Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
Nowadays, due to overpopulation and the high cost of land, multi-storied buildings
are more essential for the metropolitan city. Multi-storied Residential buildings are the
perfect solution for living in a highly populated area. A multi-storied building, which
possesses multiple floors above ground level, aims to increase the floor area of
buildings in the shortest built-up area.
Structural design is the primary aspect of civil engineering. Structural analysis
means determination of the general shape and all the specific dimensions of a particular
structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely
withstand the influences which will act on it throughout its useful life. The foremost
basic in structure is the design of simple basic components and members of a building
like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. In order to design them it is important to first
obtain the plan of the particular building. Thereby depending on the suitability plan
layout of beams and the position of columns are fixed. Thereafter, the vertical loads are
calculated namely the dead load and live load. Once the loads are obtained, the
component takes the load first i.e. The slabs can be designed. For a G+5 building, Auto
CAD can be used to create the initial design drawings and detailed construction plans,
while ETABS can be used to analyze the structure and optimize the design. The two
software programs work together to provide a comprehensive design and analysis
package that can ensure the safety and efficiency of the building.

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

A residential building is one or more family dwellings, lodging or boarding houses,
hostels, dormitories, apartment houses, flats, and private garages in which sleeping
accommodation is provided for conventional residential purposes, with or without
kitchen or dining facilities All buildings intended for private occupation, whether
permanent or temporary, are classified as residential buildings.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

1.3 VARIOUS BUILDING DESIGNING SOFTWARE TOOLS :

Flow chart No 1.1: Various building designing software tools.

1.3.1 Structural Analysis Software :

 ETABS – Best for high-rise structures & dynamic analysis.
 STAAD. PRO – Used for steel and concrete design with various codes.
 SAP2000 – General-purpose analysis for bridges, buildings, and industrial
structures.

1.3.2 Architectural Design Software :

 AutoCAD – Widely used for drafting 2D/3D plans.
 Revit – Provides BIM (Building Information Modeling) capabilities.
 ArchiCAD – A strong competitor to Revit with an emphasis on design efficiency.

1.3.3 BIM & 3D Modeling Software :

 SketchUp – User-friendly tool for quick 3D visualization.
 Tekla – Advanced BIM software specializing in steel and concrete detailing.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

1.3.4 WHY ETABS?

Table No 1.1: Comparison of ETABS with other structural analysis software.

tools.
Feature ETABS STAAD. PRO SAP2000 SAFE

Multi-story General Bridges Slab &

Best for
buildings structures & industrial foundation design

Ease of Use Very easy Complex Moderate Easy

Auto-Load
Yes No Yes Yes
Generation

Seismic Analysis Advanced Good Advanced No

Integration with BIM Yes Yes Yes Yes

1.4 INTRODUCTION TO ETABS:

ETABS (Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems) is a powerful

and widely used structural analysis and design software developed by Computers and
Structures, Inc. (CSI). It is specifically designed for the modeling, analysis, and design
of multi-story buildings, making it an essential tool for structural engineers. ETABS
provides an integrated environment that simplifies the entire process, from modeling to
detailing, with features such as graphical user interfaces, automated load calculations,
and code-based design checks. It supports a variety of materials, including reinforced
concrete, steel, and composite structures, and allows engineers to perform both static
and dynamic analyses, including response spectrum and time-history analysis for
earthquake-resistant design. The software offers automated meshing, parametric
modeling, and advanced finite element analysis (FEA) capabilities to ensure accurate
results. Additionally,
ETABS seamlessly integrates with Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools,
such as AutoCAD and Revit, enabling smooth data exchange and efficient workflow
management. Engineers can generate detailed structural reports, reinforcement
drawings, and design calculations following international codes, making it a reliable
choice for designing skyscrapers, residential towers, commercial buildings, and
industrial structures. With its user-friendly interface, advanced visualization tools, and

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

high computational efficiency, ETABS has become a preferred solution for structural
analysis and design in the modern construction industry.

Fig1.1: ETABS startup screen.

1.4.1 FEATURES OF ETABS:

1. User-Friendly Interface
• Intuitive and easy-to-use graphical interface.
• Drag-and-drop functionality for creating models efficiently.
• 3D visualization and rendering of structures.
2. Advanced Structural Modelling
• Predefined templates for common structural layouts.
• Parametric modelling for efficient geometry creation.
• Automatic meshing of complex structures.
3. Comprehensive Analysis Capabilities
• Static and dynamic analysis, including linear and nonlinear analysis.
• Response spectrum and time-history analysis for seismic design.
• P-Delta and second-order effects consideration.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

4. Design and Code Compliance

• Supports international design codes for reinforced concrete, steel, and composite
structures.
• Automatic generation of load combinations based on code requirements.
• Reinforcement detailing for concrete structures and optimization for steel
structures.
5. Seismic and Wind Analysis
• Built-in functions for seismic zone selection and wind load calculations.
• Performance-based design for earthquake-resistant structures.
• Push-over analysis for structural safety assessment.
6. Integration and Interoperability
• Seamless integration with AutoCAD, Revit, and other BIM tools.
• Import and export capabilities in DXF, DWG, and IFC formats.
• API support for custom scripting and automation.
7. Advanced Output and Reporting
• Detailed structural analysis reports and graphical representation of results.
• Automatic generation of beam, column, slab, and footing designs.
• Customizable tabular reports for documentation and verification.

1.4.2 ADVANTAGES OF ETABS SOFTWARE:

 ETABS is a 3D modelling software for any kind of structural analysis and design.
Using this you can perform both steel structure and RC Structure. Here are some
important advantages of ETABS software for 3D modeling.
 ETABS allows users for Graphic input and modification for the sake of easy and
quick model creation for any type of structure.
 Creation of 3D models with the utilization of plan views and elevations, 3D model
of any kind of complex structure can be created easily.
 With the help of similar storey concept creation of 3D models is very easy and
quicker. If the storey’s are similar, then the model generation time can be reduced
multiple times through similar storey concept.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

1.4.3 DISADVANTAGES OF ETABS SOFTWARE:

 While using ETABS, one cannot edit input file directly.

 You cannot print and read input files as easily as STAAD software as no manual is
available in this software.
 In large models, some loads may be missed out. In fact, they are hard to check.
 The method of Analysis is slower and consumes more disk space sometimes. item
Shear design results used to be in terms of ASV/SV.

1.5 NEED FOR THE PROJECT:

 To address the growing need for residential spaces in urban areas by designing
efficient multi-story buildings that maximize land use.
 To design residential structures that are capable of withstanding various loads and
environmental forces and by adhering to established building codes and standards,
which are essential for project approval and occupant safety.
 To utilize advanced structural analysis tools like ETABS to optimize material
usage, leading to cost-effective and sustainable construction practices.

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:

 To incorporate soil testing results to accurately assess soil properties and bearing
capacity, ensuring the foundation design is tailored to site-specific conditions.
 To perform detailed manual calculations to evaluate the building's structural
response under various loads, including dead, live, wind, and seismic forces.
 To utilize ETABS software to conduct comprehensive structural analysis and
design, facilitating efficient modeling and assessment of the building's behavior
under specified loading conditions.
 To Develop efficient designs for structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs,
and foundations, ensuring safety, material efficiency, and compliance with relevant
Indian Standard codes.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. BACKGROUND STUDIES:

1. Analysis And Design Of G+5 Residential Building by Using ETABS:

Author: Gopal, K. N. S., & Lingeshwaran, N.

Year: 2017

Journal details: The structure is designed based on the E-TABS, and the theory of
LIMIT STATE METHOD which provide adequate strength, serviceability, and
durability besides economy. The displacement, shear force, bending moment variation
has been shown. If any beam fails, the dimensions of beam and column should be
changed, and reinforcement detailing can be produced.

2. Analysis and design of g+ 4 residential building using ETABS:

Author: Lavanya, C. V., Pailey, E. P., Sabreen, M., & Sekhar, U. P. B. C.

year: 2017

Journal details: This paper deals with the analysis and design of (G+4) residential
buildings using ETABS software. They have taken the area of Panaji with medium stiff
soil type. They considered the plan under zone-IV with zone factor 0.24. They defined
the properties of material such as concrete and steel in ETABS software. The building
proposed to have ordinary moment resisting frame.

3. Design and Analysis of Residential Building using ETABS:

Author: Abhishek, S., Manoj, S. K., Roopa, B. D., Bhagyashree, M. S., & Guruprasad,
C. H. M.

year: 2018

Journal details: They took into thought of the residential buildings (G+1) style and did
the analysis using ETABS, whereby they got productive results through that they got a
great industrial exposure and saved their coming up with time in addition as analysis.
They took load thought for the worst scenarios for the loading in their structures.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

4. Design and detailing of (G+ 7) commercial building using ETABS:

Author: Narasimha, S., Nikhil, G., Rakesh, B., Kumar, M. P., Gayathri, M., Aleem, M.
A., & Pasha,

Year: 2019

Journal details: This report mainly deals with the design and detailing of a Multi-
storey commercial structure (G+7) using ETABS. This would include the designing of
the complete R.C.C structure and the results will be compared in the end.

