DATABASE PRACTICES

📘 UNIT I: RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

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Recommended
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers Remarks / Coverage
Book
(Approx.)

Detailed ER model,
Entity
Fundamentals of Ch. 3 – Data entities,
Relationship
Database Systems – Modeling Using pp. 59–104 relationships,
Model (ER
Elmasri & Navathe the ER Model attributes, ER
Model)
diagrams

Database System Ch. 6 – Entity– Simplified

pp. 241–
Concepts – Relationship explanation, good for
285
Silberschatz et al. Model exam short notes

Ch. 5 – The
Fundamentals of Covers domains,
Relational Data Relational Data pp. 149–
Database Systems – tuples, attributes,
Model Model and 176
Elmasri & Navathe primary/foreign keys
Constraints

Database
Management Compact coverage
Ch. 3 – Relational
Systems – pp. 75–95 with integrity
Model
Ramakrishnan & constraints
Gehrke

Mapping ER Fundamentals of Ch. 9 – ER and EER Step-by-step mapping

pp. 289–
Model to Database Systems – to Relational procedure, COMPANY
297
Relational Model Elmasri & Navathe Mapping database example

Database Systems: Ch. 17 – Logical

Includes practical
A Practical Database Design pp. 537–
table mapping and
Approach – for Relational 542
normalization steps
Connolly & Begg Model

Fundamentals of Ch. 8 – Relational SELECT, PROJECT,

Relational pp. 239–
Database Systems – Algebra and JOIN, UNION, OUTER
Algebra 288
Elmasri & Navathe Calculus JOIN, DIVISION, etc.

Database Systems: Ch. 5 – Relational pp. 167– Strong examples

A Practical Algebra and 180 using DreamHome
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Recommended
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers Remarks / Coverage
Book
(Approx.)

Approach –
Calculus schema
Connolly & Begg

Database System Ch. 3–4 – SQL Includes DDL, DML,

Structured Query
Concepts – Basics and pp. 65–173 DCL, aggregate
Language (SQL)
Silberschatz et al. Intermediate SQL functions, joins

DDL (Create, Alter,

Fundamentals of
pp. 177– Drop), DML (Insert,
Database Systems – Ch. 6 – Basic SQL
218 Update, Delete),
Elmasri & Navathe
Views

Fundamentals of Ch. 14 –
Database pp. 463– Covers 1NF to BCNF
Database Systems – Normalization of
Normalization 495 with examples
Elmasri & Navathe Relations

Database System Decomposition using

Ch. 7 – Relational pp. 303–
Concepts – FDs, multivalued
Database Design 351
Silberschatz et al. dependencies

💻 Suggested Practical Activities

Activity Book Reference Concepts Covered

DDL Commands: Create, Alter, Elmasri & Navathe – Ch. 6 Create table with PK, FK,
Drop, Constraints (pp. 177–190) Check, Unique, Not Null

DML Commands: Insert, Update, Silberschatz – Ch. 3 (pp.

CRUD operations
Delete 71–108)

Silberschatz – Ch. 4 (pp. Virtual tables and view

Views Creation
137–143) updates

Elmasri & Navathe – Ch. 8 Practical with COMPANY

Joins: Cartesian, Equi, Outer Joins
(pp. 239–256) schema

Aggregate Functions, Set Silberschatz – Ch. 3 (pp. COUNT, SUM, UNION,

Operations, Nested Queries 85–108) INTERSECT, Subqueries

TCL Commands: Commit, Silberschatz – Ch. 4 (pp.

Transaction control concepts
Rollback, Savepoint 143–145)
🏁 Best Study Order (for Exam Preparation)

1. Start with ER Model → Elmasri Ch.3

2. Study Relational Model → Elmasri Ch.5

3. Learn ER Mapping → Elmasri Ch.9

4. Practice Relational Algebra → Elmasri Ch.8 + Connolly Ch.5

5. Master SQL Queries → Silberschatz Ch.3–4

6. Finish with Normalization → Elmasri Ch.14

🧩 UNIT II: DISTRIBUTED DATABASES, ACTIVE DATABASES & ODBC

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Recommended Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers
Book Coverage
(Approx.)

