a surgical method of birth control. Reason (R) In vasectomy, small portion of oviduct is cut ortied properly. Sol. (c) A is true, but R is false. R can be corrected as In vasectomy a small portion of the sperm duct is cut or ied properly. 7. Assertion (A) Copper-Tis an intra-uterine device. Reason (R) Itis placed in cervix and prevents fertilisation. Sol. (c) Ais true, but R is false, R can be corrected as Copper-T is placed in uterus and prevents the fertilisation and implantation. sol secrete their content in sol Case Based/Source Based Questions 1. Answer the questions on the basis of your understanding of the following passage and related studied concept. ‘Water hyacinths reproduce both sexually and asexually. ‘They reproduce sexually by producing seeds through flowers and asexually by bud formation or ‘fragmentation. It undergoes reproduction through either ” Sol, a) Sol. |. Some plants can propogate vegetatively, of the methods depending on environmental conditions. Water hyacinths bloom freely in water-tich conditions, whereas reproduction for survival is more effort intensive in water-scarce conditions, Competency Based Qi Explain why this variation in reproductlon Is required in water hyacinths. ‘The population of each species thrives in its spec habitat or niche, which is characterised by particular environmental conditions. These conditions can change due to factors beyond the organism's control, such as climate fluctuations or habitat disturbances. Having variation in reproduction enhances the species ability to adapt and survive through such changes, ensuring continuity even in adverse situations. 2 Which mode of reproduction Is likely to occur in the following conditions? Justify. (a) abundance of water (b) scarcity of water (@) Asexual Reproduction In 2 favourable environment, the organism is likely to adopt an. energy-efficient method such as asexual reproduction. This allows for rapid growth and multiplication without the need for significant energy investment. (b) Sexual Reproduction In a stressed or challenging environment, the organism is more likely to resort, to the effort-intensive method of sexual reproduction. This strategy introduces genetic variation, enhancing adaptability and increasing the chances of survival in the face of environmental stress, a Answer the questions on the basis of your understanding of the following passage and related studied concept. Medha cut a celery plant into two [Link] placed the lower part of the cut celery in a jar of water. The pictures show what Medha observed after a week. What can Medha conclude from her activity? m Scientists grow new plants from the groups of cells in laboratories. What does the technique usually known as? Scientists grow new plants from groups of cells in laboratories by using tissue culture. In this technique, new plants are grown by using small cut pieces of ‘growing tips of plant in artificial nutrient medium. 2] Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 259, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(il) th flowering plants on the other side, what does the method in which the male and femates gametes in plants fuse together to form a zygote called? What happens to the zygote after maturation? Sol, Fertilisation is a method in which the male gamete {pollen grain) fuses with the female gamete (ova) form a zygote. This zygote develops and transforms into an embryo after fertilisation, 1) ‘3. Observe the given image and answer the questions that follows. BP Pollinator ee ‘Settplination Gy \ Stigma Ovary Owe: (®) Name the process depicted in the given image. Sol. The process depicted in the given image is cross-pollination. ny (i) What would happen if the given process is absent in flowering plants? Sol. If cross-pollination is absent, flowering plants would rely solely on self-pollination, which can limit genetic diversity. This could reduce the adaptability of the species, making them more susceptible to diseases, environmental changes and other stressors. Does this process allow variations in the offspring? Explain. Sol. Yes, cross-pollination allows for variations in the offspring, It involves the transfer of pollen from one plant to another, resulting in the mixing of genetic material from two different plants. This increases genetic ws Constructed Response (Descri Very Short Answer Type Questions 41. List two ways due to which variations arise in a population. State the Importance of variation... ‘epse 20286 Sol. ‘Two ways by which variations arise in a population are as follows (i) Genetic Recombination during Sexual Reproduction This occurs during the formation of gametes when genetic material is reshuffled, leading to new combinations of traits. (ii) Mutations Random changes in the DNA sequence can introduce new traits into the population. 260 All¥eone science 10th 1:1 offopring with a combination of versity leadin nla, enbiancing the chance, traits from both parent of adaptation to changing environments ty 4. Sita soaked some chana (chickpeas) overnight for cooking, However, due [Link] emergency, she forgoy tostrain the water and left the chana in the Container for two days. When she returned, she foticed that some of the chana had sprouted ang Small green shoots were emerging from them, (). Name the process shown in the figure above. | Sol. ‘The process happening is germination, where the sed begin to grow into new plants due to the right conditions (moisture and warmth). i (il) Why did the chana sprout after two days? Sol, The chana sprouted because they were soaked in water, which provided the necessary moisture for the seeds to begin the germination process, The warmth and moisture triggered the seeds to start growing, t} (ii) What isthe significance of this process in plants? Sol, Germination is crucial because it marks the beginning ofa plant's lifecycle, allowing the seed to develop intoa ‘mature plant. This process enables the plant to grow and produce new seeds, ensuring the continuation of the species. It also allows the plant to access nutrients from the soil and sunlight, essential for its survival and growth, a e) Questions Variations are crucial for the survival ofa species sit helps individuals adapt to changing environmental conditions. It increases the chances of survival by enabling some individuals to withstand diseases, climate changes or other challenges better thant others, This ensures the continuity of the popula over time. 2. Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in unicellular organism? Give one reason. ion ra} Sol, Yes, cell division can be considered asa typeof s reproduction in unicellular organism becasue itr in the formation of two daughter cells. q —d @ scanned with OKEN Scannernow do Plasmodium and Lets waite any one difference ty reproduction, ‘hmanla reproduce? thelr modo of (ComBeey aNeN que) riasmdinny al Leishmania reproduce by so) con and binaty fission, respectively. ty pete peentorganisn dives into many dente {rgsisme andi Leishman, pre laughter 4 nt orga {ato 09 identical daughter organising. ont vides 11) | the multicetul : [a Walch one of lular organism. s) | and Panera reproduces by regeneration seo | Gyeanexample of anyother organism nig ne” | also reproduce by the same process, "Base aa | gy. Plonaria reproduces by Fegeneration by the development ofa new organism oo broken or cut part of parent. 1 Hydra also reproduces by the same process 7 3 | | 5, What happens ifthe Planaria is cut in | | in Planaria nism occurs from just a 0 to pieces? a (itor Bat j, When Planariais cut into pieces then eac snd develops into a new complene wn each Piece grows iplete organism, This mode of reproduction in Planaria called regeneration, 6, Uist two advantages of growin vegetative propagation, | sot (i) Maintain genetic stability i banana through sol, On bursting of sporangium, large number of spores are released into the air, ‘When these spores land on food or soil under favourable conditions, they germinate into new individuals. 9, List the factors that are responsible for the rapid |___ spread of a bread mould on slices of bread. | S21. The two factors responsible for rapid growth of bread | mould are io} (i As they do not have viable seed, vegetative propagation helps them to reproduce, mn | 7, Mention any one disadvantage of producing new plants | by vegetative propagation, | Sol, There is no genetic variation, such plants are less | adaptable to environmental changes. | 8, What happen when sporangia bursts on maturation? | ‘coinpetaney easea gues | (i) presence of large number of spores. nm (i) availabilty of moisture and nutrients in a bread. [1] | | 10. Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers it | pollination does not occur? ‘INCERTIExei Sl. Ina flower, fertilisation requires both male and female gametes, So, itis necessary that the male gamete reaches the female gamete, This can happen when the pollen rains are transferred tothe stigma through the means of pollination, Hence, fertilisation cannot take place in flowers if Pollination does not occur due to the absence ‘of pollen, | (he the male gamete). 11. In the following figure showing a germinating gram Sol, Sood. Name the parts labolled as A, B and C. cBse2022 SA NO 8 ‘Why is part ‘B' considered to be important during germination? ‘The part labelled as A, B and C are plurnule, cotyledon and radicle, respectively. i Part B of germinating gram seed contain the reserve food material that provides nourishment to the developing seedling, therefore itis considered to be important during germination, or 12, In tobacco plant, the male gametes have 24 Sol. 13, sol. ‘chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes, inthe female gamete? What is the numberof chromosomes in the zygote? 5 Bad Que The number of chromosome in the female gamete ‘would be same as that in the male gamete, ie. it will have 24 chromosoines. 0 ‘The number of chromosome in the zygote would be double the number present in the gamete and hence it would be 48. m4 Give reasons (2) The male reproductive organ responsible for formation of germ cells is located outside the abdominal cavity. (b) The roles of the glands, present along the path of the vas-deferens, are very significant. 2025 (a) The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum to maintain a lower temperature, which is essential for sperm production and maturation, m (#) The glands along the vas deferens (seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland) produce fluids that nourish and protect sperm. These fuids help in sperm mobility, survival and transportation, making fertilisation possible, i ist any two functions of ovary of female reproductive system. ‘Ovary in females is responsible for the production of female gamete (ova) and also produces hormones, ie. ‘estrogen and progesterone. (44 How can pregnancy be prevented surgically? |. When vas deferens in males are blocked surgically, sperm transfer is prevented. Similarly, when Fallopian tubes are blocked in females the egg will not be able to ‘meet the sperm, thereby preventing pregnancy. Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 26 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerShort Answer Type Questions 1. Reproduction is linked to stability of population of a species. Justify the statement, NCERTEKainplat Sol. Refer to Q. 10 of Exercises in NCERT Folder on page no. 255. 2. Correlate the number of chromosomes with the size of the organism and answer the following questions. () Do larger organisms have more number of chromosomes/cells? (i Can an organism with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than organisms with more number of ‘chromosomes? (ii More the number of chromosomes/cells greater is the DNA content. Justify ‘{Compotency Based ave) (i) No, there is no relationship between the size of organism and its chromosome number. (ii) No, the process of reproduction follows a common pattern and is not dependent on the number of chromosomes. (iii) Yes, since the major component of chromosome is, DNA. If there are more chromosomes in a cel, the quantity of DNA will also be more. 3. Study the diagram given below. BO4 () Identity the process. (ii) Which organism uses the above method for reproduction? (ill) How is the above method different from the process of fragmentation? ol. (i) The process in the figure depicts binary fission. Itis a method of asexual reproduction. ta (i) Binary fission occurs in Amoeba and Leishmania, et 13 (ai) Differences between fission and fragmentation areas follows Fission Fragmentation Itis the division of Itis the division of a parent parent body nto two body into two or more small identical daughter cells, fragments. It occurs only in Itoccurs only in multicellular unicellular organisms with organisms with simple simple body organisation, cellular organisations. e.g. Amoeba, Plasmodium e.g, Spirogyra (algae)- (protozoan), a 262 Allénone Science 10th " " a used in rel ‘A. Explain the term ‘regeneration’ as used In relation PaPAroduction of organisms. Describe Brlety hay fogeneration is caried out In muiticelular organisms like Hydra. eration i used in relation to reproduction aie oduction isthe