5. Design and Analysis of Residential Building by using ETABS:

Author: Baragan, M. R., Konar, M. B., & KiranBabu, S. V.

Year: 2020

Journal details: This paper deals with the analysis and design of residential building
using ETABS software. They took into consideration functional and structural aspects
while designing the building. This project consists of only ground floor. In the structure
the masonry wall was used as filler wall and in packages slab loads were applied as
floor loads. Their process of structural design consisted of 5 units. They took all slabs
as continuous slabs.

6. Analysis and Design of a Residential Building by Using STAAD Pro:

Author: Wailkar, K., Chide, P., Shende, M., Ralekar, J., Walke, D., Tayde, D., &
Kurzekar, A.

Year: 2021

Journal details: This paper deals with the analysis and design of residential buildings.
Their objective was to generate a structural framing plan and to apply various load
combinations on members. They analysed the structure using STAAD PRO. They
concluded that the elements of the building are safe in flexure and shear, also quantity
of steel provided for steel is economical and adequate.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

7. Analysis and Design of (C+G+5) Multistorey commercial Building using

ETABS:
Author: Priya, A. S., Kumar, V. H., Khyathi, R. C., Venkatramulu, M., Tabrez, M.,
Syed, M.

Year: 2022

Journal details: This report mainly deals with the design of a Multi-storey commercial
structure (C+G+5) using ETABS. This would include the designing of complete R.C.C
structure and the results will be compared in the end.

8. Design of isolated footing of multistorey building using STAADPRO G+ 10.

Author: Faizanuddin, M., Prashanth, T. S., Kumar, M. S., Naveen, B., Kumar, M. N.,
& Tanveer.

Year: 2022

Journal details: This project deals with design of isolated footings for aG+10
multistorey building by using STAAD PRO, by considering all the aspects regarding
soil strata and design parameters.

9. Comparative Analysis of Heighted Structure Using Analysis Tools STAAD,

Sap2000, ETABS Considering Lateral Loads:
Author: Brijesh Patel

Year: 2022

Journal details: This study can assist designers in making informed decisions when
selecting an analysis tool between STAAD, ETABS, and SAP 2000 prior to conducting
the analysis. Upon increasing the height above G+10, it was determined that ETABS is
better suited for analyzing tall structures, as opposed to [Link] which exhibited
higher values under the same loading conditions.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

10. Seismic Analysis of a G+ 20 High-Rise Building (Live Structure) Using ETABS

Software:

Author: Khan, M. Y., & Choudhary, K. K.

Year: 2024

Journal details: The objective of this present work is to study the behaviour of a multi
storied RC building in live structure located in Pune (India) in plan subjected to
earthquake load by adopting Response spectrum analysis. In the context of your thesis,
this refers to analysing and comparing the building's response under different seismic
zones (Zone 4 vs. Zone 5) to assess how the level of seismicity affects structural
behaviour.

2.2. INFERENCES FROM LITERATURE:

 One of the most important features of a building is lateral stiffness, which defines
the resistance to displacement under seismic and wind loads, at the same time, the
lateral stiffness has a major impact on the natural time of the structure, the analysis
and design of the structure regarding the lateral stiffness can be made easily with
ETABS software.
 In E-Tabs model creation and reporting of results are proficient at the item level. It
empowers the planner to concentrate on perceptible execution targets.
 Detailed extensive documentation regarding the analysis and design is required for
further modeling.
 As buildings become taller or more flexible, the effects of large displacements or
deformations can change the load paths significantly. For such cases, nonlinear
geometric analysis is required.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

2.3. GAPS IDENTIFIED IN LITERATURE:

 ETABS require significant system resources, especially when working with large,
complex models. This can lead to slower performance or crashes if the hardware
does not meet the necessary specifications.
 ETABS is focused mainly on structural analysis and design and does not offer
strong tools for MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) or architectural
design.
 Although ETABS does support 3D modelling for structural analysis, it is not as
robust or sophisticated as some BIM (Building Information Modelling) tools like
Revit or Tekla. ETABS is not designed for detailed 3D building modelling or
visualizations.
 Foundation design is not directly performed within ETABS, but the program will
give you the axial loads, shear, and moment distributions at the base of the building,
with this output from ETABS the design the foundation (footings, pile caps, mat
foundation, etc.) using software like SAFE, or manually for simpler cases is to be
carried out.

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CHAPTER – 3
METHODOLOGY

Flow chart No 3.1: Methodology.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

CHAPTER – 4

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

4.1. PRELIMINARY SURVEY:

(a) (b)

(d)
(c)
Fig 4.1(a, b, c, d): Preliminary survey at site.

Fig 4.2: Total station output.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

DWG NO 4.1: Plinth area.

DWG NO 4.1: Plinth area.

Dimensions (L x B): = 25 m x 41 m

Area = 1025 m2

Plinth (L x B) = 21 m x 37 m

Area = 777 m2

Compound wall thickness = 0.23 m

60 feet wide road in West direction

60 feet wide road in North direction

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

4.2. SOIL INVESTIGATION:

4.2.1. SAMPLE COLLECTION:

Depth of pit where soil sample is collected = 3 m

(a) (b)
Fig 4.3(a, b): Collection of soil sample.

(a) (b)

Fig 4.4(a, b): Preparation of soil sample.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

4.2.2. SIEVE ANALYSIS:

Fig 4.5: Sieve analysis.

Observations:

Table No 4.1: Sieve analysis observation sheet.

Weight of Cumulative
Size of the sieve % Weight
[Link] soil retained Percentage % finer
(mm) Retained
(gm) Retained
1 4.75 54 5.4 5.4 94.6
2 2.36 72 7.2 12.6 87.4
3 1.18 187 18.7 31.3 68.7
4 0.6 204 20.4 51.7 48.3
5 0.425 109 10.9 62.6 37.4
6 0.3 134 13.4 76 24
7 0.15 121 12.1 88.1 11.9
8 0.075 112 11.2 99.3 0.7
9 pan 7 0.7 100 0
10 Total 1000

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Graph No 4.1: Particle size distribution curve.

Calculations:

D10 = 0.14

D30 = 0.37

D60 = 0.88

Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) =

.
=
.

= 6.28

( )
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) =
( )

( . )
=
( . . )

= 1.11

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Results:

Percentage of gravel (>4.75 mm) = 5.4 %

Percentage of coarse sand (4.75 mm – 2.00 mm) =12.6 %

Percentage of medium sand (2.00mm – 0.425 mm) = 50 %

Percentage of fine sand (0.425mm – 0.0.075 mm) = 36.7 %

Percentage of fines (>0.075 mm) = 0.7 %

Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) = 6.28

Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) = 1.11

Classification of soil as per gradation curve = Well graded sandy soil.

(4 < Cu > 6 & 1< Cc < 3)

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

4.2.3. FIELD DENSITY BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD:

(a) (b)

Fig 4.6(a, b): Sand replacement test.

Observations & Calculations:

Fig 4.7: Dimensions of calibrating container.

Diameter of calibrating container (D) = 10 cm.

Height of calibrating container (H) = 12.73 cm.

Volume of calibrating container (V) = x(D xH)

= x(10 x12.73)

= 999.8cm3 ~ 1000 cm3

Volume of calibrating container (V) = 1000 cm3

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Table No 4.2: Data sheet for sand replacement test.

CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS

S. No Description Values

1 Weight of sand + cylinder before pouring (W1) (g) 7115

2 Mean weight of sand in cone (W2) 315

3 Volume of calibrating container (V) cc 1000

Mean weight of sand pouring cylinder with remaining sand after filling in cone
4 4998
and calibrating can (W3) (g)

5 Weight of sand filling calibrating containers, (Wa) = (W1 – W3 – W2) (g) 1802

6 Calibrated Bulk density of sand, (γbs) = (Wa/V) (g/cc) 1.80

MEASUREMENT OF INSITU SOIL DENSITY

7 Weight of wet soil from the hole or Wt. of excavated Soil (Ww) (g) 2163

8 Weight of sand + cylinder after pouring in the hole and cone (W4) (g) 4826

9 Weight of sand in the hole, (Wh) = (W1 – W4 – W2) (g) 1974

10 Bulk density of soil, (ρ) = ((Ww/ Wh) *γbs) (g/cc) 1.97

11 Bulk unit weight of soil, (γ) = (9.8 * ρ) (kN/m3) 19.35

12 Water content (w) (%) 18

13 Dry unit weight (γd) = γ / (1+ w) (kN/m3) 16.39

Results:

Bulk unit weight of soil, (γ) =19.35 kN/m3

Dry unit weight (γd) = 16.39 kN/m3

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

4.2.4. DIRECT SHEAR TEST:

(a) (b)

(c)

Fig 4.8(a, b, c): Direct shear test.

