Channel Project

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In an irrigation project, the part that involves the design of the channels and structures
art, while it is true that they are of vital importance in the cost of the work, is not the most
important since the flow, a key factor in the design and the most important in a
irrigation project, is a parameter obtained based on the type of soil, crop,
climatic conditions, methods of irrigation, etc., that is to say through the conjunction of the
relationship between water, soil, and plants and hydrology, so that when it comes to a
channel planning, the designer will have a broader vision and will be more efficient,
reason why the agricultural engineer stands out and predominates in an irrigation project.

Irrigation canals by their function.

Irrigation channels take on the following names according to their different functions:

- Canal de primer orden. - Llamado también canal madre o de derivación y se le traza

always with minimal slope, it is usually used on one side only as on the other
side with high land.

- Second-order channel. - Also called laterals, these are those that branch off from the channel.
mother and the flow that enters them is distributed towards the sub-laterals, the irrigated area
a lateral serves as a irrigation unit.

- Third order channel. - Also called sub-lateral and originate from the lateral channels.
the flow that enters them is distributed to the individual properties through the
Tomas del Solar, the irrigation area served by a sub-lateral is known as a unit of
rotation.

From the above, it can be deduced that several rotation units constitute a irrigation unit.
and several irrigation units constitute an irrigation system, this system takes the name
or mother channel coding or first order.

Basic elements in channel design.

Some topographic elements, sections, permissible speeds, among others are considered.
others:

· Channel tracing. - When it comes to tracing a channel or a system of channels, it is

It is necessary to collect the following basic information:

Aerial photographs, to locate the villages, hamlets, cultivated areas, roads of

communication, etc.

Topographic and cadastral plans.

Geological studies, salinity, soils, and other information that can be combined in the
channel trace.

Once the precise data is obtained, work proceeds in the office by making a draft.
preliminary, which is redefined in the field, where the necessary adjustments are made,
finally obtaining the definitive outline.

In the absence of basic topographic information, the relief of the

channel, proceeding with the following steps:

a) Ground recognition. - The area is surveyed, noting all the details that
they influence the determination of a probable trace axis, determining the starting point and
the final point.

b) Preliminary survey.- The area is surveyed with a topographic crew, staking out
on the ground the stakes of the preliminary polygon and then the survey with a theodolite,
Subsequently, the polygon will be leveled and the survey will be conducted.
cross sections, these sections will be made according to criteria, if it is a land
with a high distortion of relief, the section is made every 5 m, if the terrain does not show
many variations and the section is uniform at a maximum of every 20 m.

c) Final outline.- With the data from (b), the final outline is carried out, taking into account
the scale of the plan, which basically depends on the topography of the area and of the
desired precision:

Land with a cross slope greater than 25% is recommended to have a scale of 1:500.

Land with a transverse slope of less than 25%, scale recommendations from 1:1000 to
1:2000.

· Minimum radios in channels.- In the design of channels, the abrupt change of direction occurs
replace it with a curve whose radius should not be very large, and a radius must be chosen
minimum, since drawing curves with radii greater than the minimum does not mean any savings
of energy, that is, the curve will not be hydraulically more efficient, instead it will be more
expensive when given greater length or greater development.

The following tables indicate minimum radii according to the author or source:

Table DC01. Minimum radio in open channels for Q > 10 m3/s

Channel capacity Minimum radio

Up to 10 m3/s 3 * width of the base
From 10 to 14 m3/s 4 * width of the base
From 14 to 17 m3/s 5 * width of the base
From 17 to 20 m3/s 6 * width of the base
From 20 m3/s upwards 7 * width of the base
The minimum radii must be rounded up to the
next upper metro
Source: 'International Institute For Land Reclamation And Improvement' ILRI, Principles and
Applications of Drainage, Volume IV, Wageningen The Netherlands 1978.

Table DC02. Minimum radio in open channels based on the water mirror

IRRIGATION CHANNELS CHANNELS OF

DRAINAGE
Type Radio Type Radio
Sub-canal 4T Main collector 5T
Lateral 3T Collector 5T
Sub-lateral 3T Sub-collector 5T
Let T be the upper width of the mirror.
of water

Source: SalzgitterConsult GMBH "Channel Planning, Ferreñafe Pilot Zone" Volume

II/ 1- Tinajones–Chiclayo Project 1984.

