CHAPTER SEVEN

EXERCISE 1

(a) (1) y = 2 cos x

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

(2) 360° (3) 2 (4) y ∈ [−2 ; 2]

(b) (1) y = 3 sin x

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

(2) 360° (3) 3 (4) y ∈ [−3 ; 3]

(c) (1) y = tan x

y

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

(2) 180° (3) N.A. (4) y∈ℝ

228
 1
(d) (1) y= sin x
4
y

1
1
4 x
1 180° 360°
− 90° 270°
4
−1

1 1 1
(2) 360° (3) (4) y ∈ [− ; ]
4 4 4
2
(e) (1) h(x) = tan x
3
y

1
2
3 x
2 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−
3
−1

(2) 180° (3) N.A. (4) y∈ℝ

1
(f) (1) y= cos x
2
y

1
1
2 x
1 90° 180° 270° 360°
−
2
−1

1 1 1
(2) 360° (3) (4) y ∈ [− ; ]
2 2 2

(g) (1) y = − cos x

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

(2) 360° (3) 1 (4) y ∈ [−1 ; 1]

229
(h) (1) y = − 3 tan x
y

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

−2

−3

(2) 180° (3) N.A. (4) y∈ℝ

(i) (1) y = − 2 sin x

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

(2) 360° (3) 2 (4) y ∈ [−2 ; 2]

1
(j) (1) y =− tan x
y 4
1
3
4
1
2
1
4
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
1
−
4
1
−
2
3
−
4
−1

(2) 180° (3) N.A. (4) y∈ℝ

230
 1
(k) (1) g(x) = − sin x
y 2

1
1
2
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
1
−
2
−1

1 1 1
(2) 360° (3) (4) y ∈ [− ; ]
2 2 2

(l) (1) f (x) = − 4 cos x

y
4

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

(2) 360° (3) 4 (4) y ∈ [−4 ; 4]

EXERCISE 2

(a) (1) y = sin x + 1

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

231
(2) f (x) = tan x − 3
y

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

(3) g(x) = cos x − 2

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

(4) h(x) = tan x + 1

y
3

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

−2

232
 (5) y = cos x + 3
y
4
3
2
1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°

1
(6) y = sin x −
2
y

1
2
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
1
−
2
−1
3
−
2

(b) (1)(i) y = 2 sin x + 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

y

90° 180° 270° 360° x

−1

(ii) 360° (iii) 2 (iv) y ∈ [−1 ; 3]

233
(2)(i) y = − 2 cos x − 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]
y
1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

(ii) 360° (iii) 2 (iv) y ∈ [−3 ; 1]

(3)(i) y = − tan x + 2 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

y

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ℝ

(4)(i) f (x) = 2 tan x − 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

y

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

−2

−3

(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ℝ

234
 1
(5)(i) y = − cos x + 2 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]
y 2

5
2
2
3
2
1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°

[2 2]
1 3 5
(ii) 360° (iii) (iv) y∈ ;
2

(6)(i) y = 3 sin x − 2 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

(ii) 360° (iii) 3 (iv) y ∈ [−5 ; 1]

235
(7)(i) y = − 3 tan x − 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]
y

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ℝ

(8)(i) h(x) = 4 cos x − 3 ; x ∈ [0° ; 180°]

y
1
x
90° 180° 270°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

−7

(ii) 360° (iii) 4 (iv) y ∈ [−7 ; 1]

236
(9)(i) g(x) = − sin x − 2 ; x ∈ [0° ; 270°]
y

1
x
90° 180° 270°

−1

−2

−3

(ii) 360° (iii) 1 (iv) y ∈ [−3 ; − 1]

3
(10)(i) y = 2 tan x + ; x ∈ [0° ; 90°]
y
4

11
4

3
4
x
45° 90° 135°
−1

[4 )
3
(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ ; ∞

237
 (11)(i) y = 2 cos x + 3 ; x ∈ [0° ; 270°]
y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°