Observations & Calculations:

Table No 4.3: Details of soil sample for test.

Method of sample preparation Undrained test

Size of the sample 60 mm x 60 mm x 25 mm
Area of the sample (Cross Sectional) 36 cm2
Volume of the sample 90 cm3
Water content (%) 18 %
Least count of dial gauge (Horizontal) 0.01mm
Proving ring constant 0.6

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Table No 4.4: Shear stress values with respect to normal stress of 0.5. .kg/cm 2.

2
Normal stress = 0.5 kg/cm
Horizontal Proving
Horizontal dial Corrected area Shear
[Link] displacement ring Shear force(kg) 2 2
gauge reading (cm )(Ac) stress(kg/cm )
(1) (cm) reading (5)=(4)x PRC
(2) (6)=Ao(1-[(3)/6]) (7)=(5)/(6)
(3)=(2)x0.001 (4)
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 36.000 0.000
2 25.000 0.025 1.800 1.080 35.850 0.030
3 50.000 0.050 2.400 1.440 35.700 0.040
4 75.000 0.075 3.600 2.160 35.550 0.061
5 100.000 0.100 5.200 3.120 35.400 0.088
6 125.000 0.125 6.200 3.720 35.250 0.106
7 150.000 0.150 8.300 4.980 35.100 0.142
8 175.000 0.175 9.200 5.520 34.950 0.158
9 200.000 0.200 11.200 6.720 34.800 0.193
10 225.000 0.225 12.900 7.740 34.650 0.223
11 250.000 0.250 13.200 7.920 34.500 0.230
12 275.000 0.275 13.800 8.280 34.350 0.241
13 300.000 0.300 14.600 8.760 34.200 0.256
14 325.000 0.325 15.200 9.120 34.050 0.268
15 350.000 0.350 15.900 9.540 33.900 0.281
16 375.000 0.375 16.300 9.780 33.750 0.290
17 400.000 0.400 16.900 10.140 33.600 0.302
18 425.000 0.425 17.200 10.320 33.450 0.309
19 450.000 0.450 17.600 10.560 33.300 0.317
20 475.000 0.475 16.800 10.080 33.150 0.304
21 500.000 0.500 15.200 9.120 33.000 0.276

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Table No 4.5: Shear stress values with respect to normal stress of 1.0. kg/cm 2.

2
Normal stress = 1 kg/cm
Horizontal Proving Corrected area
Horizontal dial 2
Shear
[Link] displacement ring Shear force(kg) (cm )(Ac) 2
gauge reading stress(kg/cm )
(1) (cm) reading (5)=(4)x PRC (6)=Ao(1-
(2) (7)=(5)/(6)
(3)=(2)x0.001cm (4) [(3)/6])
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 36.000 0.000
2 25.000 0.025 3.200 1.920 35.850 0.054
3 50.000 0.050 4.200 2.520 35.700 0.071
4 75.000 0.075 5.300 3.180 35.550 0.089
5 100.000 0.100 6.800 4.080 35.400 0.115
6 125.000 0.125 7.600 4.560 35.250 0.129
7 150.000 0.150 8.300 4.980 35.100 0.142
8 175.000 0.175 9.800 5.880 34.950 0.168
9 200.000 0.200 11.500 6.900 34.800 0.198
10 225.000 0.225 14.800 8.880 34.650 0.256
11 250.000 0.250 16.200 9.720 34.500 0.282
12 275.000 0.275 18.500 11.100 34.350 0.323
13 300.000 0.300 22.800 13.680 34.200 0.400
14 325.000 0.325 26.000 15.600 34.050 0.458
15 350.000 0.350 28.900 17.340 33.900 0.512
16 375.000 0.375 32.500 19.500 33.750 0.578
17 400.000 0.400 33.800 20.280 33.600 0.604
18 425.000 0.425 34.900 20.940 33.450 0.626
19 450.000 0.450 33.600 20.160 33.300 0.605
20 475.000 0.475 3.800 2.280 33.150 0.069

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Table No 4.6: Shear stress values with respect to normal stress of 1.5 kg/cm 2.

2
Normal stress = 1.5 kg/cm
Horizontal Proving Corrected area
Horizontal dial 2
Shear
[Link] displacement ring Shear force(kg) (cm )(Ac) 2
gauge reading stress(kg/cm )
(1) (cm) reading (5)=(4)x PRC (6)=Ao(1-
(2) (7)=(5)/(6)
(3)=(2)x0.001cm (4) [(3)/6])
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 36.000 0.000
2 25.000 0.025 5.200 3.120 35.850 0.087
3 50.000 0.050 7.900 4.740 35.700 0.133
4 75.000 0.075 12.500 7.500 35.550 0.211
5 100.000 0.100 16.600 9.960 35.400 0.281
6 125.000 0.125 22.000 13.200 35.250 0.374
7 150.000 0.150 26.500 15.900 35.100 0.453
8 175.000 0.175 31.500 18.900 34.950 0.541
9 200.000 0.200 36.800 22.080 34.800 0.634
10 225.000 0.225 42.500 25.500 34.650 0.736
11 250.000 0.250 48.600 29.160 34.500 0.845
12 275.000 0.275 49.800 29.880 34.350 0.870
13 300.000 0.300 48.000 28.800 34.200 0.842
14 325.000 0.325 45.300 27.180 34.050 0.798

Table No 4.7: Ordinates for graph.

Normal stress Shear stress at failure

(kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)

0.5 0.32

1.0 0.63

1.5 0.87

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Normal stress Vs Shear stress

1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20

Shear stress(kg/cm2)
1.10
1.00
0.90 y = 0.55x + 0.0567
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
Normal stress(kg/m2)

Graph No 4.2: Variation of maximum shear stress with respect to normal stress.

Cohesion (C)

From slope equation: 𝑦 = 0.585𝑥 + 0.0567

Cohesion (C) = 0.0567 ~ 0 kg/cm2

Angle of internal friction (φ)

(φ) = tan-1 (m)

Where,

( )
m=
( )

( . . )
m= = 0.55
( . . )

(φ) = tan-1(0.55) = 28048’39” ~ 290

Results:

Cohesion (C) = 0 kg/cm2 = 0 kN/m2

Angle of internal friction (φ) = 290

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4.2.5. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CALICULATIONS:

Data obtained:

Unit weight of soil, (γ) =19.35 kN/m 3

Cohesion (C) = 0 kg/cm2 = 0 kN/m2

Angle of internal friction (φ) = 290

(As the soil is medium dense sand and the ‘φ ≥ 290, local shear failure criteria is
considered.)

Therefore,

Modified Cohesion (Cm) = (C) = 0 kg/cm2 = 0 kN/m2

Modified Angle of internal friction (φm) = (φ) = (290) = 19020’ ~ 200

Assumptions made:

Consider as an isolated square footing of width ‘B’.

Depth of the footing (D) = 3 m

Width of the footing (B) = 3 m

Water table correction (W`) = 0.5

(By considering the water table at Ground Level (G.L).)

Factor of safety = 3.

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Fig 4.9: Details of foundation.

By IS Code method for Net ultimate Bearing capacity:

Qnu = cm Nc’ sc dc ic + q(Nq’-1) sq dq iq + 0.5 γ B Nγ’ sγ dγ iγW’

(eq:23.50, Pg. no: 606, Arora, K. R. (2008). Soil mechanics and foundation engineering
(geotechnical engineering))

Where,
Qnu = Net ultimate bearing capacity.

Cm = Mobilized Cohesion = 0 kN/m2

γ = unit weight of soil=19.35 kN/m3

D = Depth of the footing = 3 m

B = Width of the footing = 3 m

q = effective stress at bottom of the foundation. = (D x γ)

Nc’, Nq’, Nγ’ = Bearing capacity factors (non-dimensional) and are functions only of
the soil friction angle (φ).

sc, sq, sγ = Shape factors.

dc, dq, dγ = Depth factors.

ic, iq, iγ = Inclination factor

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For the obtained value of (φm) i.e. 200 the values of Nc, Nq, Nγ are,

Bearing capacity factors.

Table No 4.8: Bearing capacity factors.

Nq’ Nγ’
N c’ (Nq-1)
Φm 0 eπtan(φm) x
(Nq-1) x cot(φm) tan(1.4φm)
tan2(45+(φm/2))

200 14.83 6.4 5.39

Shape factors.

Table No 4.9: Shape factors.

sc sγ
Rectangular sq
1+ (Nq’/ Nc’)
footing 1+tan(φm)

Value 1.43 1.36 0.6

Depth factors.

