Introduction

International trade and the transport of goods have become extremely important with the
phenomenon of globalization and the integration of economic blocs.1Emaritime transport is a
of the oldest ways in which goods have been transported from one place to another.
Maritime transport is one of the most used modes for international trade due to its
great weight support capacity. Through maritime transport, what can be transported
they are people, passengers or goods, such as goods in containers or bulk already
they are dry or liquid. It also has the advantage that the vast majority of planet Earth is
water and nothing better than maritime transport to carry or cross goods through it. The
maritime transport of goods is carried out through different types of
boats depending on the type of merchandise that you want to deliver to its destination. The
boats can be classified according to their speed, load capacity, dimensions and
de cómo este estructurado para la adecuada mercancías que se llevara en él. 2The transport of
goods, is of great importance in international trade and through this means it is one of the
more commonly used today, and to carry out this type of commerce it is necessary
to manufacture a ship that accommodates the needs of the goods and ensures they arrive from
appropriate manner according to the location of the buyer, for a proper delivery to the
Currently different types of vessels are used, which are designed according to the
cargo they carry so that the customer feels more secure that their merchandise will arrive in
good condition. And for this reason, there are various types of ships such as bulk carriers
example, it is the one that is done on a vessel that transports what is dry bulk cargo.
This vessel is characterized by its large size and low speed at which it travels. On the other hand
Partial goods are also transported on the general cargo ship which is distinguished
to transport goods of all kinds. We also find the ship that transports
Container ships are the most common and are typically seen at ports or Ro-Ro vessels.
to transport automobiles such as trucks. Among other types of ships that specialize
in the type of goods that one wants to transport. Generally, these types of transport
maritime are the most popular or the most used in this type of environment. But all
These vessels have the same purpose, which is to transport the goods and deliver them without any damage.
and correctly to your final destination. 3This transport faces certain types of problems or
threats such as piracy at sea or along coasts, and this type of situation is
affecting international trade significantly as about 80% of trade exchanges
they are carried out by sea and most of them pass through dangerous areas, the purpose of this
research is to make them see the importance of maritime transport in trade and the
dangers that are faced in this transport, as well as proposing solutions for a better flow of
same.4

The research is organized as follows: section 2 analyzes maritime trade, the

section 3 World Trade, section 4 analyzes obstacles to trade development
maritime, and finally section 5 provides the conclusions and proposals.

DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME TRANSPORT

Maritime transport was created to carry people or goods by sea from one place to another.
from one point to another with the aim of being able to carry large quantities of things or people, the transport
maritime produced great changes when it reached almost all of America as it was the main
means of communication and also for their great capacity to transport people and things. The
The first boats were created about 1200 years B.C. and these boats were made with
cedar wood for building large vessels that were made by the Phoenicians that
they were the first sailors to venture beyond, and the Vikings built upon a
solid structure resembling our spine. The first steamship
built in the 19th century thanks to technology. The first steam ship was named the
Clermont was built by the American inventor Robert Fulton for its inaugural voyage in
1807 by the Hudson River from the city of NY to Albania, which covered the distance of the trip.
ida y return of almost 483km. In 62 hours.75
The first ship to use steam propulsion was American in Savannah in 1819. And during
In the 1870s, the frigate ship was created in France and this ship carried a machine to
freezing your food, which helped a lot with the evolution of food transportation.
The steamship was replaced by the diesel motorboat as it had a better performance.
more economical and in 1836 Francis Petit Smith invented the propeller for ships. And in 1845 it
built in Great Britain, the first steel-hulled boat, and in crossing the Atlantic . 6
This is how maritime transport evolved, until the creation of ships for each
the need of man whether with great capacity, for an international sphere or for the
flexibility and versatility. In maritime transport trade, different types of vessels can be seen
such as general cargo ships, bulk carriers, oil tankers, the ship
container ship, the RO-RO, passengers, and the refrigerated ships, among others.

EVOLUTION OF MARITIME TRADE

Table: 1 MERCHANDISE LOADED.

