Analytical Chemistry I
PMC 101
Lecture 2
Dr. Dina A. Gawad
Assistant Professor of Pharm.
Analytical Chemistry
Concentration of solutions
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances. A minor species in a solution
is called solute, and the major species is the
solvent.
• We are dealing with aqueous solutions (in
which the solvent is water), unless otherwise is
specified
• Concentration states how much solute is
contained in a given volume or mass of solution
or solvent
Methods for expressing the concentration
of standard solutions
1- Molar concentration (Molarity)
2- Normal concentration (Normality)
3- Percent concentration
4- p-function
1-Molar concentration (Molarity)
The molar concentration is the number of moles
contained in one liter of the solution
The unit of M is mol L-1 . (mol/L)
Molarity also is the number of millimoles of a solute per
milliliter of solution , unit is mmol mL-1 (mmol/L) .
Molar concentration is denoted with square brackets.
Thus “[H+]” means “the molar concentration of H+ .
Mole: is the formula weight (FWt) expressed in grams
(gram FWt)
no. of moles = weight (g) of solute
Fwt
Formula Weight = Sum. Of atomic weight
How many moles are there in 4.9 g of sulfuric
acid?
• MWt of H2SO4 = 2 x AW of H + AW of S + 4 x
AW of O =2 + 32 + 64 = 98
No. of moles = weight (g) of solute = 4.9/98 = 0.05 mol
Fwt
No. of moles = Wt(𝐠) / MWt
No. Of moles = M x V (L)
mol
M V
M x V (L) = Wt(𝐠)
MWt
No of mmoles = Wt (mg) /MWt = M x V (mL)
𝐌 = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐠) / 𝐌𝐖𝐭 𝐱 𝐕(𝐋) = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐦𝐠) / 𝐌𝐖𝐭 𝐱 𝐕(𝐦𝐋)
Example 1: What is the molarity of a 5.00 liter solution
that was made with 10.0 moles of KBr ?
No. Of moles = M x V (L), M= No. Of moles / V(L)
M = 10 = 2.00 M
5
Example 2 : Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol
in an aqueous solution that contains 2.3 g of C2H5OH
(MW = 46.0) in 3.50 L of solution
𝐌 = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐠) / 𝐌𝐖𝐭 𝐱 𝐕(𝐋)
M = 2.3 = 0.0143
46X 3.5
Normal concentration
The (N) is the no. of equivalents of solute contained in
one liter of solution or the no. of milliequivalents of
solute per milliliter of solution.
Normal concentration, or Normality “N", has the
dimensions of equivalent / L
Number of equivalents = weight in Gram/equivalent weight
Equivalent weights in neutralization reactions
EqW of substance = FW of substance
n
• n is a number that depends on the type of the
reaction
• For Acid base reactions: The number of
hydrogen ions (H+) donated or accepted by 1
mole of the substance
• For oxidation reduction reactions: The number
of electrons donated or accepted by 1 mole of
the substance.
for acids or bases that contain a single reactive H+
or OH-,
e.g. HCl and NaOH where EqW = MW.
In case of Ba(OH)2 which contains two identical
OH-, it reacts with two H+ ions, so its equivalent
weight is one half of its formula weight, i.e.
EqW = ½ MW.
• Calculate the equivalent weight for each of the
following: HCl, H2SO4 , H3PO4 , NaOH , Ca(OH)2
• For monoprotic acids such as HCl and CH3COOH:
n=1 EqW = MW
• For diprotic strong acids such as H2SO4:
n=2 EqW = MW/2
• For H3PO4 :
H3PO4 ⎯→ H2PO4 – + H+ EqW = MW/1
H3PO4 ⎯→ HPO4 2– +2H+ EqW = MW/2
• For NaOH : n = 1 EqW = MW.
• For Na2CO3: It is a base which reacts with acids
according to the equation:
CO32– + 2H+ ⎯→ H2O + CO2
n = 2 and therefore EqW = MW/2.
• For Ca(OH)2 : n = 2 EqW = MW/2.
𝐍 = 𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐪. 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 = 𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐞𝐪.𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐋) 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐦𝐋)
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐪 = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐠) /𝐞𝐪 𝐖𝐭 = N x V (L)
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐞𝐪 = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐦𝐠) /𝐞𝐪 𝐖𝐭 = N x V (mL)
• 𝐍 = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐠) /𝐞𝐪 𝐖𝐭 𝐱 𝐕(𝐋) = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐦𝐠) /𝐞𝐪 𝐖𝐭 𝐱 𝐕(𝐦𝐋)
Example: How many grams are needed for the
preparation of 5.0 L of 0.1 N Na2CO3 assuming
the solution is to be used for titrations in which
the reaction is: CO32– + 2H+ ⎯→ H2O + CO2
𝐍 = 𝐖𝐭 (𝐠) /𝐞𝐪 𝐖𝐭 𝐱 𝐕(𝐋)
Eqw??
Wt(g) = N x EqW x V(L) =
26.5 gm
Relationship between Molarity and Normality
N = nM
Percent concentration
Concentrations are frequently expressed in
terms of percent.
Three common methods are:
Weight percent(Percentage weight/weight):
% W/W = wt of solute X 100
wt of solution
- Used to express the concentration of
commercial aqueous reagents.
Volume percent (Percentage volume/volume )
% V/V = volume of solute X 100
volume of solution
Used to specify the conc. of a solution prepared
by diluting a pure liquid compound with another
liquid.
e.g. 5% aqueous solution of methanol is
prepared by diluting 5 mL of pure methanol with
enough water to give 100 mL of solution.
Percentage weight/volume
% W/V = Wt of solute X 100
volume of solution
-Used to indicate the composition of dilute aqueous
solutions of solid reagents, e.g. 5% silver nitrate
soln( 5gm silver nitrate dissolved in 100 mL water).
- It is normally used to express the content of active
ingredient in liquid formulations.
-e.g. Normal Saline solution is 0.9 % w/v sodium
chloride (0.90 g NaCl dissolved and diluted to a
total volume of 100 mL)
Parts per million:
For very dilute solutions,
parts per million (ppm) is a very convenient
way to express concentration:
1 ppm =1 mg L-1 = 1 µg/mL.
Dilution
Many laboratory chemicals such as acids are
purchased as concentrated solutions (stock
solutions). e.g. 12 M HCl ,12 M H2SO4
• More dilute solutions are prepared by taking a
certain quantity of the stock solution and
diluting it with water.
• The process of preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated one.
• Use this formula to make a more dilute
solution from a concentrated solution
Molarity1 x Volume1 = Molarity2 x Volume2
(Concentrated) (Dilute)
(before) = (after)
M1V1 = M2V2
Example How many liters of 2.5 M HCl are required to
make 1.5 L of 1.0 M HCl?
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 2.5 M V1 = ? M2 = 1.0 M V2 = 1.5 L
V1 = 0.6 L
How much water should you add to the volume of
2.5M HCl you calculated above to make the solution?
V2 – V1 = Amount of water
1.5L – 0.60L = 0.90L
NEVER ADD WATER TO CONCENTRATED ACIDS; ALWAYS
ADD CONCENTRATED ACIDS TO WATER, SLOWLY..