Table No 4.10: Depth factors.

dc dq dγ
1+(2x tan(Φm) x (1-sin(Φm )2 x
1+(0.4*(D/B)) -
(D/B))
1.4 1.3 1

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Inclination factor: (by considering as no inclined loads are acting, (α) = 0 0)

Table No 4.11: Inclination factors.

ic iq iγ

1-(α/90)2 1-(α/90)2 1-(α/ φ)2

1 1 1

Therefore:

Qnu= ((0x14.83x1.43x1.4x1)) +((2x19.35) x (6.4-1) x (1.36x1.3x1)) +

((0.5x19.35x2x5.39x0.6x1x1) x (0.5))

***(water correction(W`) = 0.5) ***

Qnu = 0 + 369.47 + 31.28

Qnu = 400.75 kN/m2

𝑸𝒏𝒖
Gross safe bearing capacity (Qs) = + (D x γ)
𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲

.
Qs = +(3x19.35) = 191.63 ~ 190 kN/m2

Safe bearing capacity.(Qs) = 190 kN/m2

Elastic settlement (Si)

[𝐪𝒖 𝐱 𝐁]
S= x (1-µ2) x If
𝑬

***(for granular soils immediate settlement is considered as total settlement) ***

Where,
Si = Elastic settlement.

qu = Contact pressure. =

P = Load on footing = 2100 kN

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A = Area of footing = 3 x 3 = 9m2

B = Width of the footing = 3m

µ = Poisson ratio = 0.3

E = Youngs modulus = 500x(15+N)

N = SPT number = 10 (As per correlations between N & angle of internal friction (φ))

E = 500 x (15+10) = 12500 kN/m2

If = Average influence factor = 0.95 (As per Table -2 of IS 8009(Part-1);1976)

Therefore:

qu = = 233.33 kN/m2

[𝐪𝒖 𝐱 𝐁]
Elastic settlement (Si) = x (1-µ2) x If
𝑬

.
Si = x (1-0.32) x 0.95
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎

Si = 0.048m

Depth correction factor = 0.75 (from Fig No: 12 of IS: 8009 Part-1)
Overall settlement = 0.048 x 0.74 = 0.035m = 35mm
Allowable elastic settlement = 50mm
As settlement is within limit(safe)
Hence recommended,

Allowable bearing capacity.(Qs) = 190 kN/m2

Recommendations:
• PCC of thickness 150mm (min) should laid prior to the footings.
• The footings are to be designed by considering safe bearing capacity as 190 KN/m 2
(19 t/m2) at below the ground level.
• If required pedestal can be provided.

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CHAPTER – 5
DRAFTING OF FLOOR PLANS & LAYOUTS
5.1. DRAFTING:

Drafting is the process of creating precise technical drawings and plans that visually
communicate design concepts, construction details, and engineering specifications. It
is widely used in architecture, civil engineering, mechanical design, and interior
planning. It involves careful attention to scale, dimensions, symbols, and annotations
to ensure clarity and accuracy.

Drafting floor plans and layouts is a fundamental step in architectural and interior
design, providing a detailed representation of a building’s structure and spatial
arrangement. It involves creating precise 2D drawings that define the placement of
walls, doors, windows, furniture, and other structural elements. Floor plans serve as a
blueprint for construction, helping architects, engineers, and builders visualize the
design and ensure functionality. Proper drafting requires attention to scale, dimensions,
and annotations to convey accurate information. Advanced software like AutoCAD,
Revit, and SketchUp enhances the efficiency and accuracy of drafting, allowing for
easy modifications and integration with 3D models.

5.2. AUTOCAD:

AutoCAD is a leading computer-aided design (CAD) software developed by

Autodesk, widely used in architecture, engineering, and construction. It enables users
to create precise 2D and 3D drawings for buildings, mechanical parts, electrical layouts,
and more. With powerful drafting tools, automation features, and compatibility with
BIM and cloud storage, AutoCAD enhances efficiency and accuracy in design. Its user-
friendly interface, customization options, and integration with industry-specific toolsets
make it an essential software for professionals worldwide. The advanced version of
AutoCAD i.e. AutoCAD 2025 is used for drafting floor plans and layouts.

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DWG No 5.2: Slab layout.

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DWG No 5.3: Beam layout.

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DWG No 5.4: Column layout.

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CHAPTER – 6
MANUAL CALCULATIONS
6.1. METHODOLOGY FOR MANUAL CALCULATION:

The manual calculation of a G+5 building process starts with load calculations,
including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic forces, as per IS 875 (Part 1
& 2) and IS 1893:2016. The structural elements, such as slabs, beams, columns, and
footings, are designed manually using fundamental engineering principles, ensuring
compliance with IS 456:2000 for reinforced concrete structures. The load distribution
and moment calculations are performed for critical sections using formulas derived
from structural mechanics. To validate and refine the manual calculations, STAAD. Pro
is partially used for structural analysis, primarily to analyze the frame behavior,
deflections, and reinforcement requirements. The software helps in generating an
approximate structural model, providing insight into the internal force distribution and
structural response under applied loads. The manually derived parameters, including
section sizes, reinforcement detailing, and design forces, are then used as input for
ETABS, where a comprehensive 3D analysis and final design optimization are carried
out. ETABS helps in the modal analysis, time-history analysis (if required), and
structural performance evaluation, ensuring that the design meets seismic and stability
requirements. The final output includes a well-documented structural report, detailing
beam-column connectivity, slab reinforcements, and footing dimensions, ensuring the
building is structurally sound and optimized for real-world conditions.

Flow chart No 6.1: Methodology for manual calculations.

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6.2. CRITICAL FRAME:

In the structural design process of a G+5 building, a critical frame is selected from the
overall building frame to represent the design procedure and summary. This frame is
chosen based on factors such as maximum load effects, lateral stability, and critical
bending moments. The selected frame undergoes detailed analysis to determine axial
forces, shear forces, bending moments, and deflections, ensuring compliance with
design codes like IS 456:2000 and IS 1893:2016. The results from this frame serve as
a representative case, demonstrating the step-by-step design calculations for beams,
columns, and connections. A design summary is then prepared, highlighting the
governing load combinations, reinforcement detailing, and structural adequacy,
ensuring that the entire building meets safety and performance requirements.

Fig 6.1: Details of critical section.

Sections considered from critical frame

Slabs = S11, S12, S13, S14, S15.

Beams = B11, B12, B13, B14, B15.

Columns = C7.

Footing = FC7.

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6.3. LOAD CALCULATIONS:

6.3.1. DEAD LOADS:

(As per IS 875-1987 (Part-I))

A] Self weight of the member (WS) = Depth(m) x Width(m) x Unit weight of concrete.

(Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m3)

Table No 6.1: Self-weights.

Assumptions made for cross-sections for self-weight

Element Depth Width Self-weight (KN/m)

Slab 120mm thick 3
Beams 400mm 230mm 2.3

Columns 600mm 230mm 3.45

B] Wall loads (Ww) = Height of the wall x Thickness of the wall x Unit weight of wall.

(Unit weight of red brick wall = 20 KN/m3)

Table No 6.2: Wall loads.

Wall type Thickness of the wall Height of the wall Load(KN/m)

External wall 230mm 2.6m 11.9
Internal wall 110mm 2.6m 5.75
Parapet wall 110mm 1.2m 2.64

C] Floor finish = 1 KN/m2

6.3.2. LIVE LOADS:

A] Live load (WL) = 3 KN/m2

(As per IS 875-1987 (Part-II))

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B] Lateral loads:

 Wind load (WL)

(As per IS 875-1987 (Part-III))

The basic wind speed (Vb) = 33 m/s

Risk co-efficient (K1) = 1 (as per clause 6.3.1 of IS 875 part -III)

Terrain, height & structure size factor (K2) (as per clause 6.3.2 of IS 875 part -III)

Table No 6.3: K2 factor.

Height (m) K2 value

10 0.91
15 0.97
18 0.99

Topography factor (K3) = 1 (as per clause 6.3.3 of IS 875 part-III)

Design wind speed at height (z) (Vz) = Vb x K1 x K2 xK3 (as per clause 6.3. of IS 875
part-III)

Table No 6.4: Design wind speed.

Design
Basic wind
Risk Terrain, height wind
speed Topography
co-efficient &structure size speed
(Vb) factor (K3)
(K1) factor (K2) (Vz)
m/s
m/s
33 1 0.91 1 30.03

33 1 0.97 1 32.01

33 1 0.99 1 32.67

Design wind pressure at height z (P z) = 0.6xVz2 (as per clause 6.4.1of IS 875 part-III)

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Table No 6.5: Design wind pressure.

Design wind pressure

Design wind speed (Vz)
Height (m) (Pz)
m/s
N/m2

10 30.03 541.08

15 32.01 614.78

18 32.67 640.39

Design wind load (F) = Cf x Ae x Pz (as per clause 7.2.1 of IS 875 part-III).

