ISSHM Infographic

Infographic

I- Introduction
When creating various computer productions (document, workbook, presentation, website
Web,...), one is led to use digital images, even to modify them according to one's needs.
In this course, we explore some theoretical aspects related to digital images, before
move on to practical applications.

II- Presentation
Infographic
Infographics is the field of creating and processing digital images using
techniques and computer software.

2. Multimedia:
The term multimedia is made up of multi- and media. A set of techniques and products.
which present information in a combined form of text, sound, images, animations and
videos. A multimedia presentation, therefore, can include photos, videos,
sounds and texts.

3. The digitization
. Digitization involves creating documents from a real [Link]
devicescomputer sciencewill be able to process.
. Digitizing an image means giving it an electronic representation based on the real object.
which serves as its support (paper, film, slide, negative, but also 3D object).

II-The digital image

1. What is an image?
An image is a visual representation of an object. An image can be either a photo, a
drawing, a graph or other complex image.
A digital image is an image created, processed, stored in binary form (a sequence of 0s and 1s).

2. The different types of images

There are two main categories of computer graphics: vector and raster.
The file can contain bitmap data and vector data.
2.1 Vector images.
Vector images are composed of geometric shapes described from a point of view
mathematics. For example, a line will be defined by 2 points, a circle by a center and a
rayon. These images are primarily used to create diagrams or plans.

The advantages of a vector image: the files that make it up are small, it is possible to
move, resize or change the color of a line without losing graphic quality.

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The disadvantages: a vector image can only represent simple shapes. It
it is therefore not usable for photography, especially to obtain realistic photos.

2.2 Bitmap images

A raster image is an image made up of a set of points: the pixels. Each point carries a
position and color information. When manipulating bitmap images, you do not modify either
neither objects nor shapes, but pixels.
Bitmaps are the most common type as they are used for many digital images such as
[Link] formats: BMP, PCX, GIF, JPEG, TIFF.

Same little circle in the image

bitmap x10
Little round

Note:
If we greatly enlarge the image above, we can obtain the image on the side where each small square
represents a pixel.

3. Acquisition and processing of a digital image

To acquire digital images, devices such asscannersthecameras the
digital camcorders.
It is easy with the help of suitable software (Gimp, Paint, Photoshop, etc.) to transform a digital image
to modify it in size, in color, to add or remove elements, to applyfiltersvaried, etc.
What is a pixel?
A pixel represents the smallest element of a display surface.
The pixel is the basic element of an image or a screen, that is to say a point. The set of these pixels is
content in a two-dimensional array (width and height) constituting the image.
Each pixel that makes up an image contains information such as color. This information is
translated into bytes: 1 byte corresponds to 8 bits, the bit transcribes the coding in binary (0 and 1).

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5. The characteristics of a digital image

5.1 Definition: Definition refers to the number of points (pixels) that make up a
It is the number of columns of the image multiplied by its number of rows.

Formula: Calculation of the total number of pixels in an image: Total number of pixels = columns
xlignes.
Example: 10x11=110 pixels in total for the image above.
5.2 The resolution
It is the number of points or pixels per unit area (in inches), expressed in points per inch.
(PPP or PPI or DPI: These three units are equivalent). One inch measures 2.54 cm. This parameter
is often defined during image acquisition (camera settings, resolution of the
scanner software...) or later in image processing software.
The resolution thus allows establishing the relationship between the pixel definition of an image and the
real dimension of its representation on a physical medium (screen display, printing
paper...)
Note:
. 1 inch = 2.54 cm
. The size of a screen (in inches) is calculated based on its diagonal.
. Resolution defines the sharpness and quality of an image. The higher the resolution (that is to say...
the more pixels there are in a length of 1 inch), the more accurate your image is in the
details.
. Displaying a digital image on the screen matches a pixel of the image to a pixel.
de l'écran. Si l'image est plus grande que cette correspondance on n'en voit qu'une partie à
the screen and it is necessary to use the elevators to view it.
. Images can be displayed in full by adjusting a zoom factor,
but their actual size is not changed!

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Consequence:
Calculate the resolution from the definition and the dimension
Dimension of a line (in width): represents the number of inches in width
Column dimension (in height): represents the number of inches in height
Resolution = definition (width) / dimension (width)

For example: Let there be an image that is 300 pixels wide measuring 2 inches on each side:
Resolution = 300 / 2 = 150dpi
Conclusion:

Definition(Number of pixels on Length) x (Number of pixels on Height)

so be it
Definition(Image length x Resolution) x (Image height x Resolution)

Some examples of commonly used resolutions:

Computer screens: 72 dpi. This is also the resolution used for images on the Internet.
Attention, resolution not suitable for printing!
Fax: generally at 200 dpi.
Consumer printers: between 360 dpi and 1400 dpi. This allows for a quality that is
honorable action for all ongoing work (correspondence, reports, etc...)
Consumer scanners: 300, 600 or 1200 dpi.
Professional printing material: at least 4800 dpi (quality printing and large)
sizes for the posters).

Exercise:
What would be the pixel definition of a sheet that is 8.5 inches wide and 11 inches tall?
scanned at 300dpi?
Response:
300 x 8.5 = 2550 pixels, 300 x 11 = 3300 pixels. The image resolution would therefore be 2550 x
3300 pixels.

