CHAPTER – X

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example : 10.1
Determine the order and degree (if exists) of the following differential equations:
3
 d4 y   d2y 
7 2
dy  dy  d2 y  dy 
(i)  x y5 (ii)  4   4    6 y  5cos 3 x iii)  3  dx   x 2
log  2
dx  dx   dx  dx 2    dx 
3

 d 2 y    dy   2
2

(iv) 3  2    4     (v) dy   xy  cos x  dx  0

 dx    dx  
Soln:
dy
(i)  x y5 : Order  1 , Degree  1
dx
3
 d4y 
7
 dy 
(ii)  4   4    6 y  5cos3x : Order  4 , Degree  3
 dx   dx 

 d2y 
2
d2y  dy 
(iii)  3    x 2
log  2 : Order  2
dx 2  dx   dx 

d2y
The equation cannot be expressed as polynomial with as leading term .
dx 2
 Degree is not defined.
3

 d 2 y    dy   2
2

(iv) 3 2   4    
 dx    dx  
3
 d 2 y    dy  
2 2

Square on both sides  9  2   4     : Order  2 , Degree  2

 dx    dx  
dy
(v) dy   xy  cos x  dx  0   xy  cos x  0 : Order  1 , Degree  1
dx

Example : 10.2
Find the differential equation for the family of all straight lines passing through the origin.
Soln:
Equation of family of straight lines passing through origin : y  mx

 y  m

 y  xy is the required equation.

Example : 10.3
Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants A and B from
y  A cos x  B sin x

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 1

Soln:

y  A cos x  B sin x

Diff. [Link]. x  y   A sin x  B cos x

Again Diff. [Link]. x  y   A cos x  B sin x  y    A cos x  B sin x 

 y   y  y  y  0
Example : 10.4
Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the points  a ,0  and   a ,0  .
Soln:
Equation of the circle with centre  h, k  and radius r is  x  h    y  k   r 2
2 2

Centre of the circle lies on y  axis.  Centre :  0, k 

Radius  distance between the points  0, k  and  a,0   a 2  k 2 ;

 x  0   y  k   a2  k 2
2 2
 Equation of the circle :

 x2  y 2  k 2  2ky  a2  k 2  x2  y 2  2ky  a2  0 ...........(1)

x  yy
Diff. (1) [Link] x  2 x  2 yy  2ky  0  x  yy  ky  k 
y

 x  yy   2
 (1)  x 2  y 2  2 y    a  0  x y   y y   2 xy  2 y y   a y   0
2 2 2 2

 y  

 x 2
 y 2  a 2  y  2 xy  0
Example : 10.5
Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas y 2  4ax , where a is an arbitrary constant.
Soln:

y 2  4ax .............(1)

yy 
Diff. [Link]. x  2 yy   4a  a 
2

 yy 
(1)  y 2  4 x    y  2 xy
 2 
Example : 10.6
Find the differential equation of the family of all ellipses having foci on the x -axis and centre at the
origin.
Soln:

x2 y 2
Equation of ellipse :   1 .............(1)
a 2 b2
2 x 2 yy  x yy 
Diff. (1) [Link] x   2 0    0 ...........(2)
a2 b a 2 b2

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 2

 x yy b2 yy
     ............(3)
a2 b2 a2 x
1 1
Again Diff. (2) [Link]. x  2
 2  yy   y 2   0
a b
1 1 b2
   yy   y  2
   yy  y2 ............(4)
a 2 b2   a2
yy
(3) , (4)   yy  y 2  yy  xyy  xy2  xyy  xy2  yy  0
x
Example : 10.7
dy  x
Show that x 2  y 2  r 2 where r 2 is a constant, is a solution of the differential equation 
dx y
Soln:
x2  y 2  r 2
dy dy  x
[Link] x  2 x  2 y 0  
dx dx y

dy  x
 x2  y 2  r 2 is a solution for 
dx y
Example : 10.8
7 7
Show that y  mx  , m  0 is a solution of the differential equation xy   y  0
m y
Soln:
7
y  mx  ..................(1)
m
[Link] x  y  m