Force coefficient (Cf) = 1.19

(the value is taken from the is 875 part-3 of calculating the values of a, b, h of a/b,
h/b).

Table No 6.6: Effective area.

Height (m) Effective area (Ae)(m2)

0-10 2.32
10-15 2.59
15-18 2.7

Design wind loads (F):

Table No 6.7: Design wind loads

Effective Design Design

Design wind Force
Height Area wind load wind
pressure (Pz) coefficient
(m) (Ae) (F) load (F)
(N/m2) (Cf)
(m2) N/m KN/m
0-10 541.08 1.19 2.34 1500 1.50
10-15 614.78 1.19 2.60 1900 1.90
15-18 640.39 1.19 2.76 2100 2.10

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Table No 6.8: Design wind loads at various storey levels.

Height (m) Design wind load (KN/m)

0-10 1.50
10-15 1.90
15-18 2.10

 Seismic Load (WSL):

(As per Is 1893 part-1: 2016)
Floor to floor height = 3 m

Beam dimensions = 230 x 400 mm

Column dimensions = 230 x 400 mm

Slab thickness = 120 mm

Wall thickness

External wall = 230 mm

Internal wall = 110 m

Table No 6.9: Dead loads for seismic analysis.

Floor Dead loads (KN) Live load Total

(KN) load
Slabs beams columns walls
(KN)
6 2331 239.9 213.9 615.42 0 3400.22

5 2331 239.9 213.9 615.42 0 3400.22

4 2331 239.9 427.8 1325.52 582.75 4906.97

3 2331 239.9 427.8 1325.52 582.75 4906.97

2 2331 239.9 427.8 1325.52 582.75 4906.97

1 2331 239.9 427.8 1325.52 582.75 4906.97

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Total load (W) = 26428.32 KN

0.9ℎ
Fundamental neutral period (Ta) = (as per clause 7.6 of Is 1893- 2016 (part-1))
√𝑑

Where

H = height of the structure = 18 m

D = Area of the structure = 21 m x 37 m

Ta = 0.353 sec

S𝑎
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient = = 2.5 (as per table 4 of clause 6.4.5of Is 1893-
g
2016(part-1).)

(0 < 𝑇 < 0.55)

Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient (Ah) = 𝑥 𝑥

Where,

Z = Zone factor = 0.10 (as per clause 6.4.2 of is 1893-2016 (part-1)

= Spectral Acceleration Coefficient = 2.5

I = Importance factor = 1 (as per clause 6.4.2 of Is 1893-2016 (part-1)

R = Response reduction factor = 5 (as per clause 6.4.2 of is 1893-2016 (part-1)

0.10 1
Ah =
2
× 2.5 × 5

Ah = 0.025

Design base shear (Vb) = Ah x W

= 0.025 x 26428.32

= 660.67 KN

Final design base shear (Vb) = 660.67 KN

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6.4. DESIGN OF SLABS:

6.4.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE: (As per IS 456: 2000)

Step 1: Determine Slab Type

𝐿𝑥
 Two-way slab condition: If ≤ 2, where:
𝐿𝑦

o Lx = Shorter span
o Ly = Longer span
 Boundary conditions:
o Slabs may be supported on beams or directly on walls.
o Slabs can be simply supported, continuous, or fixed at edges.

Step 2: Assume Thickness of Slab

 Based on deflection control, IS 456: 2000 recommends:

o Continuous Slabs should be:

 Simply supported: 35
 Continuous: 40
 Cantilever: 7
𝑳𝒙
o Choose D (thickness) = (for moderate spans).
𝟒𝟎
 Minimum thickness:
o Lx ≤ 3.5 m: 100 mm
o Lx > 3.5 m: 120 mm

Step 3: Calculate Loads

Total Load (WL) = Dead Load + Live Load + Floor Finish Load

1. Dead Load
o Self-weight of slab = 25 × D (D in meters)
o Floor finish load = 1.0 to 1.5 kN/m²
2. Live Load (as per IS 875 Part 2)

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o Residential: 2 to 3 kN/m²
o Office: 3 to 5 kN/m²

Factored Load:
Wu = 1.5(Dead Load + Live Load)

Step 4: Calculate Bending Moments (Mx & My)

Using IS 456: 2000 moment coefficients (Table 26, Annex D)

Mx = αx × Wu × Lx

My = αy × Wu × Ly

αx and αy = moment coefficients (depends on end conditions)

Wu = factored load (kN/m²)

Step 5: Check Effective Depth

d= x

Where:

 R = Design moment capacity = 𝑓 × 𝑓 (as per IS 456 Table 3)

 Assume Effective Cover = 20 to 25 mm
 Overall depth D = d+cover

Step 6: Reinforcement Design

 Main reinforcement:

Ast =
.

Use suitable bar diameter and spacing from IS 456 Table.

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 Distribution reinforcement (along longer span):

As min=0.12% of b x d

Minimum reinforcement spacing as per IS 456:

 Main steel: Max

 Distribution steel: Max

Step 7: Check for Shear

Nominal shear stress:

𝜏 =

Compare with permissible shear stress from IS 456 Table 19.

If 𝜏 >, 𝜏 provide shear reinforcement (stirrups).

Step 8: Provide Detailing

1. Main Reinforcement (shorter span) → At bottom

2. Secondary Reinforcement (longer span) → At top
3. Corner reinforcement → Diagonal bars to handle torsion

Reinforcement Curtailment:

 Negative moment at supports → Provide extra bars at top

 Positive moment at mid-span → Provide bottom bars

Step 9: Check for Deflection and Crack Width

 Deflection limit:
𝑳
o ≤ 40 for continuous slabs
𝒅

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o Check using IS 456 Table 6

 Crack width:
o Ensure bar spacing < 3d
o Use minimum reinforcement as per IS 456 Clause [Link]

6.4.2. DESIGN SUMMARY OF SLABS:

Table No 6.10: Two-way Slab panels Description.

Two-way slab panels

Panel
Panel type
No.
1 Interior Panel

2 One Short Edge Discontinuous

3 One Long Edge Discontinuous

4 Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous

5 Two Short Edges Discontinuous

6 Two Long Edges Discontinuous

7 Three Edges Discontinuous (One Long Edge Continuous)

8 Three Edges Discontinuous (One Short Edge Continuous)

9 Four Edges Discontinuous

10 Simply Supported on Four Sides

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Table No 6.11(a),(b): Design summary of Slabs.

Ly Lx Panel Grade of Grade of

Slab no. Slab type
(m) (m) type steel concrete
S11 4.67 4.03 Two-way 2 Fe500 M30
S12 4.1 4.03 Two-way 1 Fe500 M30
S13 4.03 3.23 Two-way 1 Fe500 M30
S14 4.1 4.03 Two-way 1 Fe500 M30
S15 4.67 4.03 Two-way 2 Fe500 M30
(a)

Thickness Reinforcement details

Slab no.
(mm)
Bottom SS Top SS Bottom LS Top LS Distribution
S11 140 T10 @ 300 T10 @ 300 T8 @ 210 T8 @ 245 T8 @ 300
S12 140 T10 @ 300 T10 @ 300 T8 @ 300 T8 @ 285 T8 @ 300
S13 120 T8 @ 285 T8 @ 285 T8 @ 285 T8 @ 285 T8 @ 285
S14 140 T10 @ 300 T10 @ 300 T8 @ 300 T8 @ 285 T8 @ 300
S15 140 T10 @ 300 T10 @ 300 T8 @ 210 T8 @ 245 T8 @ 300

(b)

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6.5. DESIGN OF BEAMS:

6.5.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE: (As per IS 456: 2000)

Step 1: Identify Structural System

 Continuous beams are supported by columns at multiple spans.

 Load distribution depends on support conditions (fixed, pinned, or partially
restrained).
 Consider frame action for lateral stability.

Step 2: Determine Beam Dimensions

 Thumb Rule for Depth (D):

o For Fe 415 Steel:

 Simply supported beams →

 Continuous beams →

 Cantilever beams →

o Minimum width b: 230 mm (for residential buildings).

o Minimum effective depth d: Check for deflection limits.

Step 3: Load Calculations

Total Load = Dead Load + Live Load + Superimposed Load

1. Dead Load (Self-weight of beam)

W = γ concrete × B × D

o Concrete density (γ) = 25 kN/m³

2. Live Load (LL) (from IS 875 Part-2)
o Residential: 2 - 3 kN/m²
o Commercial: 3 - 5 kN/m²

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3. Floor Finish Load = 1.0 to 1.5 kN/m²

4. Factored Load

Wu = 1.5 × (DL+LL)

Step 4: Bending Moment & Shear Force Analysis

Moment Calculation:
Using IS 456:2000 Table 12 (Moment Coefficients for Continuous Beams):

M = α ×Wu ×L2

Where α depends on support conditions:

1 1
 Interior Spans: αmid = , αsupport =
12 9

 End Span: αmid = , αsupport =

Shear Force Calculation:

Vu = W u ×

Step 5: Check Effective Depth

d = 0.5 x

Where R is the moment capacity from IS 456 Table 3.