process by which aly organisms “le to produce new individuals of its oreNind, Regeneration i the ability of some nganisms to give rise to new organisms when the ora ual cut or broken up into many pleces. ig seen in Hydra and Planaria. "4 Process of Regeneration in Hydra (i) Regeneration in Hydra i carried out By specaliseg ken up into many pis “3 Hydra cut or broken up into many pieces . Aes aed ‘cells proliferate and make large number of ells. (ai) From this mas of cells different cells undergo changes to become vious cell types and sue, (x) These changes take place in an organised sequence referred to as development, thereby making each piece to grow into a separate individual, (1 5, Ravi took three bread slices and kept them inthe following conditions () Slice 1 in a dry and dark place (i) Slice 2 in a moist and dark place {iy Slice 3 in moist and in refrigerator What would he observe in each of the above conditions? Give reasons for your answer. aniveteney Basea Quy) Sol, (i) Inslice 1, no change will be observed. tH (ii) A white cottony mass surrounded with black pin head-like structures are seen spreading on the surface of slice 2 ‘This is because tiny spores of Rhizopus are always present in air which thrive in humid conditions. ‘This is why on the slice 2, kept in moist and dark place, formation of sporangia and spores takes pct which are favourable for the growth of fungus. [1 (ii) Insslice 3, also no change is observed (remains sterile) as it is kept at low temperature in the refrigerator. . Rajesh observed a patch of greenish black powdery mass on a stale piece of bread. () Name the organism responsible for this and ts specific mode of asexual reproduction. il) Name its vegetative and reproductive parts. enn ate Sol. Reger WW Sol. (i) The greenish black powdery mass on a stale pie* of bread is due to bread mould, Rhizopus. It reproduces by the spore formation. @ scanned with OKEN Scanneraay The vegetative part of Rhicop projections called hyphae an tiny blob-like strctres kino sis thread tke W the reprodittive pat is "1 As sporangia, hich conta spores as reproductive strictures Ww i) Name the reproductive and no 7 oread mould (Rhizopus) oS {i) List any tWo advantages of vegetative bropagation Teproductive parts of bread mould whereas, sporangia present on hyphae isthe at reproductive part, - a) Two advantages of vegetative propagation are as follows (a) Vegetative propagation het seedless plants, Pein Bowing (b) Ithelps in the prese the parent plant. 4, List three specific characteristi reproduction, jj. Characteristics of sexual reproductio (i Iti biparental type of re are involved), (i) Ittakes place with the help of gametes, (ai) Itis important for evolution, (j) Abundant variations occur dtrng this method, (Any three) [13] 8, Name the parts A, B and C shown in the following diagram and state one function of each, "tvation of the characters of 2 ics of sexual are as follows Production (two individuals A 8 c 1 Parts Functions A-Anther Formation of pollen. B-Siyle Connects stigma andthe ovary. ‘C-Ovary Contains ovale which develop into ____seeds while ovary forms the fruit. [x3] () Name a part of the flower which (2) persists even after a fruit is formed, (b) attracts insects for pollination, (©) produces pollen grains and (€) changes into seed after fertilisation. (i) After pollination, how does a male germ cell reach the ovary? Mention the significance of this event. ” BSE 20246 "(© (@) Ovary (b) Petals (c) Anthers (4) Ovules p44] (i) After polination, the pollen grain forms a pollen tube that grows through the style to the ovary. The male germ cell travels through this tube to the ovule for fertilisation, is process ensures fertilisation, leading to seed formation and the continuation ofthe plant sp (i) List two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction. w oT 11. A 8 (Conipeteney Based gus.) (@) Name the part marked A in the diagram. (©) How does A reach part 8? (©) State the importance of the part C. (@) What happens to the part marked D after ferilisation is over? Sol. (j) Variations appear among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction due to the following reasons (@) Sexual reproduction results in new combinations of genes that are brought together during the formation of gametes by meiotic divisions, (b) The second major reason is that sexual reproduction involves two parents producing an offspring. Hence, the variability is due to diverse set of genes of mother and father. [1% (i) (@) A-Potten grain, (b) Pollen grain reaches part B, process of pollination. (©) Part Cis pollen tube. It allows the passage for the male gametes to reach the ovary having female gamete for fertilisation. (€) Part D, ie, female gamete or egg cell forms 2ygote after fertilisation. 12, Differentiate between self:pollination and cross-pollination, Which one of the two is better for the survival of species? Give reason to justify your answer, casE2028 stigma by the 1) Sol, The difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination is as follows Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 263 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCross-poltination Pollen is transferred from the antherofone plant tothe stignta ‘of a flower on a different plant ‘ofthe same species. ____Selfpollination Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower _of the same plant. Docs nat introduce genetic Increases genetic variation, variation, Offspring aresimilarto the Oifspring may have new and parent Detter traits Ba Cross-pollination is better for the survival of species, because it introduces genetic variation, which helps plants adapt to changing environments and increases their chances of survival and evolution, 1 13. (a) Define Fertilisation, (©) What happens to Zygote, Ovule, Ovary and ‘Stamens after fertilisation in a flowering plar ase 202 Sol. (a) Fertilisation is the process of fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete to form a zygote. i (b) After fertilisation in a flowering plant: Zygote -+ Develops into an embryo. ‘Ovule— Becomes the seed. Ovary —> Develops into the fruit. Stamens —> Wither and fall off, as their role is completed. 2 14. Differentiate between a gamete and a zygote. State their significance in sexual reproduction. (BSE R028 Sol. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell (sperm in males, egg in females) that carries half the genetic. material. A zygote isa diploid cell fornied after the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilisation. ‘Significance in sexual reproduction Gametes ensure the transfer of genetic material from parents to offspring, enabling variation. Zygote is the first cell ofa new organism, which undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo, ensuring the continuity of life, 1 45, What are chromosomes? Explain how stability of the DNA of the species is ensured in sexually reproducing organisms. ‘GaSe Z0Rz retm) Sol. DNA is present in the nucleus ofa cell in the form ofa condensed structure called chromosome. They are made up of proteins and DNA. 1 ‘The process of meiosis during gamete formation ensures that the chromosome number is always maintained during reproduction. 2 What is puberty? Mention any two changes that are 1 1 16. years. 264 = Allnone science 10th Sol, Puberty Isa period during which body attains sexuay tnaturty by having well-cleveloped sex organs and becoming capable of reproduction. fi Changes that are common to both boys and gis in ery teenage years are as follows (i) "Thick hair growth in armpits and genital area between the thighs. (i) Oily skin and appearance of pimples. e 17. The sperms are tiny bodies that consist of mainly genetic material and a tong tall. (i) Where are the sperms produced? (i) What isthe rote ofthe long tall Ai How are the sperms delivered from the site oftheir production? Sol. (i) Spermsare produced i reproductive system. (4) The long tai of sperms helps in quick movement or motility of sperms, through the female reproductive tract, to reach egg cell. (it) Sperms ae delivered from the ste oftheir production by vas deferens, also known as sperm duct tothe ‘urethra which allow the passage of semen outside the body. tel 48. () Trace the path a male gamete takes to fertilise a female gamete after being released from the penis. in the testes of male ina zygote. Sol. (i) Male gamete (sperm) travel in the female reproductive tract after being released from the pens. ‘The sperms are highly active and motile. They swim {nto the uterus through vagina and then pass into the Fallopian tube (oviduct). ‘The fusion of male and female gamete results into the zygote. 8 (Gi) A zygote is formed from the fusion of two gametes, So, the chromosome number are 46 (in humans). [1] 49. (i) Write one function each of ovary and testis in the human reproductive system. (li) Give reason why (a) testes are located outside the abdominal cavity. (b) lining of the uterus becomes thick every month. case 20248 Sol. (i) One function each of the ovary and testis inthe human reproductive system are as follows + Ovary It produces eggs (ova) and secretes female hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone. + Testis It produces sperm and secretes male hormones like testosterone. tax @ scanned with OKEN Scanner{i (a) Testes ate Heated outste the sbdon sight Tower than the body tempore whieh essential forthe production a survival of sperm, vs (b) The uterine lining thickens eac preparation for a possible pe fertilisation occurs, the thick. 1 h month in pregnancy. if » the thickened lining environment for the does not occur, th menstruation, 20. (9 Name the parts Ato Eof reproductive system, i) Name the patt in os « name tne Part In wich fertsation takes pac in human female A sol, () A-Fallopian tube, B-Ovay Ys C-Uterus, D-Cervix, E-Vagina, @ (a Fertilisation takes place in Fallopian tube, 0" 21. Draw the human female reproductive system and label the folowing parts (0 Which produces ovum? (i) Where fertilisation takes place? (ii) Where implantation of embryo takes place? ‘Also give function of ovum and oviduct. gasezoxs Sol. ( Oviduct or Falopian tube Ovary: (ipUtorus 14] (@ Ovum carry the set of chromosomes, contributed by the female during reproduction, (i) Oviduct or Fallopian tubes are the ste of © fetilisation. Oviduct have funnel-shaped opening ‘ear ovary and carry ova or egg from ovary to uterus. Implantation take place inside the uterus, [1% 22. How does fertilisation take place? Ferlisation occurs once in a month, Comment. NOERTExenptat Sl. In human beings, the sperms produced in the testes of ‘males are introduced into the vagina of the woman through penis during copulation, ‘The sperms are highly active andl mobile and thus move up through cerviz into the uterus. From uterus, sperms pass into the oviducts. The oviduct contains an ovurn released by the ovary dluring ovulation, Millions of sperms are released into the ‘vagina at one time, but only one sperm fuses with the ‘ovum in the oviduct to form a zygote. This is called fertilisation, a Fertilisation can occur only once in a month because the ovary releases just one mature egg every month during a menstrual cycle. i} ‘What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilisation does not occur? ——gorigteneymaseeraue: Sol. Ifthe eggis not fertilised, it lives for about one day. Since, 24, Sol, 25. Sol, the ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg. Its lining becomes thick and spongy. ‘This would be required for nourishing the embryo, if fertilisation had taken place. However, in absence of fertilisation, the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucus. This cycle take place roughly every month and is known as menstruati Ttusually lasts for about 3-8 days. Distinguish between a gamete and zygote. Explain. their roles in sexual reproduction. NOERT Exe Differences between a gamete and zygote are as follows Gamete Zygote ‘The germ cells involvedin The fusion of male and sexual reproduction are female gametes form called gametes, eg. sperm in zygote during sexual “maleand ovain female, reproduction, Gametes are unfertilised __Zygote isa fertilised egg reproductive cells, or fertilised ovum, Gametes are hapoid (n) in Zygoteis diploid (2n) in nature nature, Gamete formation is a prerequisite for the sexual reproduction to happen, Both sperm and ova unite together to form a zygote. It further develops and forms an embryo which becomes a baby. 16+ 14) What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote? How is the sperm enetically different from the egg? compateney Bassa Que; The ratio of chromosome number between egg and its zygote is 1:2. An egg is a female gamete and it has haploid number of chromosomes. During fertilisation, it fuses with male gamete (also having haploid number of chromosomes) to form a zygote which now has diploid number of chromosomes. By Sperms and eggs are genetically different in terms of nature of sex chromosome. The sperm contains either Xoor Y-chromosome, whereas an egg will always have an X-chromosome. ior Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 265 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner26. What