B.

COM (COMPUTER APPLICATION) I YEAR I SEMESTER

FIT Lab Manual

[Link] the hardware components of your lab computer(CPU, RAM, and Storage type)

Aim:To identify and understand the basic hardware components of the computer system used in
the computer lab.

Procedure:

1. Turn on the computer system.

2. Right-click on This PC → Properties to check CPU and RAM details.
3. Open Task Manager → Performance tab to view detailed system specifications.
4. Open File Explorer → This PC to check the total storage capacity and type
(SSD/HDD).
5. Note down all the hardware specifications.

Observation Table:

Component Specification Description

CPU Intel Core i5, 2.8 GHz Processes data and controls system operations
RAM 8 GB DDR4 Temporary memory used while running
programs
Storage 256 GB SSD Used to store files and operating system
Monitor 19″ LED Displays visual output
Keyboard & Standard Input Used for entering and controlling data
Mouse Devices

Result:

The lab computer consists of:

 Processor: Intel Core i5

 RAM: 8 GB DDR4
 Storage: 256 GB SSD
 Display: 19″ LED Monitor

Conclusion:

The hardware components of the lab computer were successfully identified and studied.
The system configuration is suitable for academic and laboratory use.

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2. create a table showing examoles of input and output devices with their business
applications

Aim: To identify and study the examples of input and output devices used in computers and
their applications in business.

Procedure:

1. Turn on the computer system and peripherals.

2. Identify the input devices connected to the computer (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,
Microphone, etc.).
3. Identify the output devices connected to the computer (Monitor, Printer, Speaker,
Projector, etc.).
4. Record the device name and its business application in the observation table.
5. Discuss and verify the functions of each device in real business scenarios.

Observation Table: Input and Output Devices with Business Applications

S.N Device Example Business Application

o Type
1 Input Keyboard Data entry in offices, report preparation
2 Input Mouse Graphic designing, form filling
3 Input Scanner Scanning invoices, bills, and records
4 Input Barcode Reader Billing in supermarkets and retail stores
5 Input Microphone Voice recording, video conferencing
6 Input Biometric Scanner Employee attendance, security systems
7 Output Monitor Viewing reports, presentations, dashboards
8 Output Printer Printing receipts, bills, reports
9 Output Speaker Audio notifications, training sessions
10 Output Projector Business meetings, seminars, presentations

Result:

All input and output devices of the lab computer were successfully identified along with their
business applications.
Input devices are used for data entry, while output devices are used to display or produce
results.

Conclusion:

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The experiment helped to understand the types of input and output devices and their
importance in business operations, such as billing, reporting, presentations, data entry, and
employee management.

[Link] between system software and application software by listing at least3 installed
examples on your PC.

Aim:

To study and understand the difference between system software and application software
and list examples installed on the lab computer.

Procedure:

1. Turn on the computer system.

2. Identify the system software used for managing hardware and system operations.
3. Identify the application software used for performing user-specific tasks.
4. Record at least three examples of each category installed on the PC.
5. Prepare a comparison table based on their features and usage.

Difference between System Software and Application Software

System Software Application Software

Software that controls and manages the Software designed to perform specific user-
computer hardware and basic system oriented tasks.
operations.
To run the computer hardware and provide a To help users perform specific functions like
platform for application software. creating documents or browsing the internet.
Works in the background; users rarely interact Users interact directly with application
directly. software.
Required for running the computer system. Runs only after the system software is loaded.
1. Windows 10 OS 1. MS Word
2. Device Drivers 2. Google Chrome
3. Antivirus Software 3. VLC Media Player

Result:

The system software and application software installed on the lab computer were successfully
identified and their differences were noted.

Conclusion:

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System software acts as the foundation of the computer, managing hardware and system
operations, while application software helps users perform specific tasks such as word
processing, internet browsing, and multimedia playback.

4. List IT applications in one functional area ( Finance, HR , Marketing , or SCM )

Aim:

To study and list various Information Technology (IT) applications used in the Finance
functional area of business.

Procedure:

1. Identify the role of the Finance department in business operations.

2. Observe how IT tools and software are used to manage financial activities.
3. Collect examples of commonly used financial applications and tools.
4. Record the applications and their uses in the observation table.

Observation Table: IT Applications in Finance

S.N Application / Software Purpose / Use in Finance

o
1 Tally ERP Accounting, billing, and financial reporting
2 MS Excel Preparing budgets, financial analysis, and charts
3 SAP (Financial Module) Enterprise-level financial management
4 QuickBooks Managing invoices, expenses, and payroll
5 Online Banking Portals Managing digital payments and fund transfers
6 Zoho Books Cloud-based accounting and tax management
7 Oracle Financials Large-scale business financial data management

Result:

Different IT applications used in the Finance area were identified and their business uses were
studied.

Conclusion:

Information Technology plays a major role in the Finance department by enabling accurate
accounting, faster reporting, online transactions, and efficient financial decision-making.

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[Link] and document the full Operating System (OS) details of your lab computer,
including Name, Version, and Architecture.

Aim:

To identify and document the Operating System (OS) details of the lab computer, including its
Name, Version, and Architecture.

Procedure:

1. Turn on the computer system.

2. Click on the Start Menu → Settings → System → About (or right-click This PC →
Properties).
3. Note down the Operating System name, version, and system type (architecture).
4. Record the observed details in the observation table below.

Observation Table: Operating System Details

[Link] Specification Details (Example from Lab PC)

1 Operating System Name Windows 10 Pro
2 Version 22H2 (OS Build 19045.4529)
3 System Type / 64-bit Operating System, x64-based processor
Architecture
4 Installed RAM 8.00 GB
5 Processor Intel Core i5, 2.40 GHz
6 System Manufacturer HP / Dell / Lenovo (depending on lab PC)

Result:

The Operating System details of the lab computer were successfully identified and recorded,
including the OS name, version, and system architecture.

Conclusion:

The system is running on Windows 10 Pro (64-bit) architecture, which supports multitasking
and is suitable for educational and business applications.

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[Link] a table showing AI and ML applications in different sectors (e.g., HR -

recruitment bots, Finance - fraud detection).

Aim:To study and list various AI (Artificial Intelligence) and ML (Machine Learning)
applications used in different business sectors.

Procedure:

1. Understand the basic concepts of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.

2. Identify major business sectors that use AI and ML technologies.
3. Collect examples of how AI and ML are applied in each sector.
4. Record the findings in the observation table below.