 Provide minimum effective cover: 20–30 mm

Step 6: Reinforcement Design

For Fe 415 Steel,

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 Main Reinforcement (Tension)

𝑀
As =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑑

o Select appropriate bar diameter and spacing.

 Compression Reinforcement (if required)
o If depth is constrained, provide extra reinforcement at top.
 Shear Reinforcement (Stirrups)
o Nominal shear stress:

𝑉𝑢
𝜏 =
𝑏𝑥𝑑

o Check against permissible shear stress from IS 456 Table 19.

o If 𝜏 > 𝜏 , provide shear reinforcement.

Step 7: Provide Reinforcement Detailing

1. At Supports:
o Top reinforcement to resist negative moments.
o Additional stirrups near supports for shear resistance.
2. At Mid-Span:
o Bottom reinforcement for positive moments.
3. Shear reinforcement:
o Stirrups 150 mm c/c near supports.
o @250 mm c/c at mid-span.
4. Lap Splices:
o Laps in compression zone (if needed).

Step 8: Check for Deflection and Crack Width

 Deflection limit:
𝑳
o ≤ 20 for continuous beams.
𝒅

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o Check IS 456 Table 6 for modification factors.

 Crack control:
o Maintain bar spacing < 300 mm.

Step 9: Prepare Bar Bending Schedule (BBS)

 Include bar lengths, diameters, and spacing.

 Define lap lengths and anchorage details.

6.5.2. DESIGN SUMMARY OF BEAMS:

Table No 6.12(a),(b): Design summary of Beams.

EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE GRADE OF GRADE OF

BEAM WIDTH(mm) DEPTH(mm)
COVER(mm) SPAN(mm) CONCRETE STEEL
B11 230 400 25 4675 M30 Fe500
B12 230 400 25 4095 M30 Fe500
B13 230 400 25 3230 M30 Fe500
B14 230 400 25 4095 M30 Fe500
B15 230 400 25 4675 M30 Fe500
(a)

MAIN REINFORCEMENT SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

BEAM BEAM BOTTOM BEAM TOP
LEFT MIDDLE RIGHT
LEFT MIDDLE RIGHT LEFT MIDDLE RIGHT
B11 3-T10 3-T10 3-T10 3-T16 3-T10 3-T16 2L-T8 @ 135mm 2L-T8 @ 255mm 2L-T8 @ 135mm

B12 3-T10 3-T10 3-T10 3-T16 3-T10 3-T16 2L-T8 @ 135mm 2L-T8 @ 255mm 2L-T8 @ 135mm

B13 3-T10 3-T10 3-T10 3-T16 2-T16 3-T16 2L-T8 @ 255mm 2L-T8 @ 255mm 2L-T8 @ 255mm

B14 3-T10 3-T10 3-T10 3-T16 3-T10 3-T16 2L-T8 @ 135mm 2L-T8 @ 255mm 2L-T8 @ 135mm

B15 3-T10 3-T10 3-T10 3-T16 3-T10 3-T16 2L-T8 @ 135mm 2L-T8 @ 255mm 2L-T8 @ 135mm

(b)

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

6.6. DESIGN OF COLUMN:

6.6.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE: (As per IS 456: 2000)

Step 1: Determine Column Type

 Short Column: If <12 → Fails due to crushing.

 Slender Column: If >12 → Fails due to buckling.

o 𝐿 = Effective length

o d = Least lateral dimension

Types of Columns Based on Load & Support Conditions

1. Axially Loaded Columns (Rare in practice)

2. Uni-axial Eccentric Loaded Columns (Moment in one direction)
3. Bi-axial Eccentric Loaded Columns (Moments in both directions)

Step 2: Assume Column Dimensions

 Width (b): 230 x 230 mm minimum (for residential buildings).

 Depth (D): Based on axial load and moment calculations.
 Effective Cover: 40 mm (Normal exposure).

Step 3: Load Calculation

Total Load on Column

P = Pdead + Plive + Pwall + Pbeam

Where:

 Dead Load (DL): Self-weight of slabs, beams, walls

 Live Load (LL): Based on IS 875 Part-II

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 Wall Load:

Wwall = Wall thickness ×Height × 20 kN/m3

Beam Load: Transferred from the beams to the column.

Factored Load

Pu = 1.5 × (PDL+PLL)

Step 4: Check Slenderness Ratio

 Effective length 𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 depends on column end conditions (IS 456 Table 28).

 Slenderness Ratio:

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
λ=
𝑑

o If λ ≤ 12 → Design as a short column.

o If λ > 12 → Consider buckling effects

Step 5: Axial Load Carrying Capacity

Using Limit State Design:

Pu = 0.4 𝑓 Ag + 0.67 𝑓 As

Where:

 𝑓 = Concrete grade (e.g., M25, M30)

 𝑓 = Steel grade (usually Fe 500)
 Ag = Gross area of the column
 As = Area of longitudinal steel

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For columns with moments:

Use interaction charts from SP:16.

Step 6: Reinforcement Calculation

Longitudinal Reinforcement (Main Bars)

 Minimum 1% of Ag
 Maximum 6% of Ag (preferably 2% to 4% for practical use).
 Minimum 4 bars per column.
 Recommended bar diameters: 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm.

As = Pu−0.4fckAg0.67fy

Lateral Ties (Stirrups)

 Spacing: Least of
o 16d (where d = smallest bar diameter)
o 300 mm
o 48 × stirrup diameter
 Diameter: 8 mm minimum (for small columns), 10 mm preferred.

For Seismic Zones (IS 13920:2016)

 Close ties at column ends (hoops)

 Spacing ≤ 100 mm near top & bottom of the column.

Step 7: Check for Buckling & Deflection

 Short columns: No buckling check required.

 Slender columns:
o Compute critical buckling load
o Adjust reinforcement if needed.

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Step 8: Prepare Bar Bending Schedule (BBS)

 Main bars: Length = Floor height + Development length

 Stirrups: Proper lap & anchorage

6.6.2. DESIGN SUMMARY OF COLUMN:

Table No 6.12: Design summary of columnC7.

COLUMN: C7 (M30 grade concrete ; Fe500 grade steel)

HEIGHT(m) DEPTH WIDTH MAIN
LEVEL LATERAL TIES
FROM TO (mm) (mm) REINFORCEMENT
Below G.L 0 3.2 750 375 18-T16 T8 @ 250mm
From G.L to
3.2 6.4 750 375 12-T12 T8 @ 175mm
First storey
6.4 9.4 750 300 12-T12 T8 @ 175mm
9.4 12.4 750 300 12-T12 T8 @ 175mm
From First
12.4 15.4 750 300 12-T12 T8 @ 175mm
storey to
15.4 18.4 750 300 12-T12 T8 @ 175mm
Fifth storey
18.4 21.4 750 300 12-T12 T8 @ 175mm
21.4 23.4 750 300 12-T12 T8 @ 175mm

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6.7. DESIGN OF FOOTING:

6.7.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE: (As per IS 456: 2000)

Step 1: Identify Given Data

 Axial Load on Column (P)

 Moment (if any) on Column (M)
 Grade of Concrete (𝑓 (M30))
 Grade of Steel (𝑓 ) (Fe 500)
 Bearing Capacity of Soil (SBC)
 Clear Cover for Reinforcement (typically 50–75 mm)

Step 2: Determine Base Area of Footing

Total Factored Load (Pu) = 1.5 (PDL+ PLL)

Required footing area:

A=

Take A = B × B (square footing), so

B = 0.5 x

Ensure minimum B = 1.2 m (for practical constructability).

Step 3: Assume Footing Thickness

To prevent punching shear failure, assume:

D = B10 (minimum 200 mm)

Check shear stress later to confirm thickness.

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Step 4: Check for One-Way & Two-Way Shear

(a) Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)

𝒅
Critical section: from column face
𝟐
Shear stress:

𝜏 =

Check against permissible punching shear from IS 456 Table 19.

If 𝜏 >𝜏 → Increase D.

(b) One-Way Shear (Beam Shear)

Critical section: d from column face

Shear stress:

𝜏 = Pu – W b×d

Check against IS 456 limits.

If 𝜏 > 𝜏𝑐 → Increase D.

