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Understanding Python Modules & Packages

This document explains Python modules and packages, detailing their definitions, creation, and usage. It covers built-in modules, installation of external packages, and the difference between relative and absolute imports, along with best practices for naming and organizing code. An example exercise is provided to illustrate the creation and use of a custom module.

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4 views4 pages

Understanding Python Modules & Packages

This document explains Python modules and packages, detailing their definitions, creation, and usage. It covers built-in modules, installation of external packages, and the difference between relative and absolute imports, along with best practices for naming and organizing code. An example exercise is provided to illustrate the creation and use of a custom module.

Uploaded by

Saranya CSE
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Python Modules and Packages

1. ✅ What is a Module?

A module is a file containing Python definitions, functions, classes, and variables. The file must have
a .py extension.

🧠 Why Use Modules?

 Code reusability

 Better organization

 Namespace management

✅ Creating a Module

# my_module.py

def greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

PI = 3.1416

✅ Importing a Module

import my_module

print(my_module.greet("Alice"))

print(my_module.PI)

Other Import Techniques

from my_module import greet

print(greet("Bob"))

from my_module import *

print(PI)

2. 📦 What is a Package?

A package is a collection of modules organized in directories that include a special __init__.py file (may
be empty).
📁 Package Structure Example:

my_package/

├── __init__.py

├── [Link]

└── [Link]

✅ Accessing Modules from a Package

from my_package import module1

[Link]()

from my_package.module2 import another_function

🔸 In Python 3.3+, __init__.py is optional, but still recommended.

3. 🔁 Built-in Modules

Python includes many built-in modules for various tasks.

📌 Examples

import math

print([Link](16)) # 4.0

import random

print([Link](1, 10)) # e.g., 7

import datetime

print([Link]())

Use dir() to explore a module:

import math

print(dir(math))

4. 📦 Installing External Packages


Use pip (Python’s package installer):

pip install requests

✅ Example:

import requests

response = [Link]('[Link]

print(response.status_code)

5. 📁 Relative vs Absolute Imports

✅ Absolute Import

from my_package import module1

1🔄 Relative Import (within a package)

from . import module1

from ..subpackage import module2

6. 🛠 Useful Tools

🔍 help() Function

import math

help(math)

📁 [Link]

Used to see where Python looks for modules.

import sys

print([Link])

You can add custom paths if needed.

7. ✅ Best Practices

 Use clear module and package names (lowercase, no spaces)

 Group related functions/classes into the same module

 Avoid circular imports

 Use __all__ to control from module import *


__all__ = ['function1', 'ClassA']

8. 🧪 Example Exercise

Create a module:

# math_utils.py

def add(a, b):

return a + b

def subtract(a, b):

return a - b

Create a script to use it:

# [Link]

import math_utils

print(math_utils.add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

print(math_utils.subtract(10, 4)) # Output: 6

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