Table DC03. Minimum range in open channels for Q < 20 m3/s

Channel capacity Minimum radio

20 m3/s 100 m
15 m3/s 80 m
10 m3/s 60 m
5 m3/s 20 m
1 m3/s 10 m
0.5 m3/s 5m

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Technical Bulletin N-7 'Considerations

General information on Trapezoidal Channels, Lima 1978.

Based on these tables, the minimum radius that best fits can be selected.
our criteria.

Elements of a curve.

A Arc, it is the length of the curve measured in chords of 20 m

C Long chord, it is the chord that subtends the curve from PC to PT.
ß Deflection angle, formed at the PI.
E External, it is the distance from PI to the curve measured on the bisector.
F Arrow, it is the length of the perpendicular dropped from the midpoint of the curve to
the long rope.
G Degree, it is the central angle.
LC Length of the curve that connects PC with PT.
PC Beginning of a curve.
PI Turning point.
PT Tangent point.
PSC = Point on curve.
PST = Point on tangent.
R Radius of the curve.
ST Sub tangent, distance from the PC to the PI.

· Rasante de un canal.- Una vez definido el trazo del canal, se proceden a dibujar el perfil
longitudinal of said trace, the most common scales are 1:1000 or 1:2000 for the
horizontal direction and 1:100 or 1:200 for the vertical direction, normally the relationship between the
the horizontal and vertical scale is 1 to 10, it is advisable to draw the profile on
transparent green graph paper because it is more practical than cardstock and also
The green color allows the millimeter lines on ozalid copies to be noticed.

For the design of the slope, it is necessary to take into account:

The alignment must be carried out based on a ozalid copy of the longitudinal profile of
Sketch, one must not work on a draft of it made in pencil and never on the original.

Take into account the intake points when it comes to an irrigation channel and the
confluence points if it is a drain.

The slope of the bottom benchmark should be as close as possible to the natural slope.
average of the land, when this is not possible due to steep slopes, it is
they project waterfalls or jumps of water.

To define the bottom grade, different hydraulic boxes are tested, checking
as long as the obtained speed is supported by the type of material where it will be built
the channel.

The final plan of the longitudinal profile of a channel must present at least the following
information.

Mileage

Land quota

Road level

Pending

Indication of the deviations of the line with the curve elements

Location of the works of art

Hydraulic section or sections of the channel, indicating their mileage

Soil type

Typical section of a channel

Where:

T = Upper width of the channel

b = Template

z = Horizontal value of the slope inclination

C = Road clearance, it can be: 0.5; 0.75; 1.00 m, depending on the channel.

of third, second or first order respectively.

V = Width of the surveillance road, it can be: 3; 4 and 6 m., according to the

third, second, or first order sea canal, respectively.

H = Height of the box or depth of the channel's embankment.

In some cases, the surveillance path can run along both edges, depending on the
needs of the channel, likewise the wearing layer of 0.10 m. sometimes will not be
necessary, depending on the intensity of the traffic.

Optimal Hydraulic Section

Determination of Maximum Hydraulic Efficiency.

It is said that a channel is of maximum hydraulic efficiency when for the

the same area and slope leads to the highest flow, this condition refers to a
minimum wet perimeter, the equation that determines the section of maximum efficiency
hydraulics is:

since the angle formed by the slope with the horizontal is arctan (1/z)
Determination of Minimum Infiltration.

It is applied when one wants to obtain the least possible loss of water by infiltration in
earth channels, this condition depends on the type of soil and the depth of the channel,
the equation that determines the minimum infiltration is:

The following table presents these conditions, in addition to the average which is
recommend.

Table DC04. Relationship between template and tie for maximum efficiency, minimum infiltration and the
average of both.

