Diversity of Living Things (Science Review)
>>>Your test will be on: Friday, November 7
Part A. Know the following definitions.
1. Biotic: living or once living things (tree, bird, flower, log)
2. Abiotic: nonliving things (rock, water, sunlight, cement)
3. Warm-blooded: animals whose body temperature is maintained at a particular
temperature, no matter where they live (p. 35).
Cold-blooded: animals whose body temperature is the same as that of their
surrounding environment (p. 35).
Invertebrates: animals without backbones (about 98 of all animal species).
(р. 21)
Vertebrates: animals that have backbones. (p. 21)
7. Structural Adaptations: Physical features of an animals body parts that help it
survive in its physical environment.
Example:
Camouflage: the colour of fur, skin, scales or feathers
Thickness or thinness of the fur
Shape of a beak or bill
Shape or size of feet
Shape of nose or ears
Length of the neck or legs
Mimicry: the ability to look like something else
Behavioural Adaptations: changes in the way a living thing responds to its
surroundings that help it survive in its environment
Example:
Migration: move temporarily to another place for better climate, food, and safety
Hibernation: Go into a deep sleep to survive harsh temperatures
The type of cry or call
Hunting in packs
Living in colonies
Microorganisms: living things too small to be viewed by the human eye (p.66).
. Microbiology: the study of microorganisms (p. 71).
11. The Germ Theory: Suggests that microorganisms are responsible for causing many
diseases.
12. Pasteurization: A method used to slow down the growth of microorganisms in milk;
created by Louis Pasteur (p. 71).
13. John Snow: Discovered that a cholera outbreak in 1854 was caused by a water pump
that people used to obtain their drinking water.
14. Carolus Linnaeus: a Swedish biologist (about 250 years ago) came up with a way of
grouping 70 000 organisms that had been discovered. It was created in Latin (the
language used by investigators at that time). The groups that Linnaeus used were >>>
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
Part B.
For something to be considered living by a scientist, it must display seven characteristics.
Describe each characteristic (p.5).
1. Are made up of one or more cells:
2. Respire (Breathe):
3. Require energy to live:
4. Respond to stimuli in the environment:
5. Grow and develop:
6. Reproduce:
7. Excrete (get rid of waste):
Part C. There are five classes of vertebrate. Describe characteristics of each and give an
example (p. 35-37).
1. Fish:
Live only in water
Exist in three types: jawless, bony, and with a skeleton
Cold-blooded: body temperature changes with the environment
Most have bodies covered in scales
Breathe through gills
Move using fins
Eats plants, insects, and other fish
Lay eggs or give birth to live young
***Examples:
Angelfish
Jackfish
Shark
2. Amphibians:
Adults live mostly on land breathing through lungs
Soft, moist skin
Cold-blooded: body temperature changes with the environmnet
Four legs (often with webbed feet)
Most eat small insects or fish
Most lay soft-shelled eggs in water
Young mature in the water breathing through gills
***Examples:
Frog
Salamander
Newt
3. Reptiles:
e Live on Land or water
e Dryskin, covered with hard scales
e Cold-Blooded: body temperature changes with the environment
e Most have 4 legs with claws for digging
e Breathe through lungs
e Eat a variety of insects, small animals, and fruit/vegetables
e Most lay eggs on land
***Fyamples:
e Lizard
e Snake
e Tortoise
4. Birds:
e Feathers and wings
e Abeak or billas a mouth and no teeth
e Lightweight or hollow bones
e Warm-blooded: they maintain a constant body temperature
e Breather through lungs
e Have 2 legs with talons
e Eat insects, plants, small mammals, and even other birds
e Lay hard-shelled eggs and incubate their young
*** Examples:
Pigeon
Hummingbird
Robin
5. Mammals:
e Live on land or in water
e Have hair at some stage in development
e Warm-blooded: They maintain a constant body temperature
e Eat fruits, vegetables, insects, fish, birds, and mammals
e Give birth to live young
e Mothers nurse their young
Examples:
Humans
e Dog
e White-tailed
deer
Part D. Describe the four common types of invertebrates (p. 22)
***98% of all animal species are invertebrates.
1. Sponges:
e Mostly found in the oceans
e Found in many different colours
e No nervous system or organs to breathe with
e Cells filter food from the water
2. Worms:
e Live on land, water, or inside other organisms
e Segmented worms have bodies made up of sections
e Flatworms are mostly parasites
e Roundworms are mostly decomposers
3. Molluscs:
e Live on land or in water
Have a soft body usually covered with a hard shell
Breather through gills or lungs
e Some eat plants, some are filter feeders
4. Arthropods:
e Live on land or in water
e Have a segmented body
e Have an exoskeleton: a hard outer body covering
e Breathe through special organs
e Lay eggs