Q1.

It is said that work is done upon an object whenever a force act upon it and displaces it,
for example if plough is moved across a field, usually a bullock or a tractor supplies the force
to do the work on the plough. Energy is acquired by the object upon which work is done and
this energy is known as mechanical energy. This implies that mechanical energy is the energy
possessed by an object due to its motion or due to its position. Mechanical energy can be
either kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential energy (stored energy of position). A
moving ball. For example, possesses mechanical energy due to both its high speed and its
vertical position above the ground. The total amount of mechanical energy is the sum of the
potential energy and the Kinetic energy.
This sum is simply referred to as the total mechanical energy (TME)
Total Mechanical Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy
A form of potential energy is gravitational potential energy There is a direct relation between
the gravitational potential energy and the mass of an object. Objects with more mass have
greater gravitational potential energy.
(a)State the law of conservation of energy.
Ans: The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, but it may be transformed from one form to another.
(b) When a freely falling body falls and touches the ground. What happens to its kinetic
energy?
Ans: When an object falls freely, its potential energy gets converted into kinetic
energy. When the object hits the ground, its kinetic energy gets converted into heat
energy and sound energy.
(c) What is the work done to increase the velocity of a car from 36 km/h to 72 km/h if
the mass of the car is 1500 kg? Does the work done by the force have a negative or a
positive magnitude?
OR
Two girls Rani and Gudiya each of weight 400 N climb up a rope through a height of 8m. Rani
takes 20 s whereas Gudiya takes 50 s to accomplish this task. Calculate the power
expended by them?
Ans: For girl A,
Weight of the girl, W = mg = 400 N
Distance travelled, h = 8 m
Time taken, t = 20 s
We know, power = Work doneTime taken = mgh/t = 400×820 = 160 W
For girl B,
Weight of the girl, W = mg = 400 N
Distance travelled, h = 8 m
Time taken, t = 50 s
We know, power = Work doneTime taken = mght = 400×850 = 64 W

Q2. Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes— milk and draught labour for agricultural
work such as tilling, irrigation and carting. Milk-producing females are called milch animals
(dairy animals), while the ones used for farm labour are called draught animals. Milk
production depends on the duration of the lactation period.
i) Enlist any two Indian cattle species.
ii) What are the food requirements of dairy animals?
iii) What are the objectives of cross-breeding programmes in Indian and Exotic breed.?

• Ans: Red Sindhi.

• Sahiwal.
• Deoni.

IiANS:Nutritious feed with addi.

• Fresh green grass.

• Mixed feed containing dry grass, grams and other roughages.
• The feed should include roughages and concentrates in balanced amounts.

III ANS
The local (Indian) breeds of cattle have a relatively shorter lactation period because of the
poor genetic constitution. In order to improve the milk production of local breeds, these
organisms are crossed with exotic breeds through selective breeding.
Q3. A group of students took an old shoe box and covered it with a black paper from all
sides. They fixed a source of light (a torch) at one end of the box by making a hole in it and
made another hole on the other side to view the light. They placed a milk sample contained
in a beaker/tumbler in the box as shown in the Fig. They were amazed to see that milk taken
in the tumbler was illuminated. They tried the same activity by taking a salt solution but
found that light simply passed through it.

a) Explain why the milk sample was illuminated

Ans: Milk is a colloid, which means it contains tiny particles of fat and protein that are
suspended in water. These particles are small enough to reflect and scatter light in
different directions, making the milk appear opaque and white.

b) Name the phenomenon involved.

Ans: The milk sample was illuminated because it scattered the light that passed through
it. This is known as the Tyndall effect.

c) The same results were not observed with a salt solution. Why?
Ans: Because salt dissolves in water and forms a true solution, which means it has no
visible particles. The light from the torch passed through the solution without
interacting with any molecules, making it appear transparent. The students could not
see the light beam in the salt solution because there was no scattering of light.
d) Can you suggest two more solutions which would show the same effect as shown by the
milk solution?
Ans:
Example1: Starch solution: Starch is a complex carbohydrate that does not dissolve in
water, but forms a colloid. When light passes through a starch solution, it hits the starch
molecules and scatters in different directions, making the solution appear cloudy

Example 2: Soap solution: Soap is a substance that can form micelles, which are
spherical clusters of soap molecules that trap dirt and oil. Micelles are colloidal particles
that scatter light when it passes through a soap solution, making the solution appear
milky .
OR
d) Name and explain this phenomenon which can be observed in our nature.