Distributed Fundamentals of Ch. 23 – pp. 841– Defines DDBMS,

Database Database Systems Distributed 860 architecture,
 **Page
Recommended Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers
Book Coverage
(Approx.)

transparency,
– Elmasri &
Architecture Database Concepts fragmentation,
Navathe
replication

Database
Concepts of
Management Ch. 21 –
pp. 597– transparency,
Systems – Distributed
611 catalogs, design,
Ramakrishnan & Databases
fragmentation
Gehrke

Covers distributed
Database System Ch. 21 – Parallel file systems,
Distributed Data pp. 1015–
Concepts – and Distributed partitioning,
Storage 1037
Silberschatz et al. Storage replication, skew
handling

Modern distributed
Next Generation architectures:
Ch. 8 – Distributed pp. 105–
Databases – Guy replication, sharding,
Database Patterns 126
Harrison shared-nothing
design

Concepts of
Database System Ch. 23.1 –
Distributed pp. 1164– local/global
Concepts – Distributed
Transactions 1168 transactions, failure
Silberschatz et al. Transactions
modes

Database Systems:
Ch. 22.3.5 –
A Practical pp. 708– 2PC and 3PC
Recovery in a
Approach – 709 explained clearly
Distributed DBMS
Connolly & Begg

Database System Ch. 22.9 – Algorithms and cost

Distributed Query pp. 1047–
Concepts – Distributed Query estimation of queries
Processing 1055
Silberschatz et al. Processing in DDBMS

Database Ch. 21.9 – pp. 614– Query optimization

Management Distributed Query 618 and data shipping
Systems – Processing model
Ramakrishnan &
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Recommended Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers
Book Coverage
(Approx.)

Gehrke

Ch. 24 –
Fundamentals of Two-phase and
Distributed Distributed
Database Systems pp. 861– three-phase commit,
Transaction Database
– Elmasri & 880 concurrency,
Management Transactions and
Navathe recovery
Commit Protocols

Database System Commit protocols,

pp. 1168–
Concepts – Ch. 23.2–23.4 concurrency control,
1180
Silberschatz et al. replication

Fundamentals of
Event-Condition- ECA rules, triggers,
Database Systems Ch. 26 – Active pp. 931–
Action (ECA) components, and
– Elmasri & Database Concepts 950
Model examples
Navathe

Database Systems:
A Practical Ch. 27 – Active pp. 905– Simple ECA examples
Approach – Databases 912 using SQL triggers
Connolly & Begg

Fundamentals of
Design & Design issues: rule
Database Systems pp. 950–
Implementation of Ch. 26 execution, coupling,
– Elmasri & 965
Active Databases performance
Navathe

Database Systems:
Trigger design and
A Practical pp. 912–
Ch. 27 implementation in
Approach – 919
relational systems
Connolly & Begg

Fundamentals of
Open Database Ch. 13 – Database ODBC architecture,
Database Systems pp. 316–
Connectivity Access and drivers, SQL/CLI, API
– Elmasri & 330
(ODBC) Interoperability overview
Navathe

Database Appendix / API pp. 158– Types of drivers,

Management section 160 manager–driver
Systems – architecture
Ramakrishnan &
 **Page
Recommended Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers
Book Coverage
(Approx.)

Gehrke

🧠 Suggested Lab / Practical Activities

Book / Reference
Activity Concepts Practiced
Section

Distributed Database Design Elmasri Ch. 23 (pp. 841– Horizontal/vertical fragmentation,

& Implementation 860) replication setup

Row-Level & Statement- Elmasri Ch. 26 (pp. 931– BEFORE/AFTER triggers, ECA
Level Triggers 950), Connolly Ch. 27 execution

Accessing Database via Elmasri Ch. 13 (pp. 316– ODBC/JDBC connectivity, query
PHP/Python/R 330) execution from application layer

📚 Study Sequence (Recommended Order)

1. Distributed Database Architecture & Storage → Elmasri Ch. 23, Silberschatz Ch. 21

2. Distributed Transactions & Query Processing → Silberschatz Ch. 22–23

3. Transaction Management → Elmasri Ch. 24, Silberschatz Ch. 23

4. Active Database Concepts (ECA Model) → Elmasri Ch. 26, Connolly Ch. 27

5. Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) → Elmasri Ch. 13

🧩 UNIT III: XML DATABASES (15 Hours)

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Recommended Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers
Book Coverage
(Approx.)

Structured, Fundamentals of Ch. 13.1 – pp. 425– Defines structured,

Semi- Database Systems Structured, Semi- 430 semistructured, and
Structured, and – Elmasri & Structured, and unstructured data;
 **Page
Recommended Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers
Book Coverage
(Approx.)