Observation Table: AI and ML Applications in Different Sectors

S.N Sector AI / ML Application Example / Use

o
1 Human Resources Recruitment Bots Automates resume screening and
(HR) candidate selection
2 Finance Fraud Detection Detects unusual transactions using ML
algorithms
3 Healthcare Disease Prediction AI analyzes reports to predict diseases
early
4 Marketing Customer Behavior ML predicts customer interests and
Analysis buying patterns
5 Education Smart Tutoring Personalized learning based on student
Systems performance
6 Manufacturing Predictive AI predicts equipment failures to reduce
Maintenance downtime
7 Retail Chatbots Provides customer service and product
recommendations
8 Transportation Self-Driving Vehicles Uses AI sensors for navigation and
obstacle detection
9 Agriculture Crop Monitoring ML analyzes weather and soil data for
better yield
10 Cybersecurity Threat Detection AI identifies and prevents security
breaches

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Result: Various real-world applications of AI and ML in multiple sectors were successfully

identified and documented.

Conclusion:AI and ML technologies are transforming industries by automating processes,

improving decision-making, and increasing efficiency in areas like finance, healthcare,
education, and marketing.

7. List 5 IoT devices used in business (e.g., smart POS, RFID systems). Mention their
function and benefit.

Aim:

To identify and understand various Internet of Things (IoT) devices used in business
environments, along with their functions and benefits.

Procedure:

1. Understand the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and how it connects devices
through the internet.
2. Identify different IoT devices commonly used in business operations.
3. Note down their functions and benefits in the observation table.
4. Record a minimum of five examples.

Observation Table: IoT Devices in Business

S.N IoT Device Function Benefit in Business

o
1 Smart POS (Point of Processes payments and Improves billing speed and
Sale) System tracks sales data inventory accuracy
2 RFID System Tracks goods and assets Enhances supply chain visibility
automatically and reduces loss
3 Smart Security Camera Monitors premises remotely Increases workplace safety and
security
4 Smart Thermostat Controls office temperature Saves energy and reduces
automatically electricity costs
5 IoT-Enabled Fleet Monitors vehicle location Improves logistics efficiency
Tracker and performance and reduces fuel waste

Result:

Five IoT devices commonly used in businesses were successfully identified and their functions
and benefits were documented.
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Conclusion:

IoT devices improve business productivity, security, and efficiency by enabling real-time
data collection, remote monitoring, and automation across various departments like sales,
logistics, and facilities management.

[Link] different types of storage (RAM, ROM, SSD, HDD, Cloud). Create a comparison
table based on speed, cost, and capacity.

Aim:

To identify different types of storage devices (RAM, ROM, SSD, HDD, and Cloud Storage) and
compare them based on speed, cost, and capacity.

Procedure:

1. Study the main types of computer storage devices — Primary, Secondary, and Cloud
Storage.
2. Identify examples such as RAM, ROM, SSD, HDD, and Cloud Storage.
3. Collect information on their speed, cost, and storage capacity.
4. Record the findings in a comparison table.

Observation Table: Comparison of Storage Devices

S.N Storage Type Speed Cost Capacity Remarks / Use

o
1 RAM (Random Very Fast High 4GB – 64GB Temporary memory
Access Memory) for running
programs
2 ROM (Read Fast Low Few MBs Stores system
Only Memory) firmware (non-
volatile)
3 SSD (Solid State Very Fast High 128GB – Used for fast data
Drive) 4TB access and boot
speed
4 HDD (Hard Moderate Low 500GB – Used for large
Disk Drive) 20TB storage and backups
5 Cloud Storage Depends on Subscription- Virtually Accessible online,
Internet based Unlimited scalable storage

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Result:

Different types of storage devices were identified and compared based on speed, cost, and
capacity.

Conclusion:

 RAM and SSDs provide high speed but are costlier.

 HDDs and Cloud Storage offer larger capacity at a lower cost per GB.
 ROM is used for permanent firmware storage, essential for system startup.


9. Prepare a dos and don'ts checklist for digital privacy & security in lab use.

Aim:

To understand and prepare a checklist of best practices (Do’s and Don’ts) for maintaining
digital privacy and security while using computers in the lab.

Procedure:

1. Study the concept of digital privacy and security.

2. Identify common threats like malware, phishing, and data theft.
3. Observe proper safety practices followed in the computer lab.
4. Prepare a checklist of Do’s and Don’ts to ensure safe and responsible computer use.

Observation Table: Digital Privacy & Security – Do’s and Don’ts

S.N Do’s (Safe Practices) Don’ts (Unsafe Practices)

o
1 Use strong, unique passwords for each account. Don’t share passwords with others.
2 Log out from systems after use. Don’t leave your computer unlocked.
3 Update antivirus and system software regularly. Don’t disable security updates or
antivirus.
4 Use only authorized USB drives and external Don’t plug in unknown or personal
devices. USB devices.
5 Access only secure ([Link] websites. Don’t open suspicious links or
attachments.
6 Save files in your personal folder or drive. Don’t store private data on
public/shared systems.
7 Report any security issue or suspicious activity Don’t ignore system warnings or pop-
to the lab instructor. ups.
8 Use strong privacy settings for online accounts. Don’t post or share sensitive
information publicly.
9 Take regular data backups. Don’t delete or modify system files.

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10 Follow lab rules and maintain system hygiene. Don’t install unauthorized software or
games.

Result:A checklist of Do’s and Don’ts for maintaining digital privacy and security in the lab
was successfully prepared.

Conclusion:

Following proper digital safety practices protects users and systems from threats such as data
loss, malware, and unauthorized access. Maintaining privacy and security ensures a safe
digital environment in the computer lab.

10. Convert decimal numbers (e.g., 25, 64, 128) into the binary system.

Aim:

To convert given decimal numbers into their equivalent binary representations.

Procedure:

1. Take the given decimal number.

2. Divide the number by 2.
3. Record the remainder (0 or 1).
4. Continue dividing the quotient by 2 until the quotient becomes 0.
5. Write the remainders in reverse order — this gives the binary equivalent.

Observation Table: Decimal to Binary Conversion

S.N Decimal Calculation (Division by 2) Binary

o Number Equivalent
1 25 25 ÷ 2 = 12 R1 → 12 ÷ 2 = 6 R0 → 6 ÷ 2 = 3 R0 → 3 ÷ 2 11001
= 1 R1 → 1 ÷ 2 = 0 R1
2 64 64 ÷ 2 = 32 R0 → 32 ÷ 2 = 16 R0 → 16 ÷ 2 = 8 R0 → 8 ÷ 1000000
2 = 4 R0 → 4 ÷ 2 = 2 R0 → 2 ÷ 2 = 1 R0 → 1 ÷ 2 = 0 R1
3 128 128 ÷ 2 repeatedly → remainders are all 0 except the last 1 10000000

Result:

The given decimal numbers were successfully converted into binary form.

25 = 11001₂
64 = 1000000₂
128 = 10000000₂
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Conclusion:

The experiment demonstrated the process of converting decimal numbers (base 10) to binary
numbers (base 2) using repeated division by 2. Binary numbers are used in computer systems
for data storage and processing.

