JAVA ASSIGNMENT
Prepare by: M. Sanjay
College: United College of Arts and Science
1. Briefly explain OOPS concept
OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) is a programming model that uses classes and objects to structure
code. Key principles: (1) Encapsulation — bundles data and methods, providing access control; (2)
Inheritance — enables a class to reuse properties and behavior from another class; (3) Polymorphism
— same operation behaves differently based on object type (method overloading/overriding); (4)
Abstraction — exposes only necessary features and hides details. A class is a blueprint; an object
is its instance. OOP improves modularity, reusability and maintainability of software.
Class: Student
fields: id,name
methods: display()
2. Explain JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract computing machine that executes Java bytecode. Java source
code (.java) is compiled by javac into bytecode (.class). JVM loads, verifies, and interprets or
just-in-time (JIT) compiles bytecode to native machine code at runtime. JVM provides platform
independence, memory management, class loading, security checks, and garbage collection. Developers
target the Java platform (bytecode) rather than a specific OS or hardware.
Source (.java)
Bytecode (.class)
JVM -> Native
3. Write about constructor with an example
A constructor is a special method invoked automatically when an object is created. It has the same
name as the class and no return type. Constructors initialize object state. Types: default (no-arg)
and parameterized. If none is defined, Java provides a default constructor. Example: class Car {
String brand; Car(String b) { brand = b; } }. Creating new Car("BMW") calls the parameterized
constructor to set brand.
new Car("BMW")
calls -> Car(String b)
initializes brand
4. Explain multiple inheritance with example program
Java disallows multiple inheritance with classes to avoid ambiguity (diamond problem), but supports
it via interfaces. A class can implement multiple interfaces, each declaring methods that the class
must define. This achieves multiple inheritance of type. Example: interface A{void show();}
interface B{void display();} class C implements A,B { public void show(){} public void display(){} }
C has behaviors from both interfaces without class-level multiple inheritance conflicts.
Interface A
Interface B
Class C implements A,B
5. Explain multithreaded programming with program
Multithreading enables concurrent execution of multiple threads within a single program, improving
responsiveness and resource utilization. Threads may be created by extending Thread class or
implementing Runnable. Key methods: start(), run(), join(), sleep(). Synchronization is required
when threads share mutable data to prevent race conditions (use synchronized, locks). Example use-
cases: GUI responsiveness, server request handling. Proper thread management avoids deadlocks and
starvation.
Thread-1
Thread-2
Shared Resource
6. Write about applet programming with suitable example
Applet is a Java program that runs in a browser or applet viewer (legacy). It extends
[Link] and overrides life-cycle methods: init(), start(), paint(Graphics), stop(),
destroy(). Applets display graphics or handle simple UI tasks. Note: Modern browsers deprecated
applets; learning remains useful historically. Example: public class SimpleApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g){ [Link]("Hello Applet",50,50); } }
init()
start()
paint()
stop()
destroy()
7. Describe life cycle of applet
Applet life cycle: (1) init() — called once for initialization; (2) start() — called each time the
applet becomes active; (3) paint(Graphics) — draws the UI; (4) stop() — called when applet is no
longer visible; (5) destroy() — cleanup before unloading. Sequence: init() → start() → paint() →
stop() → destroy(). Browser navigation or page refresh triggers corresponding calls.
init()
start()
paint()
stop()
8. Write about the exception handling destroy()
Exception handling manages runtime errors using try-catch-finally. Code that may throw exceptions is
placed in try{}; specific exceptions are caught in catch(ExceptionType e){}. The finally block
executes regardless (used for cleanup). throw and throws allow user-defined exceptions and
declaration of possible exceptions. Proper handling prevents abrupt program termination. Example:
try { int r=10/0; } catch(ArithmeticException e) { // handle } finally { // cleanup }
try { ... }
catch(Ex e) { ... }
finally { ... }
9. Explain stream classes
Stream classes handle I/O. Java separates byte streams (InputStream/OutputStream) and character
streams (Reader/Writer). Common classes: FileInputStream/FileOutputStream (byte-level),
FileReader/FileWriter (character-level), BufferedReader/BufferedWriter (buffered character I/O),
DataInputStream/DataOutputStream (primitive data types). Streams support sequential access; wrapping
streams improves performance (e.g., new BufferedReader(new FileReader("[Link]"))).
Stream Hierarchy (short):
InputStream -> FileInputStream
Reader -> FileReader -> BufferedReader
10. Briefly explain random access files with an example
RandomAccessFile supports reading and writing at arbitrary positions by using seek(long pos). It
allows non-sequential access, useful for databases or indexed file formats. Open with mode "r" or
"rw". Example: RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile("[Link]","rw"); [Link](0);
[Link]("Hello"); [Link](0); String s = [Link](); [Link](); This lets you overwrite
or read records directly.
File pointer
seek(pos)
read()/write()