Unstructured examples using HTML

Navathe Unstructured Data
Data and XML

Discusses
Database Systems:
Ch. 30.1 – semistructured nature
A Practical pp. 1136–
Semistructured of XML data and how it
Approach – 1140
Data and XML differs from relational
Connolly & Begg
models

Fundamentals of Elements, attributes,

XML Ch. 13.2 – XML
Database Systems pp. 430– tree representation,
Hierarchical Hierarchical (Tree)
– Elmasri & 433 complex/simple
Data Model Data Model
Navathe elements

Fundamentals of
Ch. 13.3 – Explains XML tags,
Database Systems pp. 433–
XML Documents Structure of XML attributes, syntax rules,
– Elmasri & 436
Documents examples
Navathe

Fundamentals of
Defines structure and
Document Type Database Systems Ch. 13.4 – DTD pp. 434–
syntax of XML
Definition (DTD) – Elmasri & and XML Schema 436
documents using DTD
Navathe

Database Systems: Shows DTD structure,

Ch. 30.2.2 –
A Practical pp. 1142– examples for staff XML,
Document Type
Approach – 1145 and element/attribute
Definitions (DTDs)
Connolly & Begg declarations

Fundamentals of Explains schema

Ch. 13.5 – XML
Database Systems pp. 437– elements, namespaces,
XML Schema Schema Language
– Elmasri & 441 complex types, and
(XSD)
Navathe validation

Database Systems: Defines XML schema

A Practical Ch. 30.4 – XML pp. 1156– syntax, elements,
Approach – Schema 1166 attributes,
Connolly & Begg complex/simple types

XML Documents Fundamentals of Ch. 13.6 – Storing pp. 442– Storing XML as text or
and Databases Database Systems and Extracting data elements in
 **Page
Recommended Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Chapter / Section Numbers
Book Coverage
(Approx.)

relational DBs;
– Elmasri &
XML Documents 453 extraction and
Navathe
publishing

Database
Describes XML-QL,
Management
Ch. 22 – Internet pp. 659– storage, and
Systems –
Databases 675 transformation of XML
Ramakrishnan &
in DBMSs
Gehrke

Fundamentals of
XML Querying Introduces XPath and
Database Systems Ch. 13.7 – XML pp. 443–
(XPath & XQuery with syntax and
– Elmasri & Query Languages 447
XQuery) examples
Navathe

Covers XML Query Data

Database Systems:
Model (XDM), FLWOR
A Practical Ch. 30.5 – XPath pp. 1168–
expressions, path
Approach – and XQuery 1179
expressions, and
Connolly & Begg
examples

Database
Management Ch. 22.3.4 – XML- Early XML query
pp. 659–
Systems – QL: Querying XML language; foundation
662
Ramakrishnan & Data for XQuery concepts
Gehrke

💻 Suggested Activities & Book References

Activity Book / Section Concepts Practiced

Creating XML Documents, DTD, Elmasri Ch. 13 (pp. Building XML tree, defining
and XML Schema 433–441) structure using DTD and XSD

Elmasri Ch. 13.6 (pp.

Storing XML Documents as Text Storing XML as CLOB/text fields
442–443)

Elmasri Ch. 13.6 (pp. Mapping XML elements to

Storing XML as Data Elements
447–449) relational columns

Publishing Customized XML Elmasri Ch. 13.6 (pp. SQL/XML functions and XML
Activity Book / Section Concepts Practiced

from Relational DB 450–453) publishing

Extracting XML Documents from Elmasri Ch. 13.6 (pp.

XML extraction queries
DB 447–453)

Connolly Ch. 30.5 (pp. Writing XPath and FLWOR queries

XML Querying (XPath, XQuery)
1168–1179) for XML data

🧠 Study Order (Recommended)

1. Structured, Semi-Structured, Unstructured Data → Elmasri pp. 425–430

2. XML Hierarchical Data Model → Elmasri pp. 430–433

3. DTD and Schema → Connolly pp. 1142–1166

4. XML Documents and Storage → Elmasri pp. 442–453

5. XPath and XQuery → Connolly pp. 1168–1179

🧩 UNIT IV: NoSQL DATABASES AND BIG DATA STORAGE SYSTEMS (15 Hours)

Page
Recommended Chapter / Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Numbers
Book Section Coverage
(Approx.)

Introduction to Next Generation Ch. 1 – Three pp. 3–20 Introduces NoSQL

NoSQL Databases – Guy Database evolution, motivation
 Page
Recommended Chapter / Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Numbers
Book Section Coverage
(Approx.)