Q3.
a) Explain the structure and functioning of human ear.
b) Two sound waves A and B are shown
in the figure. Identify the sound wave
having:
(i) high frequency: B
(ii) low frequency: A
Q4.
a) Explain the working and application of a SONAR.
Ans: SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) is a system used to detect underwater objects.
WORKING:
(i) Sonar consists of a transmitter and a detector and is installed in a boat or a ship.
(ii) The transmitte r produces and transmitted strong ultrasonic waves.
(iii) These waves travel through the water and after striking the objects the beam is reflected
from the seabeds and is received by an underwater detector which is also mounted on the
ship.
(iv) The detector converts the ultrasonic waves into electrical signals which are
approximately interpreted.
(v) The time interval between transmission and receiving of the ultrasonic signal is noted.
The sonar method is also called echo ranging. This technique is used to determine the depth
of the sea and to locate underwater hills, valleys, submarines, icebergs, etc.

APPLICATION:
SONAR is mainly used in ships and other water transports to measure the depth or detect
some object in the sea bed.
It is also used for navigation purposes.
It is used to detect lost shipwrecks under the ocean.

b) Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain
Ans:
The above statements constitute the laws of reflection, and hence, sound does follow the
same laws of reflection as light does.

Q5.
i) An Italian bee variety A. mellifera has been introduced in India for honey production. Write
about its merits over other varieties.
ii) Group the following and tabulate them as energy yielding, protein yielding and fodder
crop.
Wheat, rice, berseem, maize, gram, oat, pigeon gram, sudan grass, lentil, soyabean,
groundnut, castor and mustard.
OR
a) Discuss various methods for weed control.
Ans: Preventive weed control: It prevents weeds from being established in a field by using
certified weed-free seed and cleaned equipment.
Cultural weed control: In this, we maintain the field condition in such a manner that it is less
suitable for weed growth, e.g. Crop rotation.
Mechanical weed control: It involves the use of farm equipment to control weeds , e.g.
Tillage and mowing.
b) What do you understand by composite fish culture? Explain with examples
Ans: Composite fish culture is also called polyculture of fishes. Example Catalas are surface
feeders, Rohus are middle zone feeders, Mrigals and Common Carps are bottom feeders and
Grass Carp feed on weeds, together these species can use all the food in the pond without
competing with each other.

Q6.
i) What are the main postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory?

ii) Define Law of Constant proportion.

iii) An element forms an oxide Al2O3.
(a) What is the valency of element A?
(b) What will be the formula of the chloride of the element?
OR
i) Write any one demerit of Rutherford atom model.
Ans: Rutherford’s atomic model failed to explain the stability of electrons in a circular
path.
ii) Differentiate isotopes and isobars with suitable example.
Ans: Isotopes are elements with the same atomic number but distinct mass numbers.
Isobars are elements with various atomic numbers but the same mass number. An
example of two isotopes and isobars is nickel and iron.
iii) Write chemical formulae of the following compounds.
(a) Aluminum Sulphate- Al2 (S04)3

(b) Ammonium carbonate – (NH4)2CO3

Q7. What would happen if poultry birds are larger in size and have no summer adaptation
capacity? In order to get small sized poultry birds, having summer adaptability, what method
will be employed?
Ans: If poultry birds are larger in size and have no summer adaptation capacity, it may cause
a decline in egg production. To obtain smaller-sized poultry birds with higher summer
adaptability, crossbreeding of poultry birds is done. Because larger birds require more food
and are less adaptable to summer, which affects their egg production. Crossbreeding can
help achieve small-sized poultry birds with summer adaptability.
Q8. Name the different components of the xylem and draw a living component.
Ans:

Q9.
a) How far will a car move in 5 seconds if it started from rest and accelerates uniformly
at 2.5 ms-2?

Ans: As it was on rest we can say that it's initial speed = 0 or u = 0 .

Time = 5 seconds
Acceleration = 2.5 m per sec square
𝑣−𝑢
Formula for acceleration =
𝑡
𝑣−0
2.5 =
5
 𝑣
2.5 =
5

v = 2.5 x 5

v = 12.5

b) Calculate the acceleration of a body which starts from rest and travels 87.5m in 5sec.
Ans:

Q10.
i) State Newton’s third law of motion.

Ans: Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.

ii) If someone jumps to the shore from a boat the boat moves in the opposite
direction. Explain.
 Ans:

iii) When air from an inflated balloon is allowed to be released, the balloon moves in
a direction opposite to that of air. Explain.
Ans: If a balloon filled with compressed air and its mouth untied is released withi its
mouth in the downward direction, the balloon moves in the upward direction because
the air present in the balloon rushes out in the downward direction. The equal and
opposite reaction of downward going air pushes the balloon upwards.
Q11. (a) The volume of 40 g of a solid is 15cm3. If the density of water is 1g/cm3, will
the solid float or sink in water? State reason.