5.3 Weight (size) of an image:

The weight of an image is the space occupied on a storage medium.
Weight of an image in bytes = number of pixels that make up the image x number of bytes
what makes up a pixel
height in pixels x width in pixels x bit depth
size in bytes
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5.4 Color Coding (Color Representation)

An image is therefore represented by a two-dimensional array where each cell is a pixel.
which contains a value associated with a color. The value stored in a cell is coded on a
certain nombre de bits déterminant la couleur ou l'intensité du pixel, on l'appelle profondeur de
coding (sometimes color depth). There are different codings depending on the number of bits
boxes of the table where the pixels are stored:
A black and white image, a pixel will be represented by 1 bit, 212 colors: black and white (0 = black, 1
= white) (fig. 1)
A grayscale image is coded with 8 bits = 1 byte, 28= 256 values from black to white (fig. 1b)
(fig.2)
A color image coded with 8 bits (1 byte) allowing the definition of 256 colors. (fig.3)
A color image, with RGB encoding (Red, Green, Blue) 256 shades of Red (from 0 to 255),
256 shades of Green (from 0 to 255) and 256 shades of Blue (from 0 to 255), each pixel is represented by 3 bytes
= 3 x 8 bits allowing to represent (28) 316.8 million colors. With RGB coding a color
is an additive mixture of the 3 colors Red-Green-Blue. (fig.4).

1 bit = 2 colors black A grayscale image 4 bits = 16 colors 24 bits = 16.8 * 106
and white gray is coded with 8 colors
bits
(fig. 1) (fig.2) (fig.3) (fig.4)

A color image, with TSL encoding (Hue, Saturation, Luminance). This model consists of
decompose the color according to three parameters:
the hue: dominant parameter, defines the color (purple or orange T-shirt),
saturation: measures the intensity or purity of a color, that is to say the percentage of white
content in color (new or faded T-shirt). The pink is a half-saturated red.
the brightness: luminance, light intensity of the color, an increase in the luminance of a
color tends towards white and reciprocally tends towards black (light or dark color)
(T-shirt in the sun or in the shade).

Here is a graphical representation of the TSL model, in which hue is represented by a circle.
chromaticity and luminance and saturation by two axes:

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An image encoded by primary CMJN color corresponds to an image in billions of shades of

different colors. Each pixel is represented by its components: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black.
Each color is stored in 1 byte, and can therefore take values from 0 to 255 levels.
Each pixel therefore requires 4 bytes; this is why this mode is also called 32 bits per pixel.
There are in this mode 28 x 4 or 4.3 billion possible colors.

Note:

The more colors the image has, the more accurate the reproduction is and its quality is great.
- the RGB system used by screens and camera sensors, the CMYK system used in
printing or the TSL system used in graphics.

RGB Coding
A 'color' pixel is then coded with 3 bytes and we then have the possibility to obtain 224possibilities of
colors amounting to around 16 million different colors.
The principle consists of mixing the 3 colors: red, green, and blue (noted RGB in English). With the help of
From these 3 colors, we obtain a whole palette of shades ranging from black to white. Each color is
associate an octet (thus 256 levels of brightness) of each of the primary colors.
Red Green Blue Color
0 0 0 Black
0 0 1 Shade of black
255 0 0 Red
0 255 0 Green
0 0 255 Blue
128 128 128 Gray
255 255 255 Blanc

7. The format of the images

The 5 most commonly used formats are:

BMP (Windows BitMap): one of the first image formats used under Windows; no
compression = pas de perte de qualité= fichier volumineux
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): aimed at professionals (printers, advertisers...)
because it has the advantage of being recognized on all types of operating systems: Windows, Mac, Linux,
Unix ... little compression = large file (even if smaller than the size of the files)
BMP)
JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group): This format offers unmatched compression rates,
even if the quality of the image suffers as you increase the compression.
Compression = small size image files, this format has become the standard of formats
of image on the internet.
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format): Has 256 colors, transparency, small file sizes
(another Internet standard) also allows for the creation of animations (animated gif).
PNG (Portable Network Graphic): transparency, 16.7 MILLION colors, compression
without data loss, reasonable file sizes

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We then speak of matrix representation or bitmap of an image.

The number of pixels in a bitmap image is its definition.

The dimensions of a pixel in the metric system depend on the medium. Since the human eye can no longer distinguish
two points at a certain distance, the pixels are represented with a density of 72 pixels per inch (1 inch = 2.54
cm) or 72ppi (pixels per inch) or dpi (dots per inch) on screens and usually 300dpi for prints
papers.
This pixel density per unit length is called the resolution of a bitmap image, it measures the ratio between
its computer dimension (definition in pixels) and its actual dimension of representation on physical support
(paper or screen). Resolution = é ÷

The number of bytes that encode a pixel is called the image depth.

The layers
The layers are similar to stacked acetate sheets. Their transparent areas allow
to visualize the layers located below. You move a layer to position its content
as you would slide an acetate sheet into a stack. You can also modify
the opacity of a layer to make its content partially transparent.
Using layers allows you to work on distinct elements of an image while
keeping the possibility to revert to each of the settings.