are the various ways to avold pregnancy? Elaborate any one method. ROERT aRpIAt Sol. Various ways to avoid pregnancy are as follows 27. @) Mechanical barrier, eg. condom. (Gi) Drugs (eg, oral pills for females). Gi) TOD, copper-T. Gv) Surgical method, eg. vasectomy i tubectomy in females are the surgical method for permanent contraception, [axa] Mechanical Barrier There are a number of methods that create barrier between sperm and egg. For example, ‘Condoms It is a fine rubber balloon-like structure worn ‘over the penis during a sexual intercourse. The semen is collected in it and does not get discharged into the vagina. This method also prevents the spread of STDs like AIDS, syphilis, ete. e+ (@ State one drawback of each of the following (2) Oral contraceptive pills (©) CopperT ) Under which category of contraceptive methods Is. the use of condom kept? In what way, Its use is better as compared to other methods of contraception? BSE 2022 (Term) males and Sol. (i) (a) Oral contraceptive pills may disturb the hormonal balance of the body. (b) Copper-T cainnot prevent sexually transmitted diseases. 14] (Gi) The use of condom is kept under barrier method of contraceptives. The condoms are better contraceptive method as compared to others due to the following reasons, (a) It helps to prevent STDs. (®) It cannot disturb the hormonal balance of the body and normal menstrual cycle in females, Long Answer Type Questions 1 Write two points of differences between asexual and sexual type of reproduction, Describe why variations are observed in the offspring formed by sexual reproduction. WcERTExemiplat Sol. Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction are as follows ‘Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Itinvolves only one parent, __Itoften involves two parents. Gametes are not produced. ‘No fertilisation and zygote formato Meiosis does not occur at anytime during reproduction, of gamete formation. Gametes are produced, Fertilisation and zygote formation is observed. Meiosis occurs at the time (2%) 266 All‘none Science 10th 2 Sol. 3. or Sol. >»| santoneare observed In oT20H Podued yy oben ring sex repro Siete emt ee toate are gametes have the 84% Mmber 9 Ao ie thelr DNA isnot Idee This bring sromosomes, th : entation and rege 2 Why are budding, fragmentat itr in aed as asexual yP2s Of CDrodUtion2 YO samme xplaln the process of fegeneraton iy Pianarla. | sc pudding fragmentation and regeneration are aided as vex tps OF FEPrOdUetON ecg See volve only one parent and germ oe gametes) arent involved inthis typeof reproduction. 7 in Planaria The Planaria can be Regeneration in Planaria cer Reseree of pieces and each Pece GROWS nto acon nara Thisis known a8 regeneration se ihe Regeneration is carried out by the specialised cells" ar ells proliferate and produce large number of sans vom this mass of cells, different cells undergy Spusges to become various cell eS, sues and Seay ‘These changes take place in an organised manner referred to as development. 6-8 0-68-60 “T-8 Regeneration n Planaria 8 () Name the mode of reproduction of the following organisms and state the important feature of each mode (@) Planaria (b) Hydra (e) Rhizopus (l) We can develop new plants from the leaves of Bryophyllum. Comment. (ll) List two advantages of vegetative propagation ove other modes of reproduction. ase ate (li) Name and explain the two modes of asexual reproduction observed in Hydra, (lv) What is vegetative propagation? Listtwo advantages of using this technique. e880 () (@) Planaria—Regeneration (b) Hydra—Budding (0) Rhizopus—Spore formation (ii) The leaves of Bryophyllum bears vegetative adventitious buds which on separation can givers to new plants. " ii} @ scanned with OKEN Scannerii) Theaulvantages of veget Hotes ative propagation are as (2) Vegetative reproduction te easier and faser rithods of reprodiction. be (0) 1s weil in those organs, which cannot reproduce sexually 1" wo modes of asexual reprod ae Gi) Too me ‘production in Hydra are (a) Budding (6) Regeneration For explanation, Refer budding and regeneration page no. 246, i: (ix) Refer to text on page no. 246 (Vegetative propagation). a 4, Answer the following questions. (i) Name any three asexual modes of reproduction, (i) Explain with diagram, the method by which ‘Amoeba reproduces, (i) How is fission diferent from fragmentation? sol (i) Asexual reproduction process does not involve fas oftwo different gametes from parents. ‘Three asexual modes of reproduction areas follows (©) Fission The spliting of a unicellular organism into two or more separate, but identical daughter cals (&) Budding Division of parent organism by the formation of an outgrowth called bud, The daughter cells may remain attached or can separate from the parent body. (©) Fragmentation The method in which ‘multicellular organism breaks up into two or ‘more smaller fragments, which then develop into ‘new individuals. ey (i) Amoeba reproduces by binary fission. Refer to figure on page no. 245. @ (ii) Refer to Short Sol. 3 (ii) on page no, 262. 1 5, Allthe reproductive methods of living organisms are broadly categorised into two types 2023) 1 Asexual reproduction 2. Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction involves the participation of a single parent without the formation of gametes, fertilisation and transfer of genetic material. This ‘method Is a common means of rapidly increasing offspring under favourable conditions, () (@) Name the type of fission that occurs in Leishmania and Plasmodium, (©) Write one advantage of sexual mode of eproduction over asexual reproduction, t) Give reasons, why {@) Colontes of yeast fall to multiply in water, but multiply in sugar solution. (b) Rhizopus individuals do not grow on a dry slice of bread. (il) Name the filamentous structure a student could Idontify when he collected water from a pond that appeared dark greon. How do these organisms multiply ? Explain, Sol. (i) (a) Binary fission occurs in Leishmania and multiple fission in Plasmodium. 