11. Create a table listing different types of Intellectual Property (IP) - Patent, Copyright,
Trademark, and Trade Secret - with one real-world business example for each.

Aim:

To study and list different types of Intellectual Property (IP) used in business with suitable
real-world examples.

Procedure:

1. Understand the concept of Intellectual Property and its importance in protecting

creative and business assets.
2. Identify the main types of IP — Patent, Copyright, Trademark, and Trade Secret.
3. Collect one real-world business example for each type.
4. Record the findings in the observation table.

Observation Table: Types of Intellectual Property and Business Examples

S.N Type of Description Real-World Business

o Intellectual Example Property
1 Patent Legal protection granted for inventions Apple’s iPhone design and
or technological innovations. Face ID technology.
2 Copyright Protects original literary, artistic, or Microsoft Windows software
digital creations. and logo design.
3 Trademark Protects brand names, logos, symbols, Nike’s “Swoosh” logo and
or slogans. “Just Do It” slogan.
4 Trade Secret Protects confidential business Coca-Cola’s secret beverage
information or formulas. formula.

Result:

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Different types of Intellectual Property were successfully identified and documented with real-
world examples from popular businesses.

Conclusion:

Understanding Intellectual Property helps protect innovation, creativity, and brand identity in
business. Patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets each play a crucial role in
maintaining a company’s competitive advantage.

12. Prepare a short Word document or PowerPoint slide explaining how digital businesses
protect their intellectual property (e.g., software licensing, watermarking, copyright
notices).

Aim:

To understand and document the different methods used by digital businesses to protect their
Intellectual Property (IP) from unauthorized use or copying.

Procedure:

1. Study how digital businesses create and distribute their content, software, and products.
2. Identify the common methods used to protect intellectual property online.
3. Prepare a short explanation (for Word or PowerPoint) describing these protection
techniques.
4. Record key points in the observation table.

Observation Table: Methods of Protecting Intellectual Property in Digital Business

S.N Protection Method Description / Purpose Example

o
1 Software Licensing Legal agreement that defines how Microsoft Office
users can install or use software. license, Adobe
subscription.
2 Copyright Notices Indicates legal ownership of digital “© 2025 OpenAI. All
content and prevents copying. Rights Reserved.”
3 Watermarking Embeds a logo or text into images, Shutterstock
videos, or documents to prevent watermarks on images.
misuse.
4 Digital Rights Controls how digital files are DRM in Netflix,
Management (DRM) accessed, shared, or modified. Amazon Kindle
eBooks.

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5 Encryption Protects digital data by converting it Encrypted business

into unreadable form for documents or files.
unauthorized users.

Result:

Different digital protection techniques such as software licensing, watermarking, and

encryption were identified and documented with examples.

Conclusion:

Digital businesses use multiple IP protection methods like licensing, copyright, DRM, and
encryption to secure their digital assets, prevent piracy, and protect creative and financial
interests.

13. Create a database-like table in Excel with these columns: Emp_ID, Name, Dept, DOJ,
Salary.

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary

101 Arjun HR 01-01- 50000
24
102 Meena Finance 15-02- 60000
24
103 Kiran Sales 12-03- 45000
24
104 Neha IT 25-04- 70000
24

Aim:

To create a database-like table in Microsoft Excel with employee details including Emp_ID,
Name, Dept, DOJ, and Salary.

Procedure:

1. Open Microsoft Excel.

2. In the first row, enter the column headers: Emp_ID, Name, Dept, DOJ, Salary.
3. Enter the following employee data in the corresponding rows:

Observation Table: Employee Database

Emp_I Name Dept DOJ (Date of Salary

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D Joining) (₹)
101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50,000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60,000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45,000
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70,000

Result:

A database-like table containing employee information was successfully created in Excel with
proper columns and data entries.

Conclusion:

Creating structured tables in Excel helps in storing, managing, and analyzing business data
efficiently. Columns like Emp_ID, Name, Dept, DOJ, and Salary make it easy to sort, filter, and
perform calculations on employee data.

14. Apply sorting (Salary high → low) for the above dataset.

Aim:

To sort the employee dataset in Excel based on the Salary column in descending order (High
→ Low).

Procedure:

1. Open the Excel file containing the employee dataset (Emp_ID, Name, Dept, DOJ,
Salary).
2. Select the entire dataset including the headers.
3. Go to the Data tab → Sort.
4. In the Sort dialog box, select:
o Sort by: Salary
o Order: Largest to Smallest
5. Click OK to apply the sorting.
6. Observe the dataset sorted by Salary from high to low.

Sorted Employee Table (Salary High → Low)

Emp_I Name Dept DOJ Salary

D (₹)
104 Neha IT 25-04- 70,000
24
102 Meena Finance 15-02- 60,000
24
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101 Arjun HR 01-01- 50,000

24
103 Kiran Sales 12-03- 45,000
24

Result:

The employee dataset was successfully sorted in Excel by Salary in descending order, with the
highest salary appearing first.

Conclusion:

Sorting in Excel helps to organize data efficiently, making it easy to analyze, compare, and
identify records based on specific criteria such as highest salary, latest joining date, or
department.

15. Apply filtering (Dept = Sales) for the above dataset.

Aim:

To filter the employee dataset in Excel to display only those records where the Department is
Sales.

Procedure:

1. Open the Excel file containing the employee dataset (Emp_ID, Name, Dept, DOJ,
Salary).
2. Select the entire dataset including the headers.
3. Go to the Data tab → Filter (or press Ctrl + Shift + L) to enable filtering.
4. Click the dropdown arrow in the Dept column.
5. Select Sales from the list of departments.
6. Click OK to apply the filter.
7. Observe that only employees from the Sales department are displayed.

Filtered Employee Table (Dept = Sales)

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Emp_I Nam Dept DOJ Salary

D e (₹)
103 Kiran Sales 12-03- 45,000
24

Result:

The employee dataset was successfully filtered in Excel to display only those employees whose
Department is Sales.

Conclusion:

Filtering in Excel helps to quickly extract specific information from a dataset based on criteria
such as department, salary, or date of joining, making data analysis easier and more efficient.

16. Demonstrate data types: Enter salary as text vs number and check the difference in
calculations.

Aim:

To demonstrate the difference between entering Salary as text and number in Excel and
observe its effect on calculations.

Procedure:

1. Open a new Excel sheet and create columns: Emp_ID, Name, Salary.
2. Enter employee data twice:
o Once with Salary as a number (without quotes).
o Once with Salary as text (by adding a single quote ' before the number, e.g.,
'50000).
3. Apply a SUM formula for both columns to calculate the total salary.
4. Observe the difference in calculation results.

