Module 3 (Contact hours: 12)
FIR Filter Design:
Linear Phase FIR filter
Frequency Response of Linear-phase FIR filters
Design Techniques for Linear-Phase FIR Filters
Fourier Series Method
Filter Design using Windowing Techniques
Rectangular Window
Hamming Window
Hanning Window
Frequency Sampling Techniques
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Introduction
Filters – Frequency selective devices
Filtering action determined by filter frequency response
Frequency response depends on choice of system parameters – coefficients ak, bk
Proper selection of the coefficients, design frequency selective filters
pass signals with frequency components in some bands
attenuate signals that contain frequency components in other frequency bands
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Introduction
Consider a discrete time sequence x[n] with frequency content in .
The Fourier transform of x[n] is given by X(
This Fourier transform is bandlimited.
X
Introduction
This discrete time sequence is passed through a LTI system whose frequency
response is given by
H(
where C, k are constants.
The impulse response of the LTI system is represented by h[n] and is obtained by
taking inverse Fourier transform of H( ).
Introduction
The response of LTI system is y[n] and is given by
Taking Fourier transform on both sides
Y
Substituting the value of H( )= ,
Y
Y
Taking inverse Fourier transform on both sides, applying time shifting property of F.T
y = C. x(n-k)
Introduction
y(n) = C. x(n-k)
The output of LTI system is delayed and amplitude scaled version of input signal.
Thus, LTI system with frequency response H( )= represents an ideal filter.
Introduction
FIR filter transfer function is given by
H(z) =
The transfer function can be written as
H( ) = |H( )| =
|H( )| = Magnitude response = C
= Phase response = -kω
Phase is a linear function of frequency, thus FIR filters are called as linear phase
filters.
Example
Plot the phase response for the filter whose transfer function is given by H(z).
H(z) = 1
Solution discussed in class
Phase delay, Group delay
Consider a signal that consists of several frequency components passing
through a filter.
The phase delay of the filter is the amount of time delay each frequency
component of the signal suffers in going through the filter.
The group delay is the average time delay the composite signal suffers at each
frequency.
Phase delay and Group delay
( )
Phase delay is given by
( )
Group delay is given by = |
where is the phase response.
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Phase delay and Group delay
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University Figure courtesy: [Link] EECE313L - DSP
Phase delay and Group delay
Figure courtesy: [Link]
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Phase delay and Group delay
For linear phase
( )
Phase delay is given by
= =-
( )
Group delay is given by = |
= =-
For linear phase, phase delay = group delay
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Example
Determine the phase delay and group delay of the FIR filter represented by the
equation y(n) = 0.25x(n) + x(n − 1) + 0.25x(n − 2).
Solution discussed in class
Ideal frequency response of Linear phase FIR
filters
H(ejw) is periodic with period 2π (- π to π), thus frequency response of digital
filters are defined in the interval (- π to π).
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Frequency response of ideal digital filters
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Ideal frequency response of Linear phase
FIR filters
The ideal filters are noncausal and hence physically unrealizable for the real
time signal processing applications.
Causality implies that
the frequency response characteristic H(ejw ) of the filter cannot be zero except at a finite
set of points in frequency.
H(ejw) cannot have an infinitely sharp cutoff from passband to stopband,
H(ejw) cannot drop from unity to zero abruptly.
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Ideal frequency response of Linear phase FIR
filters
Dept. of ECE, Bennett University EECE313L - DSP
Linear phase condition
The FIR filter has linear phase if its unit impulse response satisfies the following condition
h(n) = h(M-1-n) n = 0, 1, 2, …….M-1
or
h(n) = h(-n)
Types of FIR Filter
Length of the filter
The length of the filter L = M +1 where M is the order of the filter.
It is defined as the total no. of samples required in calculating the output, M from memory (past) and one
present sample.
Based on the length of the filters, FIR filters can be classified into four categories / types
Type 1: Length is odd and impulse response is symmetric
Type 2: Length is even and impulse response is symmetric
Type 3: Length is odd and impulse response is anti symmetric
Type 4: Length is even and impulse response is anti syemmetric
Center of symmetry
is at (N-1)/2.