7 7
(1)  y  yx   xy   y0
y y

7 7
 y  mx  is a solution for xy   y  0
m y
Example : 10.9
Show that y  2  x 2  1  ce  x is a solution of the differential equation
dy
 2 xy  4 x 3  0
2

dx
Soln:
y  2  x 2  1  ce  x
2

dy
  4 x  c.e  x  2 x 
2
[Link] x
dx
dy
dx
2

 2


 2 xy  4 x3  4 x  2cxe  x  2 x 2 x 2  2  ce  x  4 x 3  4x  2cxe x  4x3  4x  2cxe x  4x3  0
2 2

 y  2  x 2  1  ce  x is a solution for
dy
 2 xy  4 x 3  0 .
2

dx

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 3

Example : 10.10
Show that y  a cos  log x   b sin  log x  , x  0 is a solution of the differential equation
x 2 y  xy  y  0
Soln:
y  a cos  log x   b sin  log x 

1 1
[Link] x  y  a sin  log x  .    b cos  log x  .  
 
x  x
 xy  a sin  log x   b cos  log x 

1 1
Again Diff. [Link]. x  xy  y  a cos  log x  .    b sin  log x  .  
 x  x

 x 2 y  xy    a cos  log x   b sin  log x    x2 y  xy   y  x2 y  xy  y  0

 y  a cos  log x   b sin  log x  is a solution for x2 y  xy  y  0 .

Example : 10.11
Solve  1  x 2 
dy
 1  y2
dx
Soln:

1  x  dy
2

dx
1 y 2

1
1 y 2
dy 
1
1  x2
dx

1 1
 1 y 2
dy  
1  x2
dy  tan 1 y  tan 1 x  c

 tan 1 y  tan 1 x  c
Example : 10.12
 
Find the particular solution of 1  x 3 dy  x 2 ydx  0 satisfying the condition y (1)  2
Soln:

1  x  dy  x ydx  0
3 2
 1  x3  dy  x 2 ydx 
1
y
dy 
1
1  x3
. x 2 dx

1 1 1 1 1
  y dy   1  x . x dx   y dy  3  1  x . 3x dx
2 2
3 3

 log y  log 1  x 3   log c  3log y  log 1  x3   3log c

1
3

 log y 3  log 1  x3   log c1  log y3  log c1 1  x3   y3  c1 1  x3 

x 1 , y  2

 8  2c1  c1  4

 Solution : y 3  4 1  x3  

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 4

Example : 10.13
Solve y  sin2  x  y  1
Soln:
y  sin 2  x  y  1

dz dz
z  x  y 1   1  y  y  1 
dx dx
dz dz dz
1  sin 2 z  1  sin 2 z   cos 2 z   dx  sec 2 z dz
dx dx dx

  dx   sec2 z dz  x  tan z  c  x  tan  x  y  1  c

Example : 10.14
dy
Solve  4x  2 y  1
dx
Soln:
dy
 4x  2 y 1
dx
dz dy dy 1  dz 
z  4x  2 y 1  42     4
dx dx dx 2  dx 
1  dz

2  dx

 4  z 

dz
dx
42 z 
dz
dx
42 z 2 2 z  
1
 dz  2dx
2 z
1 1
u z  du  dz  dz  2udu  dz
2 z 2u

1 1 u
 2 z
dz  2 dx  
u2
.2udu  2 dx 
u2
du   dx


 u  2  2 du   1 
u2  dx   1  2.
 u  2 
du   dx

 u  2log  u  2   x  c  z  2log  
z 2  xc

 
 4 x  2 y  1  2log 2  4 x  2 y  1  x  c

Example : 10.15
dy x y5
Solve 
dx 2  x  y   7
Soln:
dy x y5

dx 2  x  y   7

dz dy dy dz
z  x y  1   1
dx dx dx dx

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 5

 dz z 5  z  5  dz 2 z  7  z  5 dz
1  1    
dx 2 z  7  2 z  7  dx 2z  7 dx
z  2 dz 2z  7 2z  7
   dx  dz   dx   dz
2 z  7 dx z2 z2
2  z  2  3  1 
  dx   dz   dx   2  3. dz
z2  z  2 

 x  2 z  3log  z  2   c  x  2  x  y   3log  x  y  2   c

 x  2 y  3log  x  y  2   c  x  2 y  3log  x  y  2   c1 (say)