(MILLIONS OF TPM)

SHIPS SHIPS TOTAL

YEAR TANK DRY CARGO
1980 1871 1833 3704
1990 1755 2253 4008
1999 2085 3598 5683
2000 2149 3736 5885

In recent years, there has been a growth in cargo maritime traffic, with a record in the
the year 2000 with 5.885 million tons of deadweight (DWT), in exported goods. In the
The following table presents the aggregated data of the goods loaded on ships.
tanks and dry cargo from 1980 to the year 2000.7Lthe growth rate was,
approximately 1.2% in the last decade. However, the annual growth rate in the
the year 2000, has been 3.6%, much higher than the 0.9% of 1999. Total maritime activities,
also, they have increased in this biennium, as reflected in the trade data
maritimeo.8
Table: 2 GROWTH OF THE WORLD ECONOMY AND MARITIME TRAFFIC

Traffic Growth TRAFFIC/GROWTH

YEAR IN THE OECD MARITIME
1980 1.4 -4.5 -3.2
1985 3 3 1
1986 3.2 3.5 1.09
1987 3.5 4 1,14
1988 4.2 6.2 1.47
1989 3.6 5 1.38
1990 2,6 3 1.15
1991 1 3.3 3.3
1992 1.8 2.7 1.5
1993 1,1 2.8 2.54
1994 2.8 3.8 1.35
1995 2 4 2
1996 3 3.7 1,23
1997 3.6 4.8 1.33
1998 2.6 -0.4 -0.15
1999 3.1 1.9 0.61
2000 3.7 5.1 1.38
2001 1 0 0

(Average growth rate)

Table 2 will show the evolution of global maritime traffic in ton-miles. And
covers from 1980 to 2001, and distinguishes the journey by type of vessel, including tankers,
bulk carriers, a generic group of transport called other goods, and the total. The variation
the origin/destination regarding oil dropped drastically; if the initial period 1980- is chosen
1986, a continuous reduction is observed from 5,789 miles per ton to 4,675.
respectively, with a decline approaching 4% average annual.
grain elevators increase from 5.217 miles per ton in 1980 to 5.547 in 1989, and remain more or less the same.
less stable over the period. In 1996 and 1998 it shows some spikes, but it falls in the
The following years behave similarly for the group of other goods. To the life of this
analysis, it can be said that the total miles traveled per ton has remained stable at
over the two decades analyzed. As a consequence, each ton moves an average of
4.173 miles, which allows us to infer the market share of maritime transport.
SOURCE: EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(OECD).

TYPES OF SHIPS

General cargo shipping

The transportation of general cargo has left historical and archaeological evidence and shows that
approximately at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the transport of began
merchandise, the Phoenicians began to develop maritime trade using vessels of
coastal type, and the Egyptians enhanced river trade using bamboo boats.10
In the Middle Ages, ships were designed with greater stability as they wanted to open new trade routes.
trade and sailing for several days at any time of the year, by the 15th century the
naos, caravels, and finally galleons, and these types of ships were created and used between
Italy, Spain, France, and the Indies. The design of cargo ships has evolved since
then in direct relation to the growth of international trade and technology in the
naval construction. The use of iron and steam machinery made them larger, with greater
capacity and faster. Since the general cargo ship has been adapted with its holds to
forest products, steel products or bulk loads that make employment uneconomical
containers. It transports all kinds of cargo, generally palletized, and can also carry
containers on deck. Currently, the holds of general cargo ships tend to
to be built in a prismatic shape to facilitate loading, unloading, and stowage operations. This
type of ship is distinguished by certain characteristics such as the following

Wide openings for loading.

Reinforcements for the transportation of heavy cargo
Loading bays equipped with security arrangements for containers
Top cover equipped with security arrangements for containers
Tank specially designed for the transport of liquid cargo.
Refrigerated space for perishable cargo
Additional load and cargo spaces for pallets.

The types of cargo carried on this ship consist of the set of

goods, raw materials, manufactured items, passengers, and mail. In the food cargo by
generally meats, cereals, fresh fruits, preserved fruits, dried fruit among others and in the
fuels include coal, vegetable oils, animal oils, and mineral oils, in the
loading of raw materials includes fibers, woods, minerals, textiles among others, and in loads
manufactured are machinery in general, beams, plates, lathes, textile articles and
Lubricants, in the loading of luxury items such as furniture, carpets, paintings, animal skins, etc.
passengers are from chamber, tourism, official and immigrants, and lastly in the mail one are the
correspondence, packages, and postcards.