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Observation Table: Salary as Number vs Text

Emp_ID Name Salary Salary

(Number) (Text)
101 Arjun 50,000 '50,000
102 Meena 60,000 '60,000
103 Kiran 45,000 '45,000
104 Neha 70,000 '70,000
Total 225,000 0 or Error
(SUM)

Result:

 When Salary is entered as a number, Excel correctly calculates the sum as 225,000.
 When Salary is entered as text, Excel cannot perform numerical calculations; the
SUM formula shows 0 or an error.

Conclusion:

 Numbers in Excel are used for calculations, formulas, and functions.

 Text values cannot be used in arithmetic operations.
 Correct data types are essential to ensure accurate calculations and analysis in Excel.

17. Create a chart (bar/pie) showing department-wise average salary for the same dataset.

Aim:
To create a chart (Bar or Pie) in Excel showing the department-wise average salary of employees
for easy visualization and comparison.

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the dataset:

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000
102 Meena Finance 05-02-24 60000
103 Raju Sales 10-03-24 55000
104 Sita HR 12-04-24 52000
105 John Finance 20-05-24 58000

2. List unique departments in a new column: HR, Finance, Sales.

3. Calculate average salary for each department using:
4. =AVERAGEIF(C2:C6, "HR", E2:E6)
5. =AVERAGEIF(C2:C6, "Finance", E2:E6)
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6. =AVERAGEIF(C2:C6, "Sales", E2:E6)

7. Select the Dept and Avg Salary columns.
8. Go to Insert → Chart and choose Bar/Column or Pie Chart.
9. Add Chart Title: “Department-wise Average Salary”.
10. Optionally, add Data Labels to show values on the chart.
11. Result:

Dept Avg Salary

HR 51000
Finance 59000
Sales 55000

Bar Chart Sketch:

HR | ███████████ 51000
Finance | █████████████ 59000
Sales | ██████████ 55000

Pie Chart Sketch:

HR 30%
Finance 35%
Sales 35%
Conclusion:
The department-wise average salary chart effectively visualizes salary distribution among
departments. Bar chart is best for comparing values, while pie chart shows each department’s
proportion relative to the total.

18. Convert data types and observe calculation errors for mismatched values (numeric vs text).

Aim:
To convert data types in Excel and observe calculation errors caused by mismatched values
(numeric vs text).

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the dataset with salary values as numbers:

Emp_ID Name Dept Salary

101 Arjun HR 50000
102 Meena Finance 60000
103 Raju Sales 55000

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2. Convert numeric salary to text:

o Select the Salary column → Right-click → Format Cells → Text
o Enter the same values again if needed.
3. Perform a calculation:
o Example: =SUM(D2:D4) to calculate total salary.
4. Observe the result:
o If the column is numeric → SUM works correctly.
o If the column is text → SUM may return 0 or show error.
5. Convert the text back to number:
o Select the column → Data → Text to Columns → Finish
6. Repeat SUM to verify correct calculation.

Result:

Salary Type SUM(D2:D4)

Output
Numeric 165000
Text 0
Converted 165000

Observation:

 Numeric data types perform calculations correctly.

 Text data types cause calculation errors.
 Conversion back to numeric resolves errors.

Conclusion:
Mismatched data types in Excel can lead to calculation errors. Always ensure numeric data is in
the correct format for accurate computations.

19. Create an Excel sheet with sales data and calculate the total = Qty Price.

Emp Id Name Dept DOJ Salary

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000

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Aim:To convert data types in Excel and observe calculation errors caused by mismatched values
(numeric vs text).

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the dataset with salary values as numbers:

Emp_I Name Dept Salary

D
101 Arjun HR 50000
102 Meena Finance 60000
103 Raju Sales 55000

2. Convert numeric salary to text:

o Select the Salary column
o Right-click → Format Cells → choose Text
o Re-enter the same values if required
3. Perform a calculation:
o Use the formula:
o =SUM(D2:D4)

to calculate the total salary.

4. Observe the result:

o If the column is numeric → SUM works correctly
o If the column is text → SUM may return 0 or an error
5. Convert the text back to number:
o Select the column → Data tab → Text to Columns → click Finish
6. Repeat SUM to verify correct calculation.

Result:
Salary Type SUM(D2:D4) Output
Numeric 165000
Text 0
Converted 165000

Observation:

 Numeric data types perform calculations correctly.

 Text data types cause calculation errors.
 Conversion back to numeric resolves the issue.

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Conclusion:

Mismatched data types in Excel can lead to calculation errors.

Always ensure that numeric data is in the correct format for accurate computations.

20. Apply the SUM and AVERAGE functions to calculate the total and mean price.

Aim:

To apply the SUM and AVERAGE functions in Excel to calculate the total and mean (average)
price of given data.

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the following dataset:

Product_ID Product_Name Qt Price

y
101 Pen 10 15
102 Pencil 8 10
103 Notebook 5 50
104 File 6 30
105 Marker 4 25

2. Apply the SUM function:

o In the cell below the Price column, enter:
o =SUM(D2:D6)

o This formula calculates the total price of all products.

3. Apply the AVERAGE function:
o In the next cell, enter:
o =AVERAGE(D2:D6)

o This formula calculates the average (mean) price of the products.

4. Press Enter to view the results.

Result:
Function Formula Output
SUM =SUM(D2:D6) 130
AVERAGE =AVERAGE(D2:D6) 26

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Observation:

 The SUM function adds up all numeric values in a range.

 The AVERAGE function calculates the mean value of selected cells.
 Both functions automatically update when data changes.

Conclusion:

The SUM and AVERAGE functions are useful Excel tools for quick calculations.
They help in finding the total and mean of numerical data efficiently.

21. Use IF to check if Total > 20,000 → “High Sale" else "Low Sale."

Aim:

To use the IF function in Excel to check if the total sales value is greater than 20,000 and display
“High Sale” or “Low Sale” accordingly.

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the following dataset:

Product_ID Product_Name Qty Price Total

101 Pen 200 10 =C2*D2
102 Notebook 150 50 =C3*D3
103 File 80 100 =C4*D4
104 Marker 60 50 =C5*D5

2. Calculate Total Sales:

o In the Total column, type:
o =C2*D2

oDrag the formula down for all rows.

3. Apply IF Function:
o In the next column (e.g., Sale_Status), type:
o =IF(E2>20000,"High Sale","Low Sale")

o Drag the formula down for all rows.

4. Press Enter to display results for each product.

Result:
Product_ID Product_Nam Qty Pric Total Sale_Status
e e
101 Pen 200 10 2000 Low Sale

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102 Notebook 150 50 7500 Low Sale

103 File 80 100 8000 Low Sale
104 Marker 600 50 30000 High Sale

Observation:

 The IF function checks a condition and returns one of two results.