(ii) 360° (iii) 2 (iv) y ∈ [1 ; 5]

(12)(i) f (x) = 2 sin x − 2 ; x ∈ [0° ; 180°]

y

x
90° 180°
−1

−2

(ii) 360° (iii) 2 (iv) y ∈ [−2 ; 0]

EXERCISE 3

(a) (1) It is a cos graph with a = − 1 and q = 0

∴ Equation: y = − cos x

1
(2) It is a tan graph with a = and q = 0
3
1
∴ Equation: y = tan x
3

(3) It is a sin graph with a = − 2 and q = 0

∴ Equation: y = − 2 sin x

(4) It is a tan graph with a = 1 and q = − 1

∴ Equation: y = tan x − 1

(5) It is a cos graph with a = − 1 and q = 1

∴ Equation: y = − cos x + 1

238
 (6) It is a sin graph with a = 4 and q = − 2
∴ Equation: y = 4 sin x − 2

1
(7) It is a tan graph with a =
and q = 1
2
1
∴ Equation: y = tan x + 1
2

(8) It is a cos graph with a = − 3 and q = − 1

∴ Equation: y = − 3 cos x − 1

(9) It is a tan graph with a = − 2 and q = 1

∴ Equation: y = − 2 tan x + 1

(10)* It is a sin graph: y = a sin x + q

Substitute points:(30° ; − 1) and (330° ; 3)

(30° ; − 1) : − 1 = a sin(30°) + q
1
∴ a+q =−1
2
∴ a + 2q = − 2… 1

(330° ; 3) : 3 = a sin(330°) + q
1
∴− a+q =3
2
∴ − a + 2q = 6… 2

Now: a + 2q = − 2… 1
−a + 2q = 6… 2
1 + 2 : 4q = 4
∴q =1

Substitute q = 1 into 1 :
∴ a + 2(1) = − 2
∴ a =−4

Equation: y = − 4 sin x + 1

(b) (1) 360° (2) 2

(3) y =−1 (4) A(0° ; 3)

(5) y ∈ [−1 ; 3]

(6) h(x) = 2g(x) − 1 and g(x) = sin x

∴ h(x) = 2 sin x − 1
Maximum: y = 1

239
 (7) f (x) = 2 cos x + 1
j(x) = − (2 cos x + 1) + 2
∴ j(x) = − 2 cos x − 1 + 2
∴ j(x) = − 2 cos x + 1

(8)(i) g(x) = 0 : x = 0° ; x = 180° and x = 360°

(ii) f (x) ≤ 0 : 120° ≤ x ≤ 240°
(iii) g(x) > f (x) : 90° < x < 216,87°
(iv) f (x) ⋅ g(x) ≤ 0 : 120° ≤ x ≤ 180° or 240° ≤ x ≤ 360° or x = 0°

(c) (1) 180° (2) y∈ℝ

(3) y =1 (4) 2

(5) D(270° ; − 3)

(6) AB = 2 sin x − 1 − (−4 tan x) where x = 60°

∴ AB = 2 sin 60° − 1 + 4 tan 60°

( 2 ) ( 1 )
3 3
∴ AB = 2 −1+4

∴ AB = 3 − 1 + 4 3
∴ AB = 5 3 − 1

(7) C(30° ; 0) (8) x = 90° and x = 270°

(9) h(x) = 2g(x) + 2 and g(x) = 2 sin x − 1

∴ h(x) = 2(2 sin x − 1) + 2
∴ h(x) = 4 sin x
Range: −4 ≤ y ≤ 4 or y ∈ [−4 ; 4]

(10) j(x) = 4 tan x + 1 and f (x) = − 4 tan x

Reflect f in the x -axis and shift f one unit up.