Ans: The density of an object is defined as its mass divided by its volume. The density of
water is given as 1 g/cm3. The density of the solid can be calculated as follows:

Volume of solid 40
Density of solid= = 15
Mass of solid

= 2.67 g/cm3

Since the density of the solid is greater than the density of water, the solid will sink in water.
This is because the buoyant force, which is equal to the weight of the displaced water, is less
than the weight of the solid. According to Archimedes’ principle, an object will float if its
density is less than or equal to the density of the fluid, and it will sink if its density is greater
than the density of the fluid.

(b) Why is it easier to lift a heavy stone under water?

Ans: It is easier to lift a heavy stone under water than in air because in water, it experiences
an upward buoyant force. Thus, there is an apparent loss in weight, which makes it lighter in
water, and hence easy to lift.

Q12.
i) Give the electronic configuration of element B
ii) The valency of element A
iii) The atomic number of element C
OR
i) Write down the electron distribution of chlorine atom. How many electrons are
there in the L shell?
Ans: Atomic number of chlorine atom = 17 So, its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7 L shell
of chlorine contains 8 electrons.
ii) An atom is electrically neutral. Justify the statement.
Ans: Atoms are electrically neutral because they have equal numbers of protons
(positively charged) and electrons (negatively charged). This also means the overall
charge on the atom is zero. If an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it becomes
an ion.

Q13. The following data represents the distribution of electrons, protons and neutrons in
atoms of four elements A, B, C, D. answer the following:

Find out the valency of the atoms represented by the Fig.

Q14. An object thrown at a certain angle from the ground moves in a curved path and falls
back to the ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the same
horizontal line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object? Justify your
answer.
Q 15. A ship sends out ultrasound that returns from the seabed and is detected after 3.42 s.
If the speed of ultrasound through seawater is 1531 m/s. What is the distance of the seabed
from the ship?

OR
a) A person has a hearing range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. What are the typical wavelengths
of sound waves in air corresponding to these two frequencies? Take the speed of
sound in air as 344 m s−1.
 Ans: The wavelength of a sound wave can be calculated using the formula:
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
wavelength =
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

The speed of sound in air is 344 m/s.

For a frequency of 20 Hz, the wavelength is 17.2 m.
For a frequency of 20 kHz, the wavelength is 0.0172 m.

Therefore, the typical wavelengths of sound waves in air corresponding to the

hearing range of humans (20 Hz to 20 kHz) are 0.0172 m to 17.2 m

b) Water hyacinth floats on the water surface. Give reason.

Ans: A special type of parenchyma; called aerenchyma is present in water hyacinth. This
tissue has air-filled spaces inside and because the air gets trapped inside especially in the
stem part so it becomes buoyant. Due to this, water hyacinth floats on water surface.

Q15. What are polyatomic ions? Give two examples.

If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the wall of the glass jar.
Explain why?
Transpiration:

1. The loss of water vapor through the stomata of the plants is known as
transpiration.
2. If the plant is covered with a glass jar we will see that water has accumulated in
the wall of the jar this happens because of transpiration.
3. As the water vapor which is released from the plant through the stomata does
not evaporate into the environment and gets accumulated in the jar itself. This is
why we see water present on the wall of the jar

Q16. Why is organic matter important for crop production?

Ans: Organic matter:

Those substances which are made up of living components are termed organic
matter.
Organic matter is very important for crop production because:
1. It helps in improving soil structure.
2. It helps in increasing the water-holding capacity of sandy soil.
3. In clayey soil, large quantities of organic matter help in drainage and in avoiding
waterlogging.
4. It also enhances the texture of the soil.
5. It also maintains the optimal pH for proper microbial action.

OR
Why is excess use of fertilizers detrimental for environment?
Q17. ASSERTION & REASONING:
i) Assertion: Atomicity of ozone is three while that of oxygen is two.
Reason: Atomicity is the number of atoms constituting a molecule.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true
ii) Assertion: Crop rotation is the practice of growing two or more varieties of crops
in the same region in sequential seasons.
Reason: Cauliflower and chilli plants grown together in alternating rows are
examples of crop rotation.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true
 iii) Assertion: The ceilings of concert halls and conference halls are made curved.
Reason: So that sound reaches all parts of the hall after reflection from curved
ceilings.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true

iv) Assertion: Fisheries have important place in Indian economy.

Reason: Fisheries provide income and employment to millions of farmers and
fishermen particularly in coastal states.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true

When the vibrating object moves backwards, it creates a region of low pressure called ——
———-
a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Rarefaction
d) Retardation
Which is not a function of the epidermis?
a) Protection from adverse condition
b) Gaseous exchange
c) Conduction of water
d) Transpiration
Which of the following helps in the repair of tissue and fills up the space inside the organ?
a) Tendon
b) Adipose tissue
c) Areolar
d) Cartilage