 When Total > 20000, the result shows “High Sale.”
 Otherwise, it shows “Low Sale.”

Conclusion:

The IF function in Excel is useful for performing logical tests.

It helps classify data based on specific conditions, enabling clear and automated analysis.

22. Create a VLOOKUP formula to search product details by Prod_ID.

Aim:To create and use the VLOOKUP function in Excel to search for product details using
the Product ID (Prod_ID).

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the following dataset in Sheet1:

Prod_ID Product_Nam Price Stock

e
101 Pen 10 500
102 Pencil 5 300
103 Notebook 50 200
104 File 30 150
105 Marker 25 400

2. Create a search section in the same or another sheet (e.g., Sheet2):

Search Prod_ID Product_Name Pric Stock

e
103

3. Apply the VLOOKUP function:

o In the cell for Product_Name, type:
o =VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet1!A2:D6,2,FALSE)

o For Price, type:

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o =VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet1!A2:D6,3,FALSE)

o For Stock, type:

o =VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet1!A2:D6,4,FALSE)

4. Press Enter to display the results.

o The product details for the entered Prod_ID will appear automatically.

Result:
Search Prod_ID Product_Name Pric Stock
e
103 Notebook 50 200

Observation:

 The VLOOKUP function searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a
corresponding value from another column in the same row.
 Using FALSE ensures an exact match.

Conclusion:

The VLOOKUP function is an efficient Excel tool for searching and retrieving data from large
datasets based on a unique identifier (like Prod_ID).

23. Create a Pivot Table summarising total sales by product.

Aim:To create a Pivot Table in Excel to summarize total sales by product.

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the following dataset:

Prod_ID Product_Name Qty Pric Total

e
101 Pen 200 10 =C2*D2
102 Pencil 150 5 =C3*D3
103 Notebook 100 50 =C4*D4
104 File 80 30 =C5*D5
105 Marker 60 25 =C6*D6

2. Calculate Total Sales:

o In the Total column, use the formula:
o =C2*D2

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o Drag the formula down to fill all rows.

3. Insert Pivot Table:
o Select the entire dataset.
o Go to the Insert tab → Click PivotTable.
o Choose New Worksheet → Click OK.
4. Build the Pivot Table:
o In the PivotTable Field List:
 Drag Product_Name to the Rows area.
 Drag Total to the Values area.
o The Pivot Table will automatically display the sum of Total Sales for each
product.
5. Format the Pivot Table (optional):
o Go to PivotTable Tools → Design tab → Choose a style for better readability.

Result:
Product_Name Sum of Total
Pen 2000
Pencil 750
Notebook 5000
File 2400
Marker 1500
Grand Total 11650

Observation:

 The Pivot Table automatically summarizes and organizes data.

 It calculates totals efficiently without manually writing formulas.
 Data can be quickly rearranged by dragging fields.

Conclusion:

A Pivot Table in Excel is a powerful tool for summarizing large datasets.

It helps to easily analyze and compare total sales or other key metrics by categories such as
products, departments, or regions.

24. Create a chart (column chart) of sales by product.

Aim:

To create a Column Chart in Excel to visually represent sales by product.

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Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the following dataset:

Prod_I Product_Name Qt Price Total

D y
101 Pen 20 10 2000
0
102 Pencil 15 5 750
0
103 Notebook 10 50 5000
0
104 File 80 30 2400
105 Marker 60 25 1500

2. Select Data for Chart:

o Highlight the Product_Name and Total columns.
3. Insert Column Chart:
o Go to the Insert tab → Charts group → Click Column Chart → Choose
Clustered Column.
4. Customize the Chart:
o Add Chart Title: “Sales by Product”
o Add Axis Titles:
 Horizontal Axis → “Product Name”
 Vertical Axis → “Total Sales”
o Format bars with different colors (optional).
5. Save the Chart:
o You can resize or move the chart for better presentation.
o Save the Excel file.

Result:

A Column Chart is displayed showing total sales for each product.

Product_Nam Total Sales

e
Pen 2000
Pencil 750
Notebook 5000
File 2400
Marker 1500

Chart Example:
A vertical column chart showing each product on the X-axis and total sales on the Y-axis.

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Observation:

 The Column Chart provides a clear visual comparison of sales data.

 Products with higher sales are easily identifiable.
 Visual charts enhance data interpretation and presentation quality.

Conclusion:

A Column Chart effectively represents quantitative data.

It helps to compare sales performance among different products quickly and clearly.

25. Using the given data, create a Pivot Table in Excel to find the total and average salary by
department

Employee Department Salary (Rs.)

Name
A Sales 3000
B Accounts 4000
C Marketing 5000
D Sales 6000
E Accounts 4000
F Marketing 8000

Aim: To create a Pivot Table in Excel to find the Total and Average Salary by department.

Procedure:

1. Open Excel and enter the following dataset:

Employee Name Departmen Salary (Rs.)

t
A Sales 3000
B Accounts 4000
C Marketing 5000
D Sales 6000
E Accounts 4000
F Marketing 8000

2. Select the dataset.

o Click and drag to select all three columns.

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3. Insert a Pivot Table:

o Go to the Insert tab → Click PivotTable.
o Choose New Worksheet → Click OK.
4. Build the Pivot Table:
o Drag Department to the Rows area.
o Drag Salary (Rs.) to the Values area twice:
 The first one will show the Sum of Salary (Total Salary).
 For the second one:
 Click the drop-down → Value Field Settings → Select Average
→ Click OK.
5. Rename Fields (Optional):
o Rename the first field to Total Salary.
o Rename the second field to Average Salary.

Result:
Department Total Salary (Rs.) Average Salary (Rs.)
Accounts 8000 4000
Marketing 13000 6500
Sales 9000 4500
Grand 30000
Total

Observation:

 The Pivot Table effectively summarizes salary data by department.

 It automatically calculates both total and average values.
 Pivot Tables are dynamic and update automatically when source data changes.

Conclusion:

The Pivot Table is a powerful Excel tool for summarizing and analyzing large datasets.
It helps to quickly find total and average values grouped by categories such as departments.

26. Identify OS details (Windows/Linux/macOS version) of your system.

Aim: To identify the operating system (OS) details, including name, version, and build, of the
system in use (Windows/Linux/macOS).