(11)(i) g(x) = 0 : x = 30° and x = 150°

(ii) f (x) ≥ 0 : 90° < x ≤ 180° or 270° < x ≤ 360° or x = 0°
(iii) g(x) ≤ f (x) : 0° ≤ x ≤ 9,54° or 90° < x ≤ 204,62° or 270° < x ≤ 360°
(iv) f (x) ⋅ g(x) > 0 : 0° < x < 30° or 90° < x < 150° or 180° < x < 270°

(d) (1) a = 2 and q = 2 (2) 360°

(3) 2 (4) y =0

(5) k (x) = − 3f (x) + 1

∴ h(x) = − 3(2 sin x) + 1
∴ h(x) = − 6 sin x + 1
Range: −5 ≤ y ≤ 7

240
 (6)(i) f (x) = 0 : x = 0° and x = 180° and x = 360°
(ii) g(x) > 0 : 0° < x < 360°
(iii) f (x) < g(x) : 90° < x < 360°
f (x)
(iv)* ≥ 0 : 0° < x ≤ 180° ; g(x) ≠ 0
g(x)

(e) (1) a = − 4 and b = 2 and q = 1

(2) y =−4 (3) 180°

(4) 360° (5) 4

(6) y∈ℝ (7) y = − 14

(8) h(x) = − 2 tan x − 3 and g(x) = 2 tan x + 1

Reflect g in the x -axis and shift g two units down.

(9)(i) g(x) ≥ 0 : 0° ≤ x < 90° or 180° ≤ x < 270° or 333,43° < x ≤ 360°
(ii) g(x) ≥ f (x) : 0° ≤ x < 90° or 223,53° ≤ x < 270° or 302,45° ≤ x ≤ 360°
(iii) f (x) ⋅ g(x) ≤ 0 : 0° ≤ x < 90° or 90° < x ≤ 180° or 302,45° ≤ x ≤ 360°
(iv)* −f (x) ⋅ [g(x)]2 ≤ 0
∴ f (x) ⋅ [g(x)2] ≥ 0 : 90° < x < 270°

CONSOLIDATION AND EXTENSION EXERCISE

(a) (1)(i) y = 4 sin x − 1 ; x ∈ [0 ; 360°]

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

(ii) 360° (iii) 4 (iv) y ∈ [−5 ; 3]

241
(2)(i) y = 2 cos x + 3 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]
y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°

(ii) 360° (iii) 2 (iv) y ∈ [1 ; 5]

(3)(i) y = − 2 tan x − 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

y

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ℝ

(4)(i) f (x) = 3 tan x + 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

y
5

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

−2

(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ℝ

242
 1
(5)(i) y = − cos x + 2 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]
y 4
10
4
9
4
2
7
4
3
2
5
4
1
3
4
1
2
1
4
x
90° 180° 270° 360°

[4 4 ]
1 7 9
(ii) 360° (iii) (iv) y∈ ;
4

(6)(i) y = 2 sin x − 4 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

y
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

−7

−8

(ii) 360° (iii) 2 (iv) y ∈ [−6 ; − 2]

243
(7)(i) y = − tan x + 2 ; x ∈ [0° ; 360°]

1
x
45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
−1

(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ℝ

(8) h(x) = 2 cos x − 3 ; x ∈ [0° ; 180°]

y
x
90° 180° 270° 360°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

(ii) 360° (iii) 2 (iv) y ∈ [−5 ; − 1]

(9)(i) g(x) = − sin x + 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 270°]

y

1
x
90° 180° 270° 360°

(ii) 360° (iii) 1 (iv) y ∈ [0 ; 2]

244
 1
(10)(i) y = 3 tan x + ; x ∈ [0° ; 90°]
2
y
1
7
2
3
2

1
1
2 x
45° 90°

[2 )
1
(ii) 180° (iii) N.A. (iv) y∈ ;∞

(11)(i) y = 3 cos x − 3 ; x ∈ [0° ; 270°]

y x
0
90° 180° 270°
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

(ii) 360° (iii) 3 (iv) y ∈ [−6 ; 0]

