INTEGRATION

Important Formulae

1. Approximate change in 𝑦, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

dy = differential of y=f(x)
2. Actual change in 𝑦, 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = Approximate change in y

3. Approximate value, 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑑𝑦 = Approximate increase in y

✬ 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝛿𝑥 = error in y

4.  a f ( x)dx = a  f ( x)dx 𝛿𝑦 = increment of y

= Actual change in y
5.  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx =  f ( x)dx   g ( x) dx
(either +ve or –ve)
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 but 𝛿𝑦 ≠ 𝑑𝑦
[ f ( x)]n +1
  =
n
6. [ f ( x )] f ( x ) dx 𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦 for small value of 𝛿𝑥
n +1

f ( x)
7.  f ( x)
dx = ln | f ( x) |

a f ( x)
a f ( x) dx =
f ( x)
8.
ln a

e [af ( x) + f ( x)] dx = e ax f ( x)
ax
9.

10. Integration by parts

 1st.2nddx = 1st  2nddx −    2nddx.(derivative of 1st )dx
 f ( x).g ( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x)dx −    g ( x)dx. f ( x)dx Order: I L A T E

 udv = uv −  vdu

eax b
 e sin bx dx = sin(bx − tan−1 )
ax
11.
a 2 + b2 a
 eax
= [a sin bx − b cos bx]
a 2 + b2

eax b
e cos bx dx = cos(bx − tan−1 )
ax
12.
a +b
2 2 a

eax
= [a cos bx + b sin bx]
a 2 + b2

𝟏𝟑. ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐

𝟏𝟒. ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

15. Integration of Trigonometric functions:

 sin[ f ( x)]. f ( x)dx = − cos[ f ( x)]
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
If f ( x) is constant then

cos[ f ( x)]
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥  sin[ f ( x)] dx = − f ( x)

∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥

𝟏𝟔. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑥| = ln|sec 𝑥|

∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sin 𝑥|

𝟏𝟕. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥|

∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥|

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
18. Integration of Hyperbolic functions: 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
 ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥

∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 ∫ csch2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥

∫ sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 ∫ csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csch 𝑥

𝟏𝟗. ∫ tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|cosh 𝑥|

∫ coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sinh 𝑥|

20. Inverse Functions:

More general formula
1 −1
𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Sin 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Sin−1
2 𝑎
√𝑎2 − (𝑓(𝑥))
−1
𝑥
= − Cos
𝑎
etc.
1 𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sinh−1 𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
2
√𝑥 + 𝑎 2 𝑎 sinh−1 = ln | |
𝑎 𝑥

= ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )

1 𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = cosh−1
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎

= ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 )

1 1 𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Sec −1
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑥
= − Csc −1
𝑎 𝑎

1 1 𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − sech−1 ,0 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑥
= − csch−1 ,𝑥 > 0
𝑎 𝑎
 1 1 𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = Tan−1
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑥
= − Cot −1
𝑎 𝑎

1 1 𝑎+𝑥 1 𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln | | = tanh−1 ,𝑥 < 𝑎
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎 𝑎

1 1 𝑥−𝑎 1 𝑥
∗ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln | | = coth−1 ,𝑥 > 𝑎
𝑥2 −𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∗ ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + Sin−1
2 2 𝑎

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∗ ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + sinh−1
2 2 𝑎

𝑎2
+ ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
∗ ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − cosh−1
2 2 𝑎

𝑎2
− ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 )
2
Some Useful Substitutions:

Expression Involving Suitable Substitution

√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 or 𝑥 = 𝑎 cosh 𝜃
√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 or 𝑥 = 𝑎 sinh 𝜃
√𝑥 ± 𝑎 √𝑥 ± 𝑎 = 𝑡
√2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
√2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃

Note:

log a mn = log a m + log a n ln mn = ln m + ln n

m m
log a = log a m − log a n ln = ln m − ln n
n n
log a x y = y log a x ln x y = y ln x
log c b ln x
log a b = log a x =
log c a ln a