1 (b) Sexual reproduction promotes diversity of traits/characters in new generation. oT (ii) (@) The yeast cell fail to multiply in water because in water, the yeast cells do not get the nutrients required for the growth and multiplication of cells from water. While sugar solution provides nutrients to the yeast cell to produce bud-like outgrowth and undergo asexual reproduction known as budding. i) The bread mould or Rhizopus undergo asexual reproduction using spores. These are resistant to adverse environmental conditions. As it requires favourable conditions such as moist ‘surface to grow. So, Rhizopus do not grow on dry slice of bread. io} ‘The filamentous structure found in water is Spirogyra (atype of algae). It multiplies with the help of fragmentation in which algae is broken into fragments or pieces. Each fragments subsequently ‘grows to form a complete new organism. () What are spores? On which structures are they formed? How do they overcome unfavourable Conditions? Name the organisms which multiplies with the help of these structures. (i) Give two reasons why some plants are grown by the method of vegetative propagation. List two ‘methods used to grow plants vegetatively. ‘case aOR ) Spores are the microscopic reproductive units produced by a parent organisms through asexual reproduction, ‘These are formed in the tiny blob-on-a stick like structures called sporangia. In order to overcome unfavourable climatic condition, they gets covered by a thick wall that Provides protection to them. The formation of spores can be easily observed in organism like Rhizopus (a fungi). (ii) Some plants are grown by means of vegetative propagation due to the following reasons (@) Plants raised by this method can bear fruits and flowers earlier than those produced by seeds. (b) Itallows the propagation of plants such as banana, orange, etc, which otherwise has less capacity to produce seeds, (o) t 6. Sol. ic) 2] Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 267 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Two vegetative methods that are used to grow plants are as follows + Natural vegetative methods with the help of certain vegetative parts like leaf, buds, ete. + Artificial vegetative methods like layering, grafting, ete, i 7. () What happens when (ease 025) (@) leaves of Bryophyllum fall on the soll? (©) Planaria is cut into many pieces? (©) sporangia of Rhizopus on maturation liberate spores ? ‘Mention the modes of reproduction In each of the above three cases. (ll) Weite the changes that occur in a flower once the fertilisation has taken place. ‘Gempetency| (@ (@) When leaves of Bryophyllum fall on the soil, it gives rise to new plant. The reason behind itis that the leaves have notches on their margins, which produce buds. These buds grows into new plant by the process of vegetative propagation. (b) When Planaria is cut into many pieces, each piece grows and develops into a new individual by the process of regeneration. (©) When the sporangia of Rhizopus burst upon maturation, the spores spread out. So, with the help of different environmental agents, the spores are transferred to various places, when they land on particular surface, new colonies of, Rhizopus starts to germinate. As it involve production of spores, this type of reproduction is known as spore formation. I (ii) Refer to text on page no. 248 (Fertilisation). (2). 8. Define pollination. Explain the different types of pollination. List two agents of pollination. How does suitable pollination lead of fertilisation? 6882048) Sol. Refer to text on page no. 248, 9. (I) Study the diagram given below and name the parts marked as A, B and C. What happens when B reaches Cin the ovary? Mention its significance. Sol. 268 © Allingne Science 10th {ay Wit the post fertilisation changes that occur in, flower. ‘ec ‘Sol. (i) The parts marked as A, ‘A-Male gamete of pollen grain Band Care B-Pollen tube C-Ovule 1 ‘When part B (pollen tube) reaches the part C (ovale the male gamete (pollen grain) enters into the yale to fuse with the female gamete (egg) for fasion, (ii) The post-fertilisation changes that occurs in aoe, are given below (a) The ovule develops a tough coat and gets converted into a seed. () The ovary grows rapidly and ripens into a fri, (©) All petals, stamens, style and stigma gets shiv and fall off a () Draw a diagram showing germination of polten on 1 stigma of a flower and mark on It the following organs/parts. (@)Pollen grain _—_(b) Pollen tube (c) Stigma (@) Female germ cell (i) State the significance of pollen tube. (ili) Name the parts of flower that develop after fertilisation into (a) Seed sol. (i) (b) Fruit Pollen grain (a) Stigma e) Pollen tube (b) Female ‘germ cell) a (ii) The pollen tube moves through the style and reaches, the ovule. It carries male germ cells to the ovule for fertilisation (ii) (@) Ovules develops into seed. (b) Ovary develops into fruit 11. Plantation drives are often carried out especially during monsoon season for the protection of our environment. Such programmes need a lot of saplings for tree plantation. Plants are propagated sexual or asexual means in fields and nurseries. Ove" the years horticulturists have developed asexual ‘methods that use vegetative parts of the plants 0 ‘multiply, Many plants can reproduce by this metho! naturally as well as by artificial means.” u @ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(y Which specific part of the ‘and asextial means of pro new plant? {Give one example of (a) a Hower, grown by vegetative propagation, {ay Uist two advantages of growing y vegetative propagation, = ants by orf) Describe an activity to show reproduce asexually, The part of plant used for sexual reproduetinn y andthe ons sed for seul proper ed vegetative parts such as stems, roots or leaves an used to propagate new plants, " (i) Aflower grown by vegetative and the fruit grown by vegeta banana. (ii) Two advantages of growing propagation are as follows (@) Quick Multiplication Ve i getative propagatio allows for faster growth and reproductien ct plants compared to sexual reproduction, (6) Clonal Reproduction It produces genetically ‘identical plants, ensuring that desirable trate of the parent plant are preserved, 2 or (i) The potato plant reproduces asexually with the help of eyes or buds present on its surface. This can be observed through following steps (a) Examine the surface of a potato and note the small notches or "eyes" (buds). (6) Cut the potato into small pieces, making sure some pieces contain at least one eye (bud) while others do not. (©) Spread cotton on a tray and moisten it with water. Place the potato pieces on the cotton, ensuring the pieces with buds are positioned correctly. (@) Observe the changes over the next few days, keeping the cotton moist. (©) The pieces with buds will give rise to fresh green shoots and roots, demonstrating asexual reproduction in potatoes through vegetative propagation. 