NPTEL Online Certification Course

Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems

Assignment 01: Detailed Solution
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Q1. If the power factor of a load is 0.8 lagging, it implies:

(a) Load is purely resistive
(b) Load is capacitive
(c) Load consumes reactive power
(d) Load generates reactive power
Q2. If 𝑓 is the frequency of source voltage in a purely resistive single-phase AC circuit, the
instantaneous power oscillates at a frequency of:
(a) 𝑓
(b) 2 𝒇
(c) Zero
(d) 0.5𝑓
Q3. Find the power dissipation in the impedance, if 𝑣(𝑡) = 3 + sin 𝑡 + sin(𝑡 + 60°) V and 𝑍 =
1 Ω.

I
v(t ) Z
-
(a) 40 W
(b) 10 W
(c) 10.5 W
(d) 11 W
Solution:
𝑣(𝑡) = 3 + sin 𝑡 + sin(𝑡 + 60°) V
𝑡 + 𝑡 + 60° 𝑡 − (𝑡 + 60°)
𝑣(𝑡) = 3 + 2 sin ( ) cos ( )V
2 2

𝑣(𝑡) = 3 + √3 sin(𝑡 + 30°) V

2
√3
𝑉 = √32 + ( ) =3.24 V
√2
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems
Assignment 01: Detailed Solution
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 (𝑍) = 1 Ω
𝑉 2 3.242
𝑃= = = 10.5 W
𝑅 1
Q4. A machine runs at 15 kVA with a power factor of 0.8 lagging for 4 hours. Calculate the amount
paid to utility at ₹6 per kWh.
(a) ₹ 258
(b) ₹ 288
(c) ₹ 200
(d) ₹ 266

Real Power = 15 × 0.8 = 12 kW

Total Energy consumption in 4 hour = 12 × 4 = 48 kWh

Cost = ₹6 × 48 = ₹288

Q5. A single-phase load connected to a 240-V (rms), 50-Hz single-phase power supply draws 6
kW at a lagging power factor of 0.75. Determine the value of capacitance (in µF) that must be
connected in parallel to improve the power factor to 0.95 lagging.
(a) 183 𝝁𝑭
(b) 173 𝜇𝐹
(c) 163 𝜇𝐹
(d) 153 𝜇𝐹
Solution:
Given Voltage, V = 240 V (rms) Frequency, f = 50 Hz
Real Power, P = 6000 W
Initial Power Factor, cos 𝜑1 = 0.75
Desired Power Factor, cos 𝜑2 = 0.95
Initial Reactive Power (𝑄1)
𝜑₁ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁻¹(0.75) ≈ 41.41°
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems
Assignment 01: Detailed Solution
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

𝑄1 = 𝑃 × tan(𝜑₁ ) = 6000 × tan(41.41°)

≈ 6000 × 0.88 = 5280 VAR

Desired Reactive Power (𝑄2 )

𝜑2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁻¹(0.95) ≈ 18.19°
𝑄2 = 𝑃 × tan(𝜑2 ) = 6000 × tan(18.19°)
≈ 6000 × 0.3287 = 1972.104 VAR
Reactive power requirement of load is supplied by capacitor
Therefore, 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 5280 − 1972.104 = 3307.896 VAr
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑄𝑐 = ⟹ 𝑋𝑐 =
𝑋𝑐 𝑄𝑐