Bulk carriers

Bulk carriers appeared in the late 19th century in the Great Lakes of North America and
Since then, these ships have grown in size and sophistication. In the 1970s, they were already
they built ships that could transport hydrocarbons, minerals, and other types of dry cargo. The
the objective was to increase operational flexibility. Just like in the case of transportation of
oil, one of the problems of maritime transport of bulk goods is that even today
ships generally transport cargo in one direction and return in ballast, since they do not
they have goods to transport on their return. However, the bulk mineral oil carriers
they have never been used like the bulk carriers or oil tankers, partly because their
Structural complexity considerably increases construction and operating costs.
Bulk terminals have very specialized particular characteristics for handling
different types of bulk goods; that is, products that are transported in large
volumes/quantities unwrapped and unboxed, such as wheat, corn, soybeans, barley,
fertilizers, among others. Both the vessels and the bulk ports must have a
infrastructure and specialized equipment for the correct and efficient handling whether they are
solid or liquid bulk. Unlike a container terminal, in the terminals
bulk carriers must have unloading equipment that can be of different types and
characteristics such as they are pneumatic or mechanical suction equipment, augers, buckets
mechanical or electro-hydraulic among others to carry out loading or unloading operations a.12
It must also have sufficient storage areas that can be vertical silos or
warehouses; transportation equipment for bulk goods from the docks to the silos is also necessary
or warehouses that can be conveyor belts, tubs with their respective heads
port workers; stacking equipment such as tractors, stackers, conveyor belts. In addition, the
The terminal must have continuous weighing systems (scales). Also hoppers, equipment
dispatch to the customer such as front loaders, mini loaders or a direct dispatch system
from the Silos. There are bulk terminals that, in addition to loading and/or unloading, also
they carry out packaging processes for which they must have several packaging lines,
certain manual cases and others already automated. In addition, it must have a demanding system of
information for the control of volumes of goods unloaded, stored and
shipped. Depending on the storage availability of the terminal, the product
it can be downloaded and stored in your warehouses or prior to the respective
customs authorization, could be loaded directly onto the consignee's trucks for
a direct withdrawal from the bulk terminal.

Main bulk products

A) Load dry
Grains: Trigo, soy corn barley oats sorghum.
Bauxite
- carbon
Wood
- gypsum
Chemical products: fertilizers, plastic pellets, resin or powder, synthetic fibers, etc.
Iron ore: ferrous and non-ferrous minerals, ferrous alloys, pig iron, scrap, etc.
Dry foods (for animals or humans: alfalfa, citrus, livestock feed, flour, sugar,
seeds etc.)
Mineral bulk: (sand and gravel, copper, iron, salt, etc.)

B) Load liquid
Oil
Gas natural smoothie
Gasoline
Products chemicals
Liquid foods (vegetable oil, cooking oil, fruits, juices, etc.)

Large specialized bulk ports

Southern port of Louisiana, in the United States
Port of Rotterdam, in the Netherlands.
El Musel, Gijón, in Asturias, Spain.
Rosario, Argentina

As we can see, this merchant ship is very large and in some cases exceeds
the 300 m in length, and this ship has the allowed size to pass through the Panama Canal,
As we can also observe, it is very easy to identify due to having a single continuous cover.
with several hatches and some sliders on one or both sides through which the lid or lids run
the hatches, and in each division that can be observed, cereals, minerals, or cargo can be transported
mixtas14

RO-RO ship

This large ship appeared in the 1950s and the name roll-on/roll-off emerged, and it was
designed to transport certain types of vehicles such as cars, trucks, or trains and
that these are loaded and unloaded by means of ramps from the vessel using vehicles
tractors on several decks connected by ramps, this ship was equipped with means
horizontal access for rolling load, as this gives them a great advantage such as the
speed in loading and unloading operations, the non-necessity of means at the dock, and its
easy integration into the container market. This vessel has evolved to
improving the comfort in the loading and unloading of these, such as in loading and unloading
I evolved from the small ramps of 6 meters in length and 3 in width, and the ramps for
larger vehicles have a length of 40 meters and a width of 20 meters and these are capable of
to support until 400 tons. 15
There are different types of vessels related to the same task of transporting vehicles but
They are designed for different functions and vehicles such as the following:

TYPES OF ROLL-ON/ROLL-OFF VESSELS

RO-RO SHIP: known as roll-on/roll-off in proper terms, or in Anglo-Saxon terminology.

pure ro-ro. It is the ship equipped with horizontal access means for loading and unloading
round u others cargas mobiles Roll-on/Roll-off (RORO)
Container/ro-ro ship. This ship, unlike the classic type, incorporates horizontal access.
for certain covers, combining both the roll-on/roll-off system and the lift-on/lift-off system
off. (CONRO)
Conventional/ro-ro ship. Combined ship, with dry cargo equipment and with ro-ro access for
one or more decks. This type of boat is usually equipped with large hatches, through
the which ones be they load certain covers for the system hello (CONVRO)
Passenger/car ferry. Passenger ships or ferries equipped with means of
horizontal load access. Designed for the transport of loaded trailers and for the
car transport (especially on short and regular routes). (CAR-FERRY)
Ro-ro ship for heavy cargo. Ro-ro ships specially designed for rolling cargo of
door superior the less a 500 tons. (HEAVY RORO
Car-carrier ship. As its name indicates, this ship is designed for transportation of
cars (pure car carriers) that can also transport other types of vehicles such as
trucks buses etc. (PCC) (PC/TC)
Hybrid ro-ro ship. Combined ships and those for transporting special cargo, such as cargo to
bulk or crude shipments. (BORO)16