Procedure

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1. Windows

1. Press Win + R, type winver, and press Enter to check the Windows version.
2. Alternatively, open Command Prompt:
3. systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version"

4. Note down the OS Name, Version, and Build Number.

2. Linux

1. Open the Terminal.

2. Type:
3. lsb_release -a

or

cat /etc/os-release

4. Record the Distribution, Version, and Codename.

3. macOS

1. Click Apple Menu → About This Mac to view OS details.

2. Alternatively, open Terminal and type:
3. sw_vers

4. Record the Product Name, Version, and Build.

Result

System Version Build / Codename

Windows Microsoft Windows 10 Pro 10.0.19045 19045
Linux Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS jammy
macOS macOS 13.5 22G90

Conclusion

The experiment successfully identified the operating system details of the system, including its
name, version, and build. This helps in verifying system compatibility for software installation
and understanding the system environment for troubleshooting or administrative tasks.

27. Use a utility software: compress a folder into .zip and extract it.

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Aim

To use utility software to compress a folder into a .zip file and then extract its contents.

Procedure

1. Compress a Folder into .zip

1. Locate the folder you want to compress.

2. Windows:
o Right-click the folder → Select Send to → Compressed (zipped) folder.
o A .zip file will be created in the same location.
3. Linux (using Terminal):
4. zip -r [Link] foldername/

5. macOS:
o Right-click the folder → Select Compress “foldername”.
o A .zip file is created in the same location.

2. Extract a .zip File

1. Locate the .zip file.

2. Windows:
o Right-click the .zip file → Select Extract All… → Choose destination → Click
Extract.
3. Linux (using Terminal):
4. unzip [Link] -d destination_folder

5. macOS:
o Double-click the .zip file → The contents are extracted in the same location.

Result

 A folder is successfully compressed into a .zip file.

 The .zip file is successfully extracted, and the original files/folders are restored.

Operation Status
Compress Successful
folder
Extract folder Successful

Conclusion

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The experiment demonstrates the use of utility software to efficiently compress files and folders
into a .zip format for storage or transfer and to extract them when needed. This helps in saving
storage space and managing files conveniently.

28. Create a Word document; insert a heading, table, image, and apply styles.

Aim

To create a Microsoft Word document and demonstrate formatting by inserting a heading, table,
image, and applying styles.

Procedure

1. Create a Word Document

1. Open Microsoft Word.

2. Click File → New → Blank Document.

2. Insert a Heading

1. Type the heading (e.g., “Student Information”).

2. Select the text → Go to Home → Styles → Choose Heading 1.

3. Insert a Table

1. Place the cursor where the table is needed.

2. Go to Insert → Table → Choose size (e.g., 3 × 4).
3. Enter data in the table. Example:

Name Department Salary (Rs.)

A Sales 3000
B Accounts 4000
C Marketing 5000

4. Apply table styles from Table Design tab (e.g., Shaded Style).

4. Insert an Image

1. Place the cursor where you want the image.

2. Go to Insert → Pictures → This Device (or Online Pictures).
3. Select an image → Click Insert.
4. Resize and position the image as needed.

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5. Apply Styles

1. Highlight headings, table text, and other content.

2. Use Font styles, Bold, Italic, Color, and Paragraph alignment from the Home tab.
3. Ensure uniform formatting for professional appearance.

Result

 A Word document is successfully created with:

o A formatted heading.
o A table displaying data.
o An inserted image.
o Applied styles for better readability and presentation.

Conclusion

The experiment demonstrates the creation and formatting of a Word document by inserting
headings, tables, images, and applying styles. It helps in producing professional, well-structured
documents suitable for reports, assignments, or official communication.

29. Perform a Mail Merge for an interview call letter to 5 candidates.

Aim

To perform a Mail Merge in Microsoft Word to generate interview call letters for multiple
candidates using a data source.

Procedure

1. Prepare the Data Source

1. Open Microsoft Excel.

2. Create a spreadsheet with candidate details, for example:

Candidate Name Position Date Time Venue

A Developer 25-10-2025 10 AM Office Room 101
B Designer 25-10-2025 11 AM Office Room 101
C Tester 26-10-2025 10 AM Office Room 102
D Manager 26-10-2025 11 AM Office Room 102
E Analyst 27-10-2025 10 AM Office Room 103

3. Save the Excel file (e.g., [Link]).

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2. Create the Main Document in Word

1. Open Microsoft Word → New Document.

2. Type the interview call letter content. Example:

Dear <Candidate Name>,

We are pleased to invite you for the position of <Position> at our company.

Date: <Date>
Time: <Time>
Venue: <Venue>

Please carry your resume and relevant documents.

Regards,
HR Department
3. Start Mail Merge

1. Go to Mailings → Start Mail Merge → Letters.

2. Click Select Recipients → Use an Existing List → Choose [Link].
3. Insert Merge Fields where placeholders exist:
o <Candidate Name> → Insert Merge Field → Candidate Name
o <Position> → Insert Merge Field → Position
o <Date> → Insert Merge Field → Date
o <Time> → Insert Merge Field → Time
o <Venue> → Insert Merge Field → Venue

4. Preview and Complete the Merge

1. Click Preview Results to check each letter.

2. Click Finish & Merge → Edit Individual Documents to generate letters for all 5
candidates.
3. Save or print the letters.

Result

 5 interview call letters are generated, each personalized with the candidate’s name,
position, date, time, and venue.

Conclusion

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The Mail Merge feature allows for the efficient creation of personalized documents for multiple
recipients. It saves time and reduces errors in manual document preparation, making it ideal for
interview call letters, invitations, or certificates.

30. Prepare a resume in MS Word.

Aim

To create a professional resume using Microsoft Word, demonstrating formatting, styles, and
proper document structure.

Procedure

1. Open Word

1. Open Microsoft Word → New Document.

2. Choose a blank document or a predefined resume template.

2. Add Heading

1. Type your Name at the top of the document.

2. Apply Heading 1 style, bold, and center alignment.
3. Below the name, add contact details:
o Address
o Phone number
o Email ID

3. Add Sections

Create the following standard sections:

1. Objective / Career Summary

o Example:
“To secure a challenging position in a reputed organization where I can utilize
my skills and contribute to organizational growth.”
2. Educational Qualifications
o Insert a table for clarity:

Qualification Institution Year Percentage/Grade

[Link] Computer Science ABC 2023 85%
University
HSC XYZ College 2020 88%

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3. Skills
o Example: MS Office, C Programming, Data Analysis
4. Experience / Internships (if any)
o Example:
 Internship at XYZ Company, June–Aug 2024
5. Achievements / Certifications
o Example: Certified in Python Programming, 2023
6. References
o Optional: “Available on request.”

4. Format and Style

1. Use bold for section headings.

2. Use bullet points for lists like skills or achievements.
3. Align tables and text properly for readability.
4. Apply consistent font style (e.g., Calibri, 11–12 pt).

Result

 A professional resume is prepared in Word with:

o Heading and contact details
o Educational qualifications in table format
o Skills, experience, achievements, and references
o Consistent formatting and styling

Conclusion

Creating a resume in MS Word allows for a well-organized, visually appealing, and professional
presentation of personal, educational, and professional information. Proper formatting and
structure increase readability and improve chances of making a positive impression on potential
employers.