𝑐 𝑄 3307.896
⟹ 𝐶 = 𝑉 2 .2𝜋𝑓 = 2402 ×2×3.14×50 = 182.9 µ𝐹

Q6. Let, consider a 3-phase balanced system with each phase voltage as:
𝑣𝑎 = 110𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 V
𝑣𝑏 = 110sin(𝜔𝑡 − 120𝑜 ) V
𝑣𝑐 = 110sin(𝜔𝑡 − 240𝑜 ) V
The current in each phase is given by:
𝑖𝑎 = 20sin(𝜔𝑡 − 36.86) A
𝑖𝑏 = 20sin(𝜔𝑡 − 156.87𝑜 ) A
𝑖𝑐 = 20sin(𝜔𝑡 − 276.87𝑜 ) A
What is the total active power of the 3-phase balanced system?
(a) 3143.56 W
(b) 2581.09 W
(c) 2932.76 W
(d) 2640.34 W
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems
Assignment 01: Detailed Solution
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Solution:
Phase angle (𝜙)= 36.86𝑜
𝑃 = 1.5𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑃 = 1.5 × 110 × 20 × 0.8 = 2640.342 𝑊
Q7. In a single-phase circuit, instantaneous voltage across the load is given by 𝑣(𝑡) = 60𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 and
instantaneous current flowing through the load is given by 𝑖(𝑡) = 20𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 36.860 ). What is
the expression of the instantaneous power consumed by the load?
(a) [490(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡)] − [343𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡] VA
(b) [343.45(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡)] − [491.97𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡] VA
(c) [491.97(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡)] − [343.45𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡] VA
(d) [𝟒𝟖𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝎𝒕)] − [𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝎𝒕] VA
Solution:
𝑝1𝑝ℎ = [𝑃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡)] − [𝑄𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡]
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 60×20
𝑃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(36.860 ) = 480 𝑊
2 2
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 120×10
𝑄= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(36.860 ) = 360 𝑉𝐴𝑟
2 2

𝑝1𝑝ℎ = [480 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡)] − [360 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡] VA

Q8. A single-phase industrial load of 4 MW is installed with shunt capacitor of rating 2 MVAr to
maintain the power factor of 0.97 lagging. If the capacitor is gone out of service what is the power
factor of the industry?
(a) 0.77 lagging
(b) 0.80 lagging
(c) 0.85 lagging
(d) 0.75 lagging
Solution:
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems
Assignment 01: Detailed Solution
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

P=4
Ø1
Ø2 Q1 = 1.0017

S2 Q2

QC = 2

cos ∅1 = 0.97
∅1 = cos−1 0.97 = 14.060
𝑄1 = 𝑃 tan 14.060 = 1.0017 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟
𝑄2 = 1.0017 + 2 = 3.0017 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟
𝑄2 3.0017
∅2 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 36.860
𝑃 4

Power factor =cos 36.860 = 0.8 lag

Q9. Which of the following expression is correct for three phase active power in balanced three phase
system, where subscript 𝑚 represents maximum and 𝐿 represents line quantity?

(a) 𝑃3𝑝ℎ = √3𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙

(b) 𝑷𝟑𝒑𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓
(c) 𝑃3𝑝ℎ = 1.5𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
(d) 𝑷𝟑𝒑𝒉 = √𝟑𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓

Q10. A single phase a.c. generator supplies the following loads:

1) Lighting load of 30 kW at unity power factor.
2) Induction motor load of 100 kW at power factor 0·707 lagging.
3) Synchronous motor load of 50 kW at power factor 0·9 leading.
Calculate the total active power and apparent power delivered by the generator and the power factor
at which it works.
(a) 180 kW, 363.14 kVA, 0.922 leading respectively
(b) 195.3 kW, 180 kVA, 0.942 leading respectively
(c) 180 kW, 375.76 kVA, 0.878 lagging respectively
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems
Assignment 01: Detailed Solution
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

(d) 180 kW, 195.3 kVA, 0.922 lagging respectively

Solution:
Using the suffixes 1, 2 and 3 to indicate the different loads, we have,

𝑘𝑊1 30
𝑘𝑉𝐴1 = = = 30 𝑘𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜑1 1
𝑘𝑊2 100
𝑘𝑉𝐴2 = = = 141.442 𝑘𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜑2 0.707
𝑘𝑊3 50
𝑘𝑉𝐴3 = = = 55.55 𝑘𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜑3 0.9

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅1 = 𝑘𝑉𝐴1 sin 𝜑1 = 30 × 0 = 0

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅2 = 𝑘𝑉𝐴2 sin 𝜑2 = 141.442 × 0.707 = 100 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅 (positive because of lagging pf)

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅3 = 𝑘𝑉𝐴3 sin 𝜑3 = −55.55 × 0.436 = −24.22 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅(negative because of leading pf)

Total active power = 30 + 100 + 50 = 180 kW

Total reactive power = 0 + 100 − 24.22 = 75.78 kVAR

Total apparent power = √(𝑘𝑊)2 + (𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅)2 = √(180 )2 + ( 75.78)2 = 195.3 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊 180
Power factor = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑉𝐴 = = 0.922
195.3

The power factor is lagging because the resultant kVAR is positive.