TYPE BOAT TPM (DWT) CAPACITY

No. % No. % No. %
RORO 554 56.7 3950 60.3 197900 70.0
CONRO 80 8.2 920 14.1 46950 16.6
CONVRO 69 7.0 500 7.7 21500 7.6
CAR-FERRY 161 16.5 330 5.1 10050 3.6
Car Carrier 75 7.7 670 10.2 2650 0.9
HYBRID 11 1,1 70 1,1 860 1.0
HEAVY RORO 27 2.8 100 1.6 282710 0.3
TOTAL 977 100.0 6540 100.0 100,0
TABLE: 3 (Data del ship roll on roll off)
This table presents the percentages on the distribution of ro-ro ships by type.
defined earlier

Ro-ro ships, like others designed to transport rolling cargo, are designed
through flexibility in the height of the roofs, which can be folded or adapted to the types of
stowed vehicles. Some characteristics of the ro-ro are that they allow for distinctions to be made with
other ships since some contain the least number of possible obstacles on the decks or
garages, to facilitate the movement and maneuvers that vehicles will carry out in their
interior, or they have horizontal access from the dock to the main deck, taking into account that
the greater the number of exterior and interior ramps, the faster the loading will be
Download even to facilitate operations; some ships have ramps at the bow and stern.
In others, the height of the deck is adapted to the vehicles that the ships carry with a height
fixed for a type of vehicle, also some have a great ability to maneuver, thanks to that
they have transverse propellers, bow, and this helps them access small ports
dimensions17
The figure shows the connection of the exterior via ramp with the roofs.
main from these upper and lower covers, that is, an access distribution that
allows what a vehicle himself situate in he place correct.
The safety conditions of a ro-ro ship are supported by compliance with the criteria.
of transversal stability.

Conclusion

Maritime transport has been one of the most used means today for transporting
goods since it has a great weight support capacity and has been modified or
manufacturing ships according to the needs of the goods such as, for example, if
they are liquid or dry in containers or bulk. And thanks to these ships, maritime trade
has been growing and has become the most used in the world, as a large part of planet Earth
It is water and this greatly benefits maritime trade.

Bibliography

Méndez, elier, globalization y development (cuba: sciences social 1999)

2 Baena, Josep, Transporte Internacional, (España: [Link], noviembre 2002)
3 López, Andrés, Maritime and Railway Transport, (Barcelona: Polytechnic University of
Catalonia S.L. September 2003)
4 Baeza, Sergio, Maritime Law, (Chile: jurídica de chile, January 1990)
5Gadai, Cispheil, A Short History of the Word (Transited) (New York) the Mancmillan and the
Company 1922, 1990
6Freire, Jesús, Maritime and Global Economic Traffic, (Spain: University Institute of Studies
Maritimos, 2009
Freire, Jesús, Maritime Transport Economics (Spain: University Institute of Studies
Maritime, 2003
8Gonzales, Ricardo, Manual of Stowing for Solid Goods (Barcelona, University
Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 2006
9 Embankment, Albert, Solas, Revised Edition 2009, (United Kingdom, World Organization
International, 2009
10Piniella, Francisco, Rol-on/roll-off: el buque abierto, (Cádiz, Universidad de Cádiz, 1992)

1MEndez, Elier, globalization and development, (Cuba: social sciences, 1999) p. 30

2BaEna, Josep, International Transport, (Spain: [Link], November 2002) p.2

3 López, Andrés, Maritime Transport and Railways, (Barcelona: Polytechnic University of Catalonia, S.L., September 2003), p. 2
4Baeza, Sergio, Derecho Marítimo, (Chile: jurídica de chile, enero de 1990) pag.2

5Gadai, Cispheil, A Short History of the Word (Transited) (New York) the Mancmillan and Company 1922, 1990) page 2

6Ibie

7Freire, Jesús, Tráfico marítimo y Económico Global, (España: Instituto Universitario de Estudios Maritimos, 2009) Pag. 2