Slope Angle Maximum Minimum Average

Efficiency Infiltration
Vertical 90°00' 2.0000 4.0000 3.0000
1/4:1 75°58' 1.5616 3.1231 2.3423
1/2:1 63°26' 1.2361 2.4721 1.8541
4/7:1 60°15' 1.1606 2.3213 1.7410
3/4:1 53°08' 1.0000 2.0000 1.5000
1:1 45°00' 0.8284 1.6569 1.2426
1¼:1 38°40' 0.7016 1.4031 1.0523
1½:1 33°41' 0.6056 1.2111 0.9083
2:1 26°34' 0.4721 0.9443 0.7082
3:1 18°26´ 0.3246 0.6491 0.4868

Of all trapezoidal sections, the most efficient is the one where the angle at which
the slope forms an angle of 60° with the horizontal, also for any maximum section
efficiency must be met: R = y/2

where: R = Hydraulic radius

y = Channel tension

It is not always possible to design according to the mentioned conditions, in the end it
they impose a series of local circumstances that require a unique design for each
situation.

Design of hydraulic sections.

Certain factors must be taken into account, such as: type of material of the body of
canal, roughness coefficient, maximum and minimum allowed velocity, slope of
canal, slopes, etc.
The most commonly used equation is the Manning or Strickler equation, and its expression is:

where:

Q = Caudal (m3/s)

n = Rugosidad

A = Area (m2)

R = Radio hidráulico = Area de la sección húmeda / Perímetro húmedo

Table DC06 shows the most used sections.

Design criteria.- There are different factors that are considered in the design of
channels, although the final design will be made taking into account the different possibilities and the
The result will always be a compromise solution, because they can never be eliminated.
all risks and disadvantages will only ensure that the negative influence is
as large as possible and that the proposed technical solution is not an inconvenience due to the
high costs.

(a) Roughness.- This depends on the channel and the slope, given to the lateral walls of the
same, vegetation, irregularity and layout of the channel, hydraulic radius and obstructions in the
Canal, generally when designing channels on land it is assumed that the channel is
recently opened, clean and with a uniform layout, however the value of
roughness initially assumed will hardly be maintained over time, which wants
to say that in practice one will constantly face a continuous change of the
roughness. The following table provides estimated 'n' values, these values can be
refuted with research and manuals, however they remain a reference
for the design:

Table DC05. Manning's roughness values 'n'

n Surface
0.010 Very smooth, glass, plastic, copper.
0.011 Very smooth concrete.
0.013 Soft wood, metal, polished concrete.
0.017 Earth channels in good condition.
0.020 Natural land channels, free of vegetation.
0.025 Natural channels with some vegetation and scattered stones at the bottom
0.035 Natural channels with abundant vegetation.
0.040 Mountain streams with many stones.

Table DC06. Geometric relationships of the most common cross sections.

(b) Appropriate slope according to the type of material.- The inclination of the side walls of
a channel depends on several factors but especially on the type of terrain where they are
housed, the U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION recommends a single slope of 1.5:1 for
its channels, below is a table of suitable slopes for different
types of material:

Table DC07. Appropriate slopes for different types of material

MATERIAL SLOPE(horizontal : vertical)

Rock Practically vertical
Peat and detritus soils 0.25 : 1
Compact clay or earth with concrete coating 0.5:1 to 1:1
Land with stone or earth cover in large 1:1
canals
Clay sign or land in small channels 1.5 : 1
Loose sandy soil 2:1
Sandy clay or porous clay 3:1

Source: Aguirre Pe, Julián, 'Canal Hydraulics', Inter-American Development Bank

Department of Waters and Lands–CIDIAT, Merida, Venezuela, 1974

Table DC08. Lateral slopes in channels according to soil type

MATERIAL LITTLE CHANNELS CHANNELS

PROFOUND PROFOUND
Rock in good condition Vertical 0.25 : 1
Compact clays or 0.5 : 1 1:1
conglomerates
Clayey loams 1:1 1.5 : 1
sandy limos 1.5 : 1 2:1
Loose sands 2:1 3:1
Concrete 1:1 1.5 : 1

Source: Aguirre Pe, Julián, 'Channel Hydraulics', Inter-American Development.

of Waters and Lands–CIDIAT, Merida, Venezuela, 1974
Maximum and minimum permissible speeds.- The minimum permissible speed is that
speed that does not allow sedimentation, this value is very variable and cannot be
determined with accuracy, when the water flows without silt this value lacks
importance, but the low speed favors the growth of plants, in channels of
ground, give the value of 0.762 m/sec. As the appropriate speed that does not allow
sedimentation and also prevents plant growth in the channel.