Step 5: Calculate Bending Moment

Critical section for bending moments is at the column face:

Mu = Wu × x (B2−b2)

Where:

 Wu = Design load per unit area

 b = Column width

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Step 6: Design Reinforcement

Using Limit State Design:

𝑴𝒖
As =
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝒅

 Minimum reinforcement = 0.12% of footing area

 Bar Diameter: 12 mm, 16 mm, or 20 mm
 Spacing: Keep within 150–300 mm

Reinforcement Layout

 Main bars along both directions (mesh arrangement)

 Provide extra bars near the column

Step 7: Check for Development Length

. 𝑓𝑦 ∅
Ld =

(From IS 456 Table 12 for bond stress 𝜏𝑏𝑑 )

Ensure bars extend beyond critical section.

Step 8: Provide Detailing & Bar Bending Schedule

 Minimum Cover: 50 mm
 Hook at bar ends for anchorage
 Lap splices (if needed) should be at low-stress zones

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6.7.2. DESIGN SUMMARY OF FOOTING:

Table No 6.13(a),(b): Design summary of Footing FC7.

Footing No: FC7
Column No: C7 (375 mm X 750 mm)
Footing Type: Pad
Concrete Grade: M30
Steel Grade: Fe500

(a)

Size (LxBxD) Bot @ L Bot @ B Top @ L Top @ B

3800x3450x950 13-T25 @ 300 14-T25 @ 300 26-T10 @ 140 28-T10 @ 145

(b)

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

6.8. DESIGN OF STAIRCASE:

6.8.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE: (As per IS 456: 2000)

Step 1: Determine Type of Staircase

There are three common types of steps:

1. Steps on waist slab (most common – slab under steps)

2. Cantilever steps (projecting from wall or beam)
3. Tread-riser type steps (each step is L-shaped and cast monolithically)
Assume Type 1: Steps on waist slab for most practical designs.

Step 2: Geometry of Steps

Use ergonomic proportions for comfortable stairs:

 Riser (R): 150–175 mm

 Tread (T): 250–300 mm
 Rule of thumb:
2R + T = 600 to 650 mm

 Width of stair: 1.0 to 1.5 m for residential, more for public buildings
 Waist thickness (W): Inclined slab supporting steps, typically 150 mm or more

Step 3: Load Calculations

1. Dead Load

Includes:

 Self-weight of waist slab:

= tw × 25 (kN/m³)

 Weight of step concrete (triangular step volume projected on horizontal):

Area of one step = 21 × R × T

Then, multiply by density (25 kN/m³)

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2. Finish Load:

0.5 to 1 kN/m²

3. Live Load (IS 875 Part 2):

 Residential: 3 kN/m²
 Public building: 5 kN/m²

4. Total Load on staircase:

Convert all loads to kN/m length along the slope of staircase.

Step 4: Effective Span and Moment Calculation

 Span: Between landings or supports

 Use simply supported slab assumption unless cantilevered
For simply supported:

𝑀 =

For cantilever steps:

𝑀 =

Where:

 W: Total load per m

 L: Horizontal projection or effective cantilever length
Step 5: Depth of Waist Slab

Use trial:

d = 20L to 25L

 Assume effective cover (20–25 mm)

 Adjust slab thickness accordingly

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Step 6: Design of Reinforcement

Use:

Mu= 0.87𝑥𝑓 𝑥𝑧

Or, rearranged for Ast:

Ast =
.

Where:

 z = 0.9d (approximate lever arm)

 𝑓 = 415 or 500 MPa
 Provide minimum steel:
o For Fe415: 0.12% of gross area
Step 7: Shear Check

Check nominal shear:

𝜏 =

Compare with permissible shear stress from IS 456 Table

Step 8: Detailing

 Main bars: Along slope, bottom layer of waist slab

 Distribution bars: Perpendicular to main bars, top layer
 Minimum bar diameter: 10 mm
 Minimum spacing: As per IS 456 limits
Step 9: Cover Requirements

 Clear cover = 15 mm (mild exposure), increase for higher exposure

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6.8.2. DESIGN SUMMARY OF STAIRCASE:

Table No 6.14: Design summary of Staircase.

THREAD RISE

LENGTH No.s per flight HEIGHT No.s per flight

300mm 9 150mm 10
Waist slab
Thickness 140mm
Effective cover 20mm
Main reinforcement T10 @ 150mm
Distribution reinforcement T8 @ 200mm

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CHAPTER – 7
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN ETABS
7.1. ETABS PROCEDURE:

STEP-1-Create a New Model

• Open ETABS and select New Model.

• Choose default or user-defined grid and units (kN, m).

• Set up story data (G+5 → Ground + 5 floors).

(a)

(b)

Fig 7.1(a),(b):Model creating setup .

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STEP-2-Define Material Properties

• Go to Define → Material Properties.

• Add materials like M30 concrete, Fe500 steel (as per IS 456:2000).

(a)

(b)

Fig 7.2(a),(b): Material properties window.

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STEP-3-Define Section Properties

• Define Beams (230 X 400 mm).

• Define Columns (300 X 750 mm & 375 X 750mm).

• Define Slabs (120 mm, 100 mm, 140mm thick).

(a)

(b)
Fig 7.3(a),(b): Section properties window.

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STEP-4-Define Loads (As per IS 875 & IS 1893)

• Dead Load (DL) – Self-weight (Auto in ETABS).

• Live Load (LL) – Residential (3 kN/m²).

• Seismic Load – IS 1893:2016.

• Wind Load – IS 875 (Part 3).

Fig 7.4: Load cases window.

STEP-5-Define Load Combinations

• Go to Define → Load Combinations.

• Use IS 456:2000 combinations (e.g., 1.5(DL+LL), 1.2(DL+LL+EQX)).

Fig 7.5: Load combinations window.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

STEP-6-Assign Supports & Boundary Conditions

• Assign Fixed/Pin Supports at the base.

• Check restraints for walls & footings.

Fig 7.6: Supports and boundary conditions window.

STEP-7-Run Structural Analysis

• Go to Analyse → Run Analysis.

• Check deflections, axial forces, moments.

Fig 7.7: Analysis window.

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STEP-8-Design Structural Elements

• Beam Design → Check reinforcement (IS 456:2000).

• Column Design → Ensure stability (short/long column).

• Slab Design → Two-way or one-way slab check.

Fig 7.8: Structural design window.

STEP-9-Generate Reports & Drawings

• Export detailed design reports, reinforcement details, and drawings.

• Save the ETABS file for future modifications.

Fig 7.9: Integration of ETABS with other modelling software tools.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

7.2. ETABS OUTPUT:

Fig 7.10: 3D rendering view.

Fig 7.11: Shear force distribution.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Fig 7.12: Bending moment distribution.

Fig 7.13: Details of individual structural element.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Fig 7.14: Deformed shape due to wind load.

Fig 7.15: Deformed shape due to seismic load.

Fig 7.16: Deformed shape due to gravity load.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Fig 7.17: 3-D view of beam.

Fig 7.18: 3-D view of column.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Fig 7.19: Detailing of beams-B11,B12,B13,B14,B15.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

(a)Below G.L (b)At G.L (c) First storey

(d)Second storey (e)Third storey (f)Fourth storey

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

(g)Fifth storey

(h)Cross sections.

Fig 7.20(a),(b),(c),(d),(e),(f),(g),(h): Detailing of column C7.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

CHAPTER – 8
BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
8.1. BASIC SHAPES AND THEOR LENGTHS :

Table No 8.1(a),(b),(c),(d): Basic shapes considered for each structural element.

(a)

SLABS
Abbreviations
[Link] Shape Length of bar
Symbol Formula

1 L+(2ld ) L Span-(2 x effective cover)

2 L+(2ld)+(0.42H)-(2d) ld 40xd

Depth of slab-(2 x effective cover)-

3 L+(2ld)+(0.42H)-(2d) H
Dia of bar

(b)

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

(c)

COLUMN
Abbreviations
[Link] Shape Length of bar
Symbol Formula

1 L+(2ld ) L Span-(2 x effective cover)

2 L+(9d)+(9d) ld 40xd

A
3 B 2(A+B)+(8d)

d Diameter of the bar

A
4 A+(2B)+(4d)+(2(20d))
B

(d)

FOOTING
Abbreviations
[Link] Shape Length of bar
Symbol Formula
1 L+(2ld) L Span-(2 x effective cover)
ld 40xd
2 L+(2(2ld)+(2d))
d Diameter of the bar

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CHAPTER – 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
9.1 SUMMARY OF FINALIZED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
On comparing the design results obtained through manual calculations with those
generated using ETABS, with a particular focus on reinforcement detailing, a
comprehensive evaluation was carried out to assess the efficiency, safety, and cost-
effectiveness of each design approach. The analysis involved checking the
reinforcement requirements, stress distribution, and load-carrying capacity of
individual structural elements such as beams, slabs, and columns. Manual calculations
provided a fundamental understanding of the structural behaviour, while ETABS
offered a more detailed and automated approach, enabling the visualization of stress
paths and the accurate modelling of complex load conditions. By analysing and cross
verifying both sets of results, it was observed that certain sections demonstrated a
significant reduction in reinforcement requirements without compromising safety or
serviceability. These sections, deemed more economical in terms of material usage and
construction feasibility, were adopted as the final design parameters. This approach not
only ensured compliance with relevant design codes and standards but also contributed
to overall cost optimization and resource efficiency in the structural system. Hence, the
integration of both traditional and software-based methods facilitated a more informed
and balanced structural design process.