8Ibid

Freire, Jesús, Maritime Transport Economics (Spain: University Institute of Maritime Studies, 2003) p.2

10Gonzales, Ricardo, Manual de Estiba para Mercancías Solidas (Barcelona, Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya, 2006) pag.2

11Ibid

12 Embankment, Albert, Solas, Revised Edition 2009, (United Kingdom, International Maritime Organization, 2009) p. 2

13Ibid

14Ibid

15Piniella, Francisco, Rol-on/roll-off: el buque abierto, (Cádiz, Universidad de Cádiz, 1992) pag. 2-5

16Ibid

17Ibid

18Baena, Josep, above note 1, page 2

[Link]
16/02/16

Maritime transport: types of ships based on

cargo merchandise (I)
In maritime transport of goods, each commercial vessel is
designed and built to optimize the transport of a
specific merchandise, as well as to be more effective in the different
loading and unloading processes, and for maximum utilization
from the storage space. In addition to ensuring that both the
crew of the ship to ensure that the transported goods are safe
throughout the entire journey.
RFLfor the most part, works with specialized vessels in
transport of perishable goods, which we transport to
rest of the Spanish territory. Besides the ships specialized in
transport of perishable goods, there are many types of ships,
each specialized in a type of cargo. Next RFL, I will provide them to you.
sample.

Types of dry cargo ships

General cargo ships

These types of sketches are the most common and basic within the
of dry cargo. They are commonly used for the transportation of loose cargo and
irregular, therefore they are not suitable for transporting containers, Ro-
Ro, heavy loads, special loads, nor break bulk loads. The
crew members, called stevedores, secure the cargo using a
specialized team welding in the ship's holds the cargo
transported. They are usually equipped with special turning devices.
to facilitate its loading and unloading in the ship's hold.
Container ships
They are the ships that transport the most goods around the world.
Approximately 52% of all maritime trade. These are
especially designed to transport all types of containers.
They must be well documented and governed by the rules of
the ISO regulations for the transportation of all types of containers. They are
loaded and unloaded using special cranes called gantries,
that can move containers from the ship to the truck, following
thus with the maritime-land transport chain. The ships
Container ships can come in many sizes. The largest ship
The largest in the world is the MSC OSCAR. It measures about 395.4 meters in length.
or length (equivalent to 5 football fields) and 59 meters in width.
It weighs 197.362 tons fully loaded with a capacity of 19.224
TEU.

RO-RO ships
These types of ships, called RO-RO or roll-on/roll-off cargo ships, are
specially designed to transport wheeled loads. They are the
ships of cars or large capacity vehicles. Loaded and
downloaded using multiple ramps.

Bulk carriers

Specialized bulk carriers for loose dry cargoes such as minerals,

cement, grains, stones, etc. The loads are differentiated by weight,
having more weight incurs a higher cost. They are usually very large ships.
large divided areas with covered warehouses with hatches. They are loaded and
download with loading tubes and cranes equipped with containers or
spoons, some of these ships are already equipped with their own
cranes, thus facilitating unloading and loading.

Crude Oil Tankers

This type of vessels, as their name indicates, are specially
designed for the transport of crude oil to the refineries where
will be prosecuted. They are usually the largest ships in the world and due to
Due to their large size, many supertankers cannot dock at
port, where they are unloaded at terminals and/or stations of
pumping at sea, specially manufactured for it. These
super tankers can transport an average of 2 million
barrels of oil, approximately 318 thousand tons.

Ships for Liquefied Gases

Los buques para gases licuados, son especialmente diseñados para el
transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) or Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(GPL). These buses have a special cover with spherical tanks.
large dimensions, where gas is stored under high pressure and,
sometimes, at low temperatures. The charging and discharging of these
ships require special care, which is carried out at terminals and
with highly specialized teams, strictly fulfilling the
security protocols.

Chemical Cargo Ships

These vessels are specialized in the transport of substances
chemicals, each with their different properties, characteristics, and in
occasions with their respective risks of manipulation.
Chemical vessels generally have individual tanks.
coated with special elements such as phenolic resins, zinc paint or
stainless steel, most commonly used element. Depending on the type of
The chemical will be placed in a specific tank. For the loading and the
downloading requires special care, depending on the
substance that is transported, therefore it must unload and load it a
specialized team.
From Reefer and food, we opted for the transportation of goods with
the specific ship for each occasion. We will continue the post in another one.
blog entry with specialized vessels. For any type of
for information, do not hesitate to contact us or visit our
web page.
.