The maximum permissible speed, something quite complex and is generally estimated.
using local experience or the engineer's judgment; the following tables provide us
suggested values.

Table DC09. Maximum speed allowed in non-vegetated channels

MATERIAL OF THE "n" Speed (m/s)

BOX OF
CANAL Manning
Clean water Water with Water transporting sand,
particles record the fragments
colloidal
Colloidal fine sand 0.020 1.45 0.75 0.45
Sandy Franco no0.020 0.53 0.75 0.60
colloidal
Franco muddy no 0.020 0.60 0.90 0.60
colloidal
Alluvial limos not 0.020 0.60 1.05 0.60
colloidal
Franco consistent 0.020 0.75 1.05 0.68
normal
Volcanic ash 0.020 0.75 1.05 0.60
Consistent clay 0.025 1.13 1.50 0.90
very colloidal
alluvial mud 0.025 1.13 1.50 0.90
colloidal
Slate and layers 0.025 1.80 1.80 1.50
hard
fine gravel 0.020 0.75 1.50 1.13
Loam soil 0.030 1.13 1.50 0.90
classified no
colloidal
Sandy soil 0.030 1.20 1.65 1.50
colloidal classification
Coarse gravel no 0.025 1.20 1.80 1.95
colloidal
Gravel and pebbles 0.035 1.80 1.80 1.50

Source: KrochinSviatoslav. "Hydraulic Design", Ed. MIR, Moscow, 1978

For maximum speeds, in general, the old channels support higher speeds.
that the new ones; furthermore, a deep channel will lead the water at higher speeds without
erosion, which others are less deep.
Table DC10. Maximum speeds in concrete based on its strength.

RESISTANCE, DEPTH OF THE TENSILE IN

METROS
in kg/cm2
0.5 1 3 5 10
50 9.6 10.6 12.3 13.0 14.1
75 11.2 12.4 14.3 15.2 16.4
100 12.7 13.8 16.0 17.0 18.3
150 14.0 15.6 18.0 19.1 20.6
200 15.6 17.3 20.0 21.2 22.9

Source: Krochin Sviatoslav. 'Hydraulic Design', MIR Publishing, Moscow, 1978

This DC10 table provides high allowable speed values, however the U.S. BUREAU
OF RECLAMATION recommends that in the case of channel lining
unreinforced concrete, speeds should not exceed 2.5 m/s. To avoid the
possibility of the coating coming off.

Freeboard - It is the space between the height of the crown and the water surface, it does not exist.
there is no fixed rule that can be universally accepted for calculating the free edge,
due to the fluctuations of the water surface in a channel, it can be caused by
uncontrollable causes.

The U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION recommends estimating the freeboard as follows

formula:

where: Free edge: in feet.

C = 1.5 for flow rates less than 20 cubic feet per second, and up to 2.5 for flow rates on the order of
3000 ft³/sec.

Y = Channel span in feet

The Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources of Mexico recommends the following values in

flow function:

Table DC11. Freeboard as a function of flow

Flow m3/s Coated (cm) Uncoated (cm)

£ 0.05 7.5 10.0
0.05–0.25 10.00 20.0
0.25–0.50 20.0 40.0
0.50–1.00 25.0 50.0
1.00 30.0 60.0

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Technical Bulletin N-7 'Considerations

General Information on Trapezoidal Channels” Lima 1978

Máximo Villón Béjar suggests values based on the channel's template:

Table DC12. Free edge as a function of the channel template

Template width (m) Free edge (m)

Up to 0.8 0.4
0.8–1.5 0.5
1.5–3.0 0.6
3.0–20.0 1.0