31. Design a PowerPoint (5 slides) about "Digital Business Trends" with transitions and images.

Aim

To design a PowerPoint presentation with 5 slides on “Digital Business Trends,” incorporating

images, transitions, and proper formatting.

Procedure

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1. Open PowerPoint

1. Open Microsoft PowerPoint → Blank Presentation.

2. Choose a theme suitable for business or technology.

2. Create Slides

1. Slide 1 – Title Slide

o Title: Digital Business Trends
o Subtitle: Your Name / Date / Organization (optional)
o Insert an appropriate cover image.
2. Slide 2 – Introduction
o Brief overview of digital business trends.
o Example points:
 Rise of e-commerce
 Mobile-first business strategies
o Insert a relevant image or icon.
3. Slide 3 – Key Trends
o Use bullet points to list 3–4 key trends:
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in business
 Cloud Computing and SaaS
 Data-driven decision making
o Insert icons/images representing each trend.
4. Slide 4 – Impact on Businesses
o Explain the effects of digital trends:
 Enhanced customer experience
 Increased operational efficiency
 New revenue streams
o Add a chart or image for visualization.
5. Slide 5 – Conclusion / Future Outlook
o Summarize the importance of adapting digital trends.
o Example: “Businesses embracing digital transformation are better positioned for
growth and innovation.”
o Include a relevant image or icon.

3. Apply Transitions

1. Select each slide → Go to Transitions tab.

2. Choose slide transition (e.g., Fade, Push, Wipe).
3. Apply same or different transitions for visual appeal.
4. Optionally, set duration and automatic timing.

4. Add Animations (Optional)

1. Select text or images → Go to Animations tab.

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2. Apply entrance effects like Appear, Fly In, or Fade.

Result

 A 5-slide PowerPoint presentation on Digital Business Trends is created with:

o Appropriate title, headings, and content
o Relevant images for visualization
o Slide transitions for smooth flow
o Consistent formatting and professional layout

Conclusion

The experiment demonstrates the creation of a professional PowerPoint presentation,

highlighting digital business trends using slides, images, transitions, and optional animations.
This enhances audience engagement and effectively communicates key information in a visually
appealing manner.

32. Create a PowerPoint with 4 slides explaining ERP, CRM, DBMS, and their business benefits.

Aim

To create a PowerPoint presentation explaining ERP, CRM, DBMS, and their benefits for
businesses in 4 slides.

Procedure

1. Open PowerPoint

1. Open Microsoft PowerPoint → Blank Presentation.

2. Choose a professional theme suitable for business or IT topics.

2. Create Slides

Slide 1 – Title Slide

 Title: ERP, CRM, and DBMS in Business

 Subtitle: Your Name / Date / Organization (optional)
 Insert an appropriate business-related image.

Slide 2 – ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

 Definition: Integrates all business processes into a unified system.

 Examples: SAP, Oracle ERP, Microsoft Dynamics.

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 Business Benefits:
o Streamlined operations
o Real-time data access
o Better resource management
 Add an image or diagram of ERP modules.

Slide 3 – CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

 Definition: Manages company interactions with customers.

 Examples: Salesforce, Zoho CRM, HubSpot.
 Business Benefits:
o Improved customer satisfaction
o Enhanced sales tracking
o Personalized marketing
 Insert an icon or chart showing customer lifecycle.

Slide 4 – DBMS (Database Management System)

 Definition: Software to store, manage, and retrieve data efficiently.

 Examples: MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server.
 Business Benefits:
o Centralized data storage
o Faster and accurate data retrieval
o Supports decision-making and reporting
 Include a diagram or screenshot of database structure.

3. Add Transitions and Animations

1. Go to Transitions tab → Select slide transitions (e.g., Fade, Push).

2. Optionally, animate bullet points or images using the Animations tab.

Result

 A 4-slide PowerPoint is created with:

o Clear explanations of ERP, CRM, DBMS
o Business benefits listed for each system
o Images/diagrams for visual understanding
o Slide transitions and optional animations for presentation flow

Conclusion

The presentation demonstrates the role of ERP, CRM, and DBMS in improving business
operations, customer relations, and data management. Using PowerPoint enhances clarity,
engagement, and effective communication of these key business systems.

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33. List out the shortcut keys used in MS Excel.

1. Basic Operations

Shortcut Function
Key
Ctrl + N Create a new workbook
Ctrl + O Open an existing workbook
Ctrl + S Save the workbook
F12 Save As
Ctrl + P Print the workbook
Ctrl + W Close the workbook

2. Navigation

Shortcut Key Function

Arrow Keys Move one cell up/down/left/right
Ctrl + Arrow Move to the edge of data region
Keys
Home Move to the beginning of the row
Ctrl + Home Move to the beginning of the worksheet
Ctrl + End Move to the last cell with data

3. Formatting

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + B Bold text
Ctrl + I Italic text
Ctrl + U Underline text
Ctrl + 1 Open Format Cells dialog
Alt + E, S, V Paste Special

4. Editing

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + C Copy selected cells
Ctrl + X Cut selected cells
Ctrl + V Paste
Delete Clear cell contents
Ctrl + Z Undo
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Ctrl + Y Redo
F2 Edit active cell

5. Data Operations

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + Shift + L Apply/Remove Filter
Alt + = AutoSum selected cells
Ctrl + ; Insert current date
Ctrl + Shift + "+" Insert new row or column
Ctrl + "-" Delete selected row or column

6. Worksheet & Workbook Management

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + Page Up Move to previous sheet
Ctrl + Page Down Move to next sheet
Shift + F11 Insert new worksheet
Ctrl + Tab Switch between open workbooks

7. Miscellaneous

Shortcut Key Function

F1 Open Help
F4 Repeat last action
Ctrl + F Find
Ctrl + H Replace
Ctrl + K Insert hyperlink

34. List out the shortcut keys used in MS Word.

1. Basic Operations

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + N Create a new document
Ctrl + O Open an existing document
Ctrl + S Save the document
F12 Save As
Ctrl + P Print the document

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Ctrl + W Close the document

Ctrl + Q Remove paragraph formatting

2. Navigation

Shortcut Key Function

Arrow Keys Move cursor up/down/left/right
Ctrl + Arrow Keys Move cursor word by word
Home Move to the beginning of the line
End Move to the end of the line
Ctrl + Home Move to the beginning of the document
Ctrl + End Move to the end of the document
Page Up Move up one screen
Page Down Move down one screen