Table No 9.1: Summary of slabs.

OVERALL EFFECTIVE
SLABS CONSIDERED FROM
THICKNESS COVER
S8,S27,S48 100mm 20mm Manual calculations
S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7,S9,S10,S13,S16,S1
7,S18,S19,S20,S21,S22,S23,S24,S25,S26,
S29,S31,
120mm 20mm Manual calculations
S32,S33,S34,S35,S36,S37,S38,S39,S40,S
43,S46,
S47,S49,S50,S51,S52,S53,S54,S55
S11,S12,S14,S15,S28,S30,S41,S42,S44,S45 140mm 20mm Manual calculations

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Table No 9.2: Summary of beams.

BEAMS OVERALL EFFECTIVE
WIDTH CONSIDERED FROM
STOREY BEAM DEPTH COVER
B1-B104
5 (ALL 230mm 400mm 25mm ETABS
BEAMS)
B1-B104
4 (ALL 230mm 400mm 25mm ETABS
BEAMS)
B1-B104
3 (ALL 230mm 400mm 25mm ETABS
BEAMS)
B1-B104
2 (ALL 230mm 400mm 25mm ETABS
BEAMS)
B1-B104
1 (ALL 230mm 400mm 25mm ETABS
BEAMS)
B1-B88
G (PLINTH 230mm 450mm 30mm ETABS
BEAMS)

Table No 9.3: Summary of columns.

COLUMN OVERALL EFFECTIVE
WIDTH CONSIDERED FROM
STOREY BEAM DEPTH COVER
C1-C50
5 (ALL 300mm 750mm 40mm Manual calculations
COLUMNS)
C1-C50
4 (ALL 300mm 750mm 40mm Manual calculations
COLUMNS)
C1-C50
3 (ALL 300mm 750mm 40mm Manual calculations
COLUMNS)
C1-C50
2 (ALL 300mm 750mm 40mm Manual calculations
COLUMNS)
C1-C50
1 (ALL 300mm 750mm 40mm Manual calculations
COLUMNS)
C1-C50
G (ALL 375mm 750mm 40mm Manual calculations
COLUMNS)
C1-C50
BELOW G.L 375mm 750mm 40mm Manual calculations
(ALL

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

Table No 9.4: Summary of footings.

EFFECTIVE
FOOTING LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH CONSIDERED FROM
COVER
F20,F27 3100mm 2750mm 750mm 50mm [Link]
F1,F45,F50 3350mm 3000mm 825mm 50mm [Link]
F19,F26 3550mm 3200mm 875mm 50mm [Link]

F2,F3,F6,F7,F13,F18,F33,F39,F
3800mm 3450mm 950mm 60mm [Link]
44,F46,F47,F48,F49

F5,F8,F9,F10,F11,F12,F14,F15,
F16,F17,F21,F22,F23,F24,F25,
4000mm 3650mm 1025mm 60mm [Link]
F28,F29,F30,F31,F32,F34,F35,
F36,F37,F40,F41,F42,F43

Table No 9.5: Summary of Bar Bending schedule.

SUMMARY OF BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

DIAMETER OF BAR(mm)
ELEMENT PARAMETERS TOTAL
8 10 12 16 20 25 32
LENGTH(mts) 8752 1858 - - - - - 10610 mts
SLABS
WEIGHT(Kgs) 3459 1146 - - - - - 4605 Kgs
LENGTH(mts) 3419 929 753 893 353 174 36 6557 mts
BEAMS
WEIGHT(Kgs) 1329 577 674 1413 873 668 228 5534 Kgs
LENGTH(mts) 28816 - 10865 3366 3075 1550 206 47878 mts
COULMNS
WEIGHT(Kgs) 11897 - 9576 5199 7397 5772 1253 41094 Kgs
LENGTH(mts) - 9175 - - - 5477 - 14652 mts
FOOTINGS
WEIGHT(Kgs) - 5649 - - - 21099 - 26748 Kgs
TOTAL WEIGHT (Kgs) 16685 7372 10250 6612 8270 27539 1481 78209 Kgs

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CONCLUSION
The analysis and design of a multi-storeyed residential building (G+5) were
successfully carried out using ETABS software, in strict accordance with the provisions
outlined in the relevant Indian Standard Codes, including IS 456:2000 for reinforced
concrete design, IS 875:1987 for loading standards, and IS 1893:2016 for seismic
analysis. Every structural element—beams, columns, slabs, and foundations—was
meticulously designed to achieve an optimal balance between structural safety and
material economy. The design process incorporated a comprehensive lateral load
analysis to assess the building’s performance under seismic and wind forces. This
analysis confirmed that the resulting story drifts and lateral displacements remained
well within the permissible limits specified by the standards, and also the analysis
revealed that the building's structural system, comprising beams, columns, and slabs,
was capable of resisting the applied loads. Special attention was given to the design of
the foundation system, which was tailored based on the allowable soil bearing capacity
to guarantee effective load transfer and long-term structural integrity. To further ensure
the reliability of the ETABS-generated results, critical design values were cross-verified
through manual calculations. This validation process reinforced the accuracy of the
software model and confirmed the soundness of the adopted design methodology,
ultimately contributing to a safe, efficient, and code-compliant structural solution.

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FUTURE SCOPE
The project can be extended by incorporating advanced seismic analysis, material
optimization, and sustainable design practices. Future improvements may include the
integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for better visualization, AI-based
structural optimization, and the use of smart sensors for real-time monitoring.
Additionally, exploring high-rise structures (G+10 and above) and implementing green
building technologies can enhance structural efficiency, sustainability, and resilience
against natural disasters.

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QR-CODES

Floor plans & Layouts Geotechnical report

Design of slab Design of beams

Design of columns Design of footings

Bar Bending Schedule ETABS report

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

REFERENCES
[1] Gopal, K. N. S., & Lingeshwaran, N. (2017). ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
BUILDING. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 8(4).

[2] Lavanya, C. V., Pailey, E. P., Sabreen, M., & Sekhar, U. P. B. C. (2017). Analysis
and design of g+ 4 residential building using ETABS. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 1845-1850.

[3] Abhishek, S., Manoj, S. K., Roopa, B. D., Bhagyashree, M. S., & Guruprasad, C.
H. M. (2018). Design and Analysis of Residential Building using E-
TABS. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(5),
942-946.

[4] Narasimha, S., Nikhil, G., Rakesh, B., Kumar, M. P., Gayathri, M., Aleem, M. A.,
& Pasha, M. S. S. (2019) .DESIGN AND DETAILING OF G+ 7 COMMERCIAL
BUILDING USING ETABS.

[5] Baragan, M. R., Konar, M. B., & KiranBabu, S. V. (2020). Analysis and Design of
Residential Building Using ETABS. International Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology (IRJET).

[6] Wailkar, K., Chide, P., Shende, M., Ralekar, J., Walke, D., Tayde, D., & Kurzekar,
A. (2021). Analysis and Design of a Residential Building by Using STAAD
Pro. International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(2).

[7] Priya, A. S., Kumar, V. H., Khyathi, R. C., Venkatramulu, M., Tabrez, M., Syed, M.,
& Pasha, S. (2022). ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RCC MULTISTOREY
COMMERCIAL BUILDING (C+ G+ 5) USING ETABS.

[8] Faizanuddin, M., Prashanth, T. S., Kumar, M. S., Naveen, B., Kumar, M. N., &
Tanveer, A. (2022). DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING OF MULTISTOREY
BUILDING USING STAADPRO G+ 10.

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 Analysis and Design of Multi-Storeyed Residential Building (G+5) Using ETABS.

[9] Patel, B., Nirmal, P. K., & Singh, L. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Heighted
Structure Using Analysis Tools STAAD, Sap2000, ETABS Considering Lateral Loads
A Review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering, 6(1), 19-
25.

[10] Khan, M. Y., & Choudhary, K. K. (2024). Seismic Analysis of a G+ 20 High-Rise

Building (Live Structure) Using ETABS Software: A Comparative Study between Zone
4 & Zone 5.

[11] IS: 456-2000, Code of Practice Plain and Reinforced concrete.

[12] IS: 875-1987 (Part 1), Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures – Dead Loads.

[13] IS: 875-1987 (Part 2), Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures - Imposed Loads.

[14] IS 875-1987 (Part 3), Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures - Wind Loads.

[15] IS: 1893 (Part 1) – 2002, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures.

Department of Civil Engineering, SVCE, Tirupati. Page:90