2 12, Give reason for the following. ‘(easeRoa) () Name @ unisexual and a bisexual flower. (ll) Define cross-pollination. State how itis carried out. (i) Observe the diagram given below and name the Parts marked as ‘A’ and lant is used for sexual PAKAtION to produce a ‘and (b) a fruit how potatoes 0 Saaeaeaw a @ 0 Propagation is Begonia tive propagation is ney plants ‘by vegetative A Montlon tho function of each of those parts. Sol. (I) Unisexual flower-Papaya Bisexual flower ~Hibiscus iO} (ii) Cross-pollination is defined as the transfer of pollen from the stamen ofa flower to the stigma of a different flower. It is carried out through different agent like wind, water, insects, etc. (44) (iii) Name and functions of parts marked a5 A and Bare Parts Functions oe A~ Plumule It develops into future shoot of plants, B_ Radicle It develops inthe future root of the plant. ty 13. Give reason for the following. [GampetenaBasad duel (0) During reproduction, inheritance of different proteins will lead to altered body designs. (il) Fertilisation cannot take place in flowers if pollination does not occur. (Ul) All multicellular organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through fragmentation or regeneration. (Iv) Vegetative propagation is practiced for growing ‘only some type of plants. (¥) The parents and offspring of organisms reproducing sexually have the same number of chromosomes. Sol. (i) Proteins regulate critical processes like cell growth, division and differentiation. Genetic variations inherited from both parents influence the types and ‘amount of proteins produced, affecting traits such as +height, skin colour and function. Uy (i) For fertilisation the male germ cell must fuse with the female germ cell to initiate the process of reproduction in plants. This is possible due to pollination in which pollen grains are transferred from anther to stigma. ro i) All multicellular organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through fragmentation or regeneration because these type of asexual reproduction is carried ‘out by specialised cell to form different types tissue and organs. These specialised cells are absent in ‘multicellular organisms: m1 (iv) It isa quick way to grow a lot of plant in short period of time from any part of plant, e.g. bud of potato. [1] (¥) Gametes of sexually reproducing animals have half number of chromosomes as that of parents. Thus, during fertilisation when two gametes unites, then the g offspring produced will have the same amount of DNA or same number of chromosome as that of parent. mm Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 269 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner14, The image below shows a banana plant which Is rowing with the help of suckers, These suckers are ‘small plant stem outgrowths which cai be separated from the main plant and planted separately and they will grow into a new plant subsequently, (i) Give the name and type of reproduction that is shown in the image above, i) List two advantages the farmer will have on'using the type of reproduction mentioned above. (lil) The above plant produces male flowers. Explain how this plant will be Involved in the process of pollination. (iv) Why is the offspring of this banana plant not absolutely identical to its parent plant? ease sar 2025 Sol. (i) The given image represents banana plant, which reproduce asexually through vegetative propagation, (Gi) The two advantages of vegetative propagation are as follows (a) Vegetative propagation allows farmers to grow more crops in the same time interval. (b) It also produces genetically identical plants, ensuring consistent fruit quality and eliminating the need for pollinators. Rl (Git) The plant will show cross-pollination in which pollen from the anther of one banana plant is transferred to the stigma of another banana plant. This transfer is facilitated by agents such as wind, water, or insects, which help in moving the pollen between plants. [1] (iv) Minor variations in offspring arise due to small errors ‘or mutations that occur when DNA is copied. [1] 15, The image below shows a developing foetus Inthe mother's womb, The developing foetus Is connected to the placenta by means of umbllical cord. The umbilical vein and artery run Inside the umbllical cord, 270 Allsnone Science 10th pace ‘i Umbilical {) Name two substances that moves through ng blood vessels. (ip Ifthe placenta has fess villi how wil It affect tye baby's growth? cw lon where the embryo dove ‘adapted for nourishing the baby. fe foetal cells falloff into the am > so om pe collected by careful procege Tho cells were screened and found to contain yy ‘chromosome, {e) What s the sex ofthe foetus? {b) How is this prenatal sexdetermination misused? BSE SOP, sol,” () The two main substances that move through Boog vessels of umbilical cord are oxygen and nutrients, jy (i Fewer vill inthe placenta reduce the surface are fr nutrients and oxygen to pass from mother to embyo, leading to slower growth. n (iy The embryo develops inthe uterus, which has ati, nutrient-rich lining and extensive blood supply to support and nourish the developing baby. (iv) (@) The sex of the foetus is male, as the presence of XY-chromosomes indicates a male genotype (b) Prenatal sex determination can be misused fr gender-based sex-selection, leading to the termination of pregnancies based on the foetus's sex, which can contribute to gender {imbalances and ethical concerns. tha 46. Based on the given diagram answer the questions given below. 8 a Bladder , ° © Tats () Label the parts A, B, C and D. (ll) Name the hormone secreted by testis and menter Its role. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner«a State the furetlons of 8 and Ct tho procons ot reproduction, Poni ecm anette an, 9 setae Seminal vesicle i D-Vos deferens jg) (i Testosterone Hormone issecretel byte controls spermatogenesis (ommatinn Westin td secondary sexual hance in male alan (i) The fnctons oF 8 and Cate as filong a Seminal Vesicle (B) 1 secret proportion ofthe fluid that Urethra (C) It transports an outside the body, 47 (9 Mention the rote of the fot male reproductive system, (@) Testis (©) Serotum (©) Vas deferens (a) Seminal vesicle (i) What Is placenta? State its f tia eroteane eaten human (0 Refer to text on page no. 249-250 (Male repre fe ORE (Male reprodu i) Refer to text on page no, 250, (0) What is puberty? Write any two ch Inboys during early toonage years es nore (i) Ust two functions performed by testis inhuman males. ‘Mention one role each of (a) Vas ‘deferens, (b) Seminal vesicle, (c) Urethra and (d) Scrotum in human male reproductive system, case 2026 sol. (i) Puberty isthe period during adolescence. When reproductive organs starts developing or a person es significant Ultimately becomes semen, nd release