3. Formatting Text

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + B Bold text
Ctrl + I Italic text
Ctrl + U Underline text
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase font size
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease font size
Ctrl + E Center alignment
Ctrl + L Left alignment
Ctrl + R Right alignment
Ctrl + J Justify text
Ctrl + D Open Font dialog box
Ctrl + Shift + Change text to uppercase
A

4. Editing

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + C Copy selected text
Ctrl + X Cut selected text

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Ctrl + V Paste text

Ctrl + Z Undo
Ctrl + Y Redo
Ctrl + F Find text
Ctrl + H Replace text
Ctrl + A Select all content
F2 Move text
Ctrl + Shift + Z Restore original formatting

5. Working with Documents

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + Enter Insert page break
Ctrl + Shift + Apply Normal style
N
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Apply Heading 1 style
Ctrl + Alt + 2 Apply Heading 2 style
Ctrl + Alt + 3 Apply Heading 3 style
Alt + Shift + D Insert current date
Alt + Shift + T Insert current time

6. Miscellaneous

Shortcut Key Function

F7 Spell check
Shift + F7 Thesaurus
Ctrl + K Insert hyperlink
Ctrl + Shift + Copy formatting
C
Ctrl + Shift + Paste formatting
V
Alt + Ctrl + I Print preview
Alt + F4 Close Word application

35. Compare and contrast different network topologies (Star, Bus, Ring, Mesh).

Aim

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To compare and contrast different network topologies: Star, Bus, Ring, and Mesh in terms of
structure, advantages, and disadvantages.

Comparison Table

Feature/Topology Star Bus Ring Mesh

Structure All devices All devices are Devices are connected Every device is
are connected connected to a in a closed loop; data connected to
to a central single backbone travels in one or both every other
hub or cable. directions. device.
switch.
Data Flow Data passes Data flows along Data travels around Data can take
through the the single the ring until it multiple paths
central hub. backbone cable; reaches the to reach the
all devices see destination. destination.
the data.
Advantages - Easy to - Simple and - Data flows in an - Highly
install and inexpensive orderly manner reliable
manage - Requires less - Easy fault isolation - Fault tolerant
- Failure of cabling - Fast data
one device transmission
doesn’t affect
others
Disadvantages - Central hub - Backbone - Failure of a single - Expensive
failure affects failure disrupts device can disrupt - Complex
whole entire network network installation and
network - Performance - Difficult to configure maintenance
- More decreases with - Requires more
cabling more devices cabling
required
Cost Moderate Low Moderate High
Scalability Easy to add Limited by Adding/removing Very scalable
new devices backbone length devices can disrupt but costly
network

Conclusion

 Star topology is commonly used in offices and LANs due to easy management.
 Bus topology is simple and cheap but not ideal for large networks.
 Ring topology ensures orderly data flow but is sensitive to device failure.
 Mesh topology is the most reliable and fault-tolerant, suitable for critical systems, but it
is costly and complex.

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36. Prepare the list of networking devices and their functions.

Networking Devices and Their Functions

Device Function
Router Connects multiple networks (e.g., LAN to Internet), directs data
packets, assigns IP addresses.
Switch Connects multiple devices within a LAN, forwards data only to the
intended device using MAC addresses.
Hub Connects multiple devices in a network; broadcasts data to all
connected devices (less efficient than a switch).
Modem Converts digital signals to analog for transmission over telephone lines
and vice versa; connects a network to the Internet.
Access Point (AP) Provides wireless connectivity to devices in a LAN, often extends
network coverage.
Network Interface Hardware component in a computer or device that allows it to connect
Card (NIC) to a network.
Repeater Amplifies or regenerates network signals to extend the transmission
distance.
Gateway Connects two different types of networks (e.g., LAN to WAN) and
translates protocols if necessary.
Firewall Monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic to secure
the network from unauthorized access.
Bridge Connects two or more LAN segments, filters traffic to reduce network
congestion.
Cables (Ethernet, Physical medium for transmitting data between network devices.
Fiber, etc.)
Patch Panel Centralized panel that organizes and connects network cables for easier
management.
Load Balancer Distributes network or application traffic across multiple servers for
performance and redundancy.
Proxy Server Acts as an intermediary between clients and servers, can improve
security, caching, and anonymity.

37. Find IP address and DNS of your system (Hint: Command Prompt → ipconfig).

To find the IP address and DNS server addresses of the system using Command Prompt.

Procedure

1. Press Win + R, type cmd, and press Enter to open Command Prompt.
2. Type the command:
3. ipconfig /all
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4. Press Enter.
5. Look for the following information under the network adapter you are using (e.g.,
Ethernet adapter or Wi-Fi adapter):
o IPv4 Address → This is your system’s IP address.
o Subnet Mask → Network mask.
o Default Gateway → Router address.
o DNS Servers → Addresses of DNS servers used by your system.

Sample Output

Ethernet adapter Ethernet:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : [Link]

IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
[Link]

Result

 IP Address: [Link]
 Subnet Mask: [Link]
 Default Gateway: [Link]
 DNS Servers: [Link], [Link]

(Actual values depend on your network configuration.)

Conclusion

The experiment demonstrates how to use Command Prompt to identify the IP address and DNS
server of a system. This information is essential for network troubleshooting, configuration, and
connectivity verification.

38. Perform a Google search on “Digital Marketing Tools" and list the top 5 results.

Aim

To perform a Google search on “Digital Marketing Tools” and list the top 5 results, analyzing
their relevance and content.

Procedure
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1. Open a web browser (e.g., Chrome, Edge, Firefox).

2. Go to [Link].
3. In the search bar, type:
4. Digital Marketing Tools

5. Press Enter.
6. Observe the search results on the first page.
7. Note down the top 5 relevant links along with a brief description of their content.

Result

The top 5 results from the Google search are:

S.N Website / Link Description

o
1 Zapier – The 20+ Best Digital Lists 20+ tools categorized by function, includes
Marketing Tools SEMrush, Canva, Mailchimp, Buffer.
2 Buffer – 29 Budget-Friendly Highlights 29 tools suitable for small businesses,
Digital Marketing Tools including Canva, Google Analytics, Mailchimp.
3 The CMO – 28 Best Digital Curated list of 28 platforms for SEO, social media,
Marketing Platforms content marketing, analytics.
4 Hootsuite – 31 Best Digital 31 tools categorized for SEO, social media, email
Marketing Tools marketing, and analytics.
5 WebFX – 50 of the Best Digital Extensive list of 50 tools across SEO, web design,
Marketing Tools automation, and analytics.

Conclusion

The experiment successfully demonstrates how to perform a Google search and identify the top
resources for digital marketing tools. These resources provide marketers with comprehensive
lists of tools for SEO, social media, content marketing, email campaigns, and analytics. The
search shows that reliable websites like Zapier, Buffer, Hootsuite, The CMO, and WebFX are
valuable references