Harrison Revolutions beyond RDBMS

Covers Document,
Next Generation
Categories of Graph, Column-
Databases – Guy Ch. 4–6 pp. 53–88
NoSQL Systems based, and Key-Value
Harrison
databases

Ch. 3 –
Explains CAP trade-
Next Generation Sharding,
offs, consistency,
CAP Theorem Databases – Guy Amazon, and pp. 43–45
availability, partition
Harrison the Birth of
tolerance
NoSQL

Ch. 27 –
Fundamentals of Distributed system
Distributed and pp. 970–
Database Systems – limitations related to
Parallel 975
Elmasri & Navathe CAP theorem
Databases

Document-Based Next Generation Ch. 4 – Overview of JSON,

NoSQL Systems Databases – Guy Document pp. 53–64 BSON, document
(MongoDB) Harrison Databases storage and retrieval

Key concepts of
Next Generation
MongoDB Data documents,
Databases – Guy Ch. 4 pp. 57–63
Model collections, and
Harrison
schema-less design

Ch. 8 –
MongoDB Next Generation Sharding, replication,
Distributed pp. 105–
Distributed System Databases – Guy and horizontal scaling
Database 126
Characteristics Harrison in MongoDB
Patterns

Ch. 3 –
Explains key-value
Next Generation Sharding,
NoSQL Key-Value storage design and
Databases – Guy Amazon, and pp. 45–51
Stores Amazon Dynamo
Harrison the Birth of
principles
NoSQL

DynamoDB Next Generation Ch. 3 pp. 45–50 Covers architecture,

Overview Databases – Guy consistent hashing,
Harrison and tunable
 Page
Recommended Chapter / Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Numbers
Book Section Coverage
(Approx.)

consistency

Describes Project
Voldemort Key- Next Generation
Voldemort and its
Value Distributed Databases – Guy Ch. 3 pp. 49–51
decentralized
Store Harrison
architecture

Introduces column-
Next Generation
Wide Column Ch. 6 – Column oriented databases
Databases – Guy pp. 75–86
NoSQL Systems Databases like Cassandra and
Harrison
HBase

Details on tables,
Next Generation
column families, and
HBase Data Model Databases – Guy Ch. 6 pp. 76–83
sparse data
Harrison
representation

Next Generation Read, write, and scan

HBase CRUD
Databases – Guy Ch. 6 pp. 81–85 operations with
Operations
Harrison distributed storage

Ch. 8 – Replication,
HBase Storage & Next Generation
Distributed pp. 110– partitioning, and
Distributed Databases – Guy
Database 126 scalability
Concepts Harrison
Patterns mechanisms

NoSQL Graph Next Generation Introduction to graph

Ch. 5 – Graph
Databases & Databases – Guy pp. 65–74 structures, nodes,
Databases
Neo4j Harrison edges, and properties

Syntax and examples

Next Generation
Cypher Query of Cypher queries
Databases – Guy Ch. 5 pp. 68–72
Language (Neo4j) (MATCH, RETURN,
Harrison
WHERE)

Next Generation Ch. 2 – Google, Definition of Big Data,

Big Data Concepts Databases – Guy Big Data, and pp. 21–28 velocity, volume, and
Harrison Hadoop variety

MapReduce & Next Generation Ch. 2 pp. 26–37 MapReduce

Hadoop Databases – Guy processing model,
 Page
Recommended Chapter / Remarks / Key
Syllabus Topic Numbers
Book Section Coverage
(Approx.)

HDFS, Hadoop
Harrison
architecture

YARN resource
YARN (Yet Another Next Generation
manager and job
Resource Databases – Guy Ch. 2 pp. 30–33
scheduling in Hadoop
Negotiator) Harrison
cluster

💻 Suggested Lab / Practical Activities

Book /
Activity Concepts Practiced
Section

Creating Databases using MongoDB, Harrison Ch.

Setup, CRUD, replication
DynamoDB, Voldemort, HBase, Neo4j 3–6

Writing Simple Queries in MongoDB, Harrison Ch. MongoDB find(), HBase get(),
DynamoDB, HBase, Neo4j 4–6 Neo4j MATCH queries

Harrison Ch. Hadoop setup, running simple

Working with Big Data & MapReduce
2 MapReduce tasks

🧠 Study Sequence (Recommended)

1. Start with NoSQL Concepts & CAP Theorem → Harrison Ch.1–3

2. Learn Document & Key-Value Databases (MongoDB, DynamoDB, Voldemort) →

Harrison Ch.3–4

3. Study Column & Graph Databases (HBase, Neo4j) → Harrison Ch.5–6

4. Finish with Big Data Concepts (MapReduce, Hadoop, YARN) → Harrison Ch.2
🧩 UNIT V: DATABASE SECURITY (15 Hours)

Page
Recommended Chapter /
Syllabus Topic Numbers Remarks / Key Coverage
Book Section
(Approx.)