Example : 10.16
dy
  3 x  y  4
2
Solve
dx
Soln:
dy
  3x  y  4 
2

dx
dz dy dy dz
z  3x  y  4   3   3
dx dx dx dx
dz dz 1 1
 3  z2   3  z2  2 dz  dx  dz   dx
dx dx z 3 z 3
2

1  z  1  3x  y  4 
 tan 1   xc  tan 1   xc
3  3 3  3 
Example : 10.17
 
Solve x 2  3 y 2 dx  2 xydy  0
Soln:
x 2
 3 y 2  dx  2 xydy  0  2 xydy   3 y 2  x 2  dx

dy 3 y 2  x 2 dy 3 y x
    . 
dx 2 xy dx 2 x 2 y

y dy dv
v  y  vx ,  v  x.
x dx dx
dv 3 1 dv 3 1 dv 3v 2  1  2v 2
v  x.  .v   x.  .v   v  x. 
dx 2 2v dx 2 2v dx 2v
dv v 2  1 2v dx 2v 1
 x.   dv   dv   dx
dx 2v v 1
2
x v 1
2
x
 log  v2  1  log x  log c  log  v2  1  log  cx 

y2
 v 2  1  cx   1  cx  y 2  x 2  cx3
x2

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 6

Example : 10.18
 
Solve y  x 2  y 2 dx  xdy  0 , y(1)  0
Soln:
y 
x 2  y 2 dx  xdy  0  y  
x 2  y 2 dx  xdy

y y 2 dy
   1 2 
x x dx
y
v  y  vx ,
dy
 v  x.
dv 
1
a  x2
2 
dx  log x  x 2  a 2 
x dx dx
dv 1 1 1 1
v  x.  v  1  v2  dv  dx   dv   dx
dx 1 v 2 x 1 v 2 x

 
 log v  1  v 2  log x  log c  
 log v  1  v 2  log  cx 

y y2
 v  1  v 2  cx   1  2  cx
x x

y x2  y 2
   cx  y  x 2  y 2  cx 2 ............1
x x2
y (1)  0  x  1 , y  0

(1)  c  1  y  x2  y 2  x2

Example : 10.19
Solve  2 x  3 y  dx   y  x  dy  0
Soln:
y
23
2 x  3 y dy x  dy
 2 x  3 y  dx   x  y  dy   
x y dx 1
y dx
x
y dy dv
v  y  vx ,  v  x.
x dx dx
dv 2  3v dv 2  3v dv 2  3v  v  v 2
 v  x.  x   v  x. 
dx 1  v dx 1  v dx 1 v
dv v 2  2v  2 1 v 1 1 v 1
 x.   2 dv  dx   2 dv   dx
dx 1 v v  2v  2 x v  2v  2 x
1
 2v  2   2 1 1 2v  2 1 1
 2 2 dv   dx   dv  2 2 dv   dx
v  2v  2 x 2 v  2v  2
2
v  2v  2 x
1 2v  2 1 1
 
2 v  2v  2
2
dv  2
1   v  1
2
dv   dx
x

1
 log  v 2  2v  2   2 tan 1  v  1  log x  log c
2

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 7

  log  v2  2v  2   4tan 1  v  1  2log x  2log c

 log  v2  2v  2   log x 2  4tan 1  v  1  2log c

 log  x 2  v 2  2v  2   4 tan 1  v  1  2log c

  y2 y  y 
 log  x 2  2  2  2    4 tan 1   1  c1 (say)
 x x  x 

 x y
 log  y 2  2 xy  2 x 2   4 tan 1    c1
 x 
Example : 10.20
dy dy
Solve y 2  x 2  xy
dx dx
Soln:

 y 2   xy  x 2 
dy dy dy
y 2  xy  x2
dx dx dx
dx xy  x 2 dx x x 2
    
dy y2 dy y y 2
x dx dv
 v  x  vy   v  y.
y dy dy
dv dv dv dy 1 1
v  y.  v  v2  y.  v 2  2   2
dv    dy
dy dy v y v y
1 v 1
  v 2 dv   dy    log y  log c
y 1
1
1 c c 1 y
 =  log ev =  y  ce v  y  ce x
v y y
Example : 10.21
 x
 x
 x
Solve  1  2e  dx  2e y  1   dy  0
y

   y
Soln:
 x
 y 
x
x  x
 x
x 
 1  2 e y
 dx  2 e 1   dy  0  1  2e y  dx  2e y   1 dy
 y   y 
   

x 
x

2e y   1 

dx
 y 
x
dy
1  2e y
x dx dv
 v  x  vy   v  y.
y dy dy

dv 2e  v  1 dv 2e  v  1
v v

v  y.   y.  v
dy 1  2ev dy 1  2e v

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 8

 dv   v  2e 
v
dv 2vev  2ev  v  2vev
 y.   y. 
dy 1  2ev dy 1  2ev

1  2ev dy
v 
1  2ev  dv    dy
1 1
 dv  
v  2e v
y v  2e y

c
 log  v  2ev    log y  log c  log  v  2ev   log  
 y
x x
c x c
 v  2e  v
  2e y   x  2 ye  c
y

y y y
Example : 10.22
dy
Solve  2 y  e x
dx
Soln:
dy
dy  Py  Q
 2 y  e x ; P2 , Qe x
dx
dx Soln : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

 Pdx  2 dx  2x I.F  e
Pdx

I .F  e 
Pdx
 e2 x

 Q  I .F  dx   e . e2 x dx   e x dx  e x
x

Solution : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c  ye2 x  ex  c

Example : 10.23
Solve  y  1  x tan x   x 2 cos x  dx  xdy  0
Soln:
dy
 y 1  x tan x   x 2 cos x  dx  xdy  y 1  x tan x   x 2 cos x  x
dx
dy 1  dy  1
  y   tan x   x cos x    tan x   y  x cos x
dx  x  dx  x
1
P  tan x  , Q  x cos x
x dy
 Py  Q
 1  sec x  dx
 Pdx    tan x  x  dx  logsec x  log x  log  x 
 Soln : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

I.F  e
Pdx
 sec x 

I .F  e 
Pdx log   sec x
e  x 

x
sec x
 Q  I .F  dx   x cos x. x
dx   dx  x

y sec x
Solution : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c   xc  y sec x  x2  cx
x

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 9

Example : 10.24
dy
Solve  2 y cot x  3 x 2cosec 2 x
dx
Soln:
dy
 2 y cot x  3x 2 cosec 2 x dy
dx  Py  Q
dx
P  2cot x , Q  3x2cosec2 x Soln : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

I.F  e
 Pdx  2 cot xdx  2logsin x  logsin
Pdx
2
x

I .F  e 
Pdx
 elog sin  sin 2 x
2
x

x3
 Q  I .F  dx  3 x cosec [Link] x dx  3 x dx  3.  x3
2 2 2 2

3
Solution : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c  y sin 2 x  x3  c

Example : 10.25
Solve  1  x 3 
dy
 6x2 y  1  x2
dx
Soln:
dy 6 x 2 1  x2
 y 
dx 1  x3 1  x3
dy
6 x2 1  x2  Py  Q
P , Q  dx
1  x3 1  x3 Soln : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c

I.F  e
2 2
dx  2log 1  x3   log 1  x3 
Pdx
6x 3x
 Pdx   dx  2
2

1 x 3
1 x 3

   1  x3 2
I .F  e  
2
Pdx log 1 x3
e

1  x2
3 
. 1  x3  dx   1  x 2 1  x3  dx   1  x 2  x3  x5  dx  x   
x3 x 4 x 6
 Q  I .F  dx  
2