1
(12)(i) f (x) = sin x − 1 ; x ∈ [0° ; 180°]
2
y
x
90° 180°
1
−
2
−1
3
−
2

1 1
(ii) 360° (iii) (iv) y ∈ [−1 ; − ]
2 2

245
(b) (1) a = 4 and b = − 2 and q = − 1

(2) 2 (3) 360°

(4) P(270° ; − 4)

(5) MN = 4 sin x − (−2 cos x − 1) at x = 30°

∴ MN = 4 sin 30° + 2 cos 30° + 1

(2) ( 2 )
1 3
∴ MN = 4 +2 +1

∴ MN = 3 3 units

(6) h(x) = 2 g(x) + 1 and g(x) = − 2 cos x − 1

∴ h(x) = 2(−2 cos x − 1) + 1
∴ h(x) = − 4 cos x − 2 + 1
∴ − 4 cos x − 1
Range: −4 ≤ y ≤ 3 or y ∈ [−5 ; 3]

(7) j(x) = − f (x) + 3 and f (x) = 4 sin x

∴ j(x) = − 4 sin x + 3
∴ Minimum value: y = − 1

(8) h(x) = 2 cos x + 3 and g(x) = − 2 cos x − 1

Reflect g in the x−axis and shift two units up.

(9) (i) g(x) ≤ 0 : 0° ≤ x ≤ 120° or 240° ≤ x ≤ 360°

(ii) g(x) ≤ f (x) : 0° ≤ x ≤ 166,36° or 320,48° ≤ x ≤ 360°
(iii) f (x) ⋅ g(x) > 0 : 120° < x < 180° or 240° < x < 360°
[ f (x)] ⋅ g(x) < 0 : 0° < x < 120° or 240° < x < 360°
2
(iv)*

(c) (1) a = 2 and b = − 2 and q = 1

(2) 180° (3) 2

(4) AB = − 2 tan x + 1 − 2 cos x at x = 180°

∴ AB = − 2 tan 180° + 1 − 2 cos 180°
∴ AB = − 2(0) + 1 − 2(−1)
∴ AB = 3 units

(5) C(26,57° ; 0) (6) −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 or y ∈ [−2 ; 2]

(7) x = 90° and x = 270°

(8) j(x) = − f (x) + 2 and f (x) = 2 cos x

∴ j(x) = − 2 cos x + 2
Range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 or y ∈ [0 ; 4]

(9) (i) f (x) ≥ 0 : 0° ≤ x ≤ 90° or 270° ≤ x ≤ 360°

246
 (ii) f (x) ≤ g(x) : 90° < x ≤ 229,04° or 270° < x ≤ 336,98°
(iii) f (x) ⋅ g(x) ≤ 0 : 26,57° ≤ x < 90° or 90° < x ≤ 206,57°
f (x)
(iv)* ≥ 0 : 0° ≤ x < 90° ; x ≠ 26,57° or 270° < x ≤ 360°
[ ]
2
g(x)

(d) (1) y = 1000 sin x

1
(2) y= sin x
100

(3) y = 100 sin x

(e)* (1) h = a cos(30t) + q

∴ 11 = a cos(30 × 3) + q
∴ 11 = a cos 90° + q
∴ q = 11

h = a cos(30t) + q
∴ 8 = a cos(30 × 6) + q
∴ 8 = a cos 180° + q
∴−a+q =8
but q = 11
∴ − a + 11 = 8
∴a =3
∴ h = 3 cos(30t) + 11

(2) h = 3 cos(30t) + 11
∴ h = 3 cos(30 × 10) + 11
∴ h = 3 cos 300° + 11
∴ h = 3 cos 60° + 11

(2)
1
∴h =3 + 11
3
∴ h = + 11
2
∴ h = 12,5 hours
∴ Cape Town will receive 12,5 hours in October.

247