Fundamentals of
Database Ch. 30 – Overview of security
Database Security pp. 1050–
Systems – Database needs, threats, and
Issues 1056
Elmasri & Security countermeasures
Navathe
 Page
Recommended Chapter /
Syllabus Topic Numbers Remarks / Key Coverage
Book Section
(Approx.)

Ch. 24.1 –
Database System Covers access threats,
Introduction to pp. 1070–
Concepts – loss of integrity, and
Database 1075
Silberschatz et al. privacy
Security

Discretionary Access Ch. 30.2 –

SQL GRANT and REVOKE
Control Elmasri & Discretionary pp. 1056–
commands, user-level
(Granting/Revoking Navathe Access Control 1063
privileges
Privileges) (DAC)

Database System
pp. 1076– Implementation of DAC,
Concepts – Ch. 24.2
1083 access matrix model
Silberschatz et al.

Ch. 30.3 –
Mandatory Access
Mandatory
Control (MAC) & Elmasri & pp. 1063– Multilevel security, roles,
and Role-
Role-Based Access Navathe 1068 and classification levels
Based Access
Control (RBAC)
Control

Database System Explains Bell-LaPadula

pp. 1083–
Concepts – Ch. 24.3 model and RBAC with
1089
Silberschatz et al. examples

Database
Ch. 29.4 –
Systems: A SQL injection examples,
Database pp. 1109–
SQL Injection Practical countermeasures using
Security 1112
Approach – parameterized queries
Threats
Connolly & Begg

Fundamentals of
Database Input validation and
pp. 1070–
Systems – Ch. 30.5 prevention of SQL
1073
Elmasri & injection
Navathe

Ch. 30.6 – Inference control and

Statistical Database Elmasri & pp. 1073–
Statistical query restriction
Security Navathe 1075
Databases mechanisms

Flow Control Elmasri & Ch. 30.7 – pp. 1075– Preventing data leakage
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Recommended Chapter /
Syllabus Topic Numbers Remarks / Key Coverage
Book Section
(Approx.)

between different
Navathe Flow Control 1077
security levels

Encryption & Public Ch. 30.8 – Symmetric/asymmetric

Elmasri & pp. 1078–
Key Infrastructure Encryption encryption, RSA, digital
Navathe 1082
(PKI) Techniques signatures

Database System Ch. 24.4 –

pp. 1089– Explains data-at-rest and
Concepts – Encryption &
1093 data-in-transit protection
Silberschatz et al. PKI

Ch. 30.9 –
Preserving Data Elmasri & pp. 1082– Data anonymization,
Privacy and
Privacy Navathe 1085 GDPR, data masking
Ethical Issues

Challenges to Insider threats, cloud

Elmasri & pp. 1085–
Maintaining Database Ch. 30.10 security, auditing
Navathe 1088
Security challenges

Ch. 30.11 –
Database Ensuring recovery after
Database Elmasri & pp. 1088–
Survivability intrusion, replication,
Survivability Navathe 1090
and Intrusion fault-tolerance
Detection

Oracle Security
Concepts Label-based access, user
Oracle Label-Based Ch. 30 pp. 1091–
(referenced in privilege management
Security (OLS) Appendix 1094
Elmasri for Oracle databases
Appendix)

💻 Suggested Practical Activity

Activity Book / Section Concept Practiced

Use SQL GRANT and REVOKE

Implementing Access Control Elmasri & Navathe Ch.
commands to manage user privileges
in Relational Databases 30.2 (pp. 1056–1063)
and roles
🧠 Study Sequence (Recommended Order)

1. Start with Database Security Overview → Elmasri pp. 1050–1056

2. Learn DAC, MAC, RBAC Models → Elmasri pp. 1056–1068

3. Study SQL Injection and Statistical Security → Connolly & Elmasri pp. 1109–1075

4. Understand Encryption, Privacy & PKI → Elmasri pp. 1078–1085

5. Finish with Security Challenges & Survivability → Elmasri pp. 1085–1090

Would you like me to combine UNIT I–V into a single semester exam preparation PDF,
formatted with:

 ✅ Tables for each unit

 ✅ Highlighted key chapters and page numbers

 ✅ Quick revision notes and suggested activities section?

It would make an excellent one-stop Database Systems Exam Reference Guide.