1 x 3 4 6
x3 x 4 x 6
Solution : y  I .F    Q  I .F  dx  c  y 1  x3   x 
2
  c
3 4 6

Example : 10.26

Solve ye y dx  y 3  2 xe y dy 
Soln:
dx y 3  2 xe y dx 2 x y 2 dx 2 y2
      x y dx
dy ye y dy y e y dy y e  Px  Q
dy

2 y2 Soln : x  I .F    Q  I .F  dy  c
P , Q
y ey I.F  e
Pdy

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 10

 1
 Pdy  2 y dy  2log y  log y 2

I .F  e 
Pdy 2 1
 elog y  y 2 
y2

y2 1 e y 1
 Q  I .F  dy   
y
. dy  e dy   e y   y
y
e y 2
1 e

 1  1
Solution : x  I .F    Q  I .F  dy  c
x 1
 x 2   y  c  2
 y c
y  e y e

Example : 10.27
The growth of a population is proportional to the number present. If the population of a colony
doubles in 50 years, in how many years will the population become triple?
Soln:
Let A be the population of colony at any time ' t '
dA dA
A   kA  A  ce kt , c is the initial population
dt dt
t  50 , A  2c
1
 2c  ce50 k  e50 k  2  ek  2 50
t ? , A  3c
t
 3c  ce kt  e kt  3  2 50  3

t  log 3 
 log 2  log 3  t  50  
50  log 2 
 log 3 
 Population triples in 50   years.
 log 2 
Example : 10.28
A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200mg, which two years later is 50mg . Find the expression
for the amount of the isotope remaining at any time. What is its half-life? (half-life means the time taken
for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value).
Soln:
Let A be mass of radioactive isotope at time ' t '
dA dA
A   kA  A  ce kt , c is the initial mass.
dt dt
 c  200
t  2 , A  50
1
1  1 2 1 1
 50  200e 2 k  e2k   ek     ek  
4 4 4 2
t
1
 A  200  
2

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 11

 To find half life period : A  100 , t ?
t t
1 1 1
 100  200       t 1
2 2 2
Example : 10.29
In a murder investigation, a corpse was found by a detective at exactly 8 p.m. Being alert, the
detective also measured the body temperature and found it to be 70oF. Two hours later, the detective
measured the body temperature again and found it to be 60oF. If the room temperature is 50oF, and
assuming that the body temperature of the person before death was 98.6 oF, at what time did the murder
occur?
Soln:
Let T be the temperature of the body at time ' t ' .
S be the room temperature. S  50
By Newton’s law of cooling,
dT dT
T  S   k T  S 
dt dt
 T  S  ce kt , c  S is the initial temperature of the body.

Take 8.00 p.m as t  0

C  S  70  C  50  70  C  20
t2 , T  60 :
1
1  1 2
 60  50  20e 2k
e  2k
e  k

2 2
t ? , T  98.6
t
48.6  1 2 t 1
98.6  50  20e kt
  e kt     2.43  log    log 2.43
20 2 2 2
2  log 2.43 2  0.88789
t    2.56  2hrs : 34min
1 0.69315
log  
2
Time of murder  8  2hrs 34 min  5 : 26 p.m

Example : 10.30
A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which 100 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine (Brine is a high-
concentration solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water) runs in a rate of 10 litres per minute, and
each litre contains 5 grams of dissolved salt. The mixture of the tank is kept uniform by stirring. Brine runs
out at 10 litres per minute. Find the amount of salt at any time t .
Soln :
Let x be the amount of salt in the tank at time ' t ' .
dT
 k T  S   T  S  cekt
dx dt
 Inflow rate of salt  Out flow rate of salt
dt

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 12

 x x
Inflow rate  5  10  50 : Out flow rate   10 
1000 100
1
dx x dx 5000  x dx 1
 x  5000
t
  50       x  5000  ce100
dt 100 dt 100 dt 100
t  0 , x  100
 100  5000  c  c  4900
1 1
t t
 x  5000  4900e100  x  5000  4900e100

CIRAT’S SMS Guide Page 13