urine and sperms i lowing organs of human 18. attains sexual maturity. m For changes in boys during puberty-Refer to text on page no. 249, oy (i) The two functions performed by testis in males include formation of sperms and production of testosterone hormone, "1 For roles of vas deferens, seminal vesile, urethra and scrotum of human male reproductive system. Refer to text on page no. 249, 0 19, () Identify the given diagram. Name the parts A to E, A cB D € of (i) What is contraception? List three advantages adopting contraceptive measures. guse20se) Sol, (1) The given diagram represents the female reprorductive system. The part labelled as A-E are 4 follows A-Oviduct or Pallopian tube B-Ovary C-Uterus —D-Cervix —-B-Vagina Al (i) ‘The prevention of pregnancies by using artificial methods is called as contraception. iO) ‘Advantages of using contraceptive measures are (@) To control family size, population rise or birth rate. This is done by creating awareness about small families using contraceptive measures. (b) To prevent unwanted pregnancies. (0) Use of barrier methods of contraception protects both the partners from contracting sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS. [14] (0) Write the functions of following parts in human ‘female reproductive system. (@)Ovary (6) Oviduct _(c) Uterus. {l) Describe in bret the structure and functions of placenta. 20. Sol. (i) Parts of Female ee Reproductive System . (@) Ovaties Produce thousands of ova or egg cells. Secrete female sex hormones like oestrogen and progesterone. (6) Oviduet Carries ova or egg from ovary (Fallopian tube) _ to the uterus. Itis the site of fertilisation, (©) Uterus (Womb) Here, the growth and development of foetus (embryo) take place. Rhythmic ‘contractions of the muscles in the uterus cause labour pain and childbirth, fon (Gi) Structure of Placenta It isa disc between uterine wall and embryo which is embedded in the uterine wall. It contains vil on the embryo's side of the Uissue. On the mother's side blood spaces are present, which surround the vill. Functions of Placenta It provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. Italso removes the waste generated by embryo, transferring it to mother's blood: By Chapter 07 : How Do Organisms Reproduce? 271. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner21, (0) Howare variations useful for species, If there Is drastic alteration in the niches? (0) Explain, how the uterus and placenta provide necessary conditions for proper growth and development of the embryo after Implantation. Sol. (i) Ifthe niches were drastically altered, the population could be wiped out, However, ifsome variations were tobe present ina few individuals in these populations, there would be some chance for them to survive, ‘Variation is thus useful for the survival of species over time. el (Gi) The lining of the uterus thickens and is richly supplied. with blood to nourish the growing embryo. ‘The embryo gets its nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of placenta which is embedded in the uterine wall. Tt contains vill on the embryo’s side of the tissue. On the mother's side, there are blood spaces, which surround the vl This provides a large surface area for glucose and ‘oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. The developing embryo will also generate waste substances ‘which can be removed by transferring them into the mother’s blood through the placenta, 4] 22, Give reason (i) Placenta is extremely essential for foetal development. (ii) Blocking of vas deferens prevents pregnancy. (il) Wind acts as a pollinating agent. (iv) Use of condoms prevents pregnancy. (¥) Blocking of Fallopian tubes prevents pregnancy. Sol. (i) Placenta is extremely essential for foetal development because it helps in nutrition, respiration, excretion, et. ofthe foetus through the maternal blood supply. [*] (i) Blocking of vas deferens prevents the passage of sperms, hence there is no fertilisation so it prevents Pregnancy. (Gii) Wind acts as a pollinating agent because it helps in transfer of light weighted pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower. 1 (iv) Condoms prevent entry of sperms into vagina, hence prevents pregnancy. [or (v) If Fallopian tube is blocked, sperm and egg do not meet and fuse and fertilisation does not take place. for () Where are testes located in the human males and why? State two functions of the testes. [CBSE (ll) In the human female, one of the ovaries releases an ‘egg every month. State the changes that take place if m 23. 272 = Allwone Science 10th (a) tho oat Is frtlised ad ig Is not fertilised {uring the surgical method 1) Wht Is done during t ne (md females Co prevent pregnancy? 1 text on page no-249 (Male reproductivg () theo sol, () Refer system). (i) (@) When penetrat the sperm reaches the oviducts, x" tes inside the ovum. Afterwards, Peilisation takes place which leads tothe oemation of a zygote. This 2ygote undergo, ‘Rrious mitotic divisions to form an emp, ‘The embryo gets embedded in the lining o¢ iiterus and develops into a foetus (o) Refer to text on page no. 250 (Menstaton Gai) Referto text on page no. 251 (Methods of bir control table). A (0) Namo any two sexually transmitted diseases, 24. ‘exdetermination Is prohibited by jay, (it) Prenatal s ‘why? Name any three methods of contraception stating one side effect of each. com sol, (i) Gonorshoea and syphilis are two common STD's senatal ex-determination is prohibited by lay, ui) i) res because of practice of female fetid duty the desire of male child. ff (iii) Refer to table on page no. 251. if 25. (i) ‘Use of a condom is beneficial for both the sexes, involved in a sexual act.’ Justify this statement siving two reasons. (i) How do oral contraceptives help in avoiding pregnancies? (i What is sex selective abortion? How does it atte ‘healthy society? (State any one consequence), ‘case 2oz Sol, (i) Use of a condom is beneficial for both the sexes involved in a sexual act. It is because of the following facts (a) It prevents pregnancy which is not desired by a couple. (b) It saves both the partners from sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS, etc. a (Gi) Oral contraceptives are the hormone pills which ae taken by the females after their menstruation ends up. Itis taken for 21 days daily. It changes the cylc events of ovulation, etc. So, mature ovum isnot available for fertilisation. a (iii) Sex selective abortion means if the foetus is female, itis killed and extracted. This can imbalanced the male and female ratio in the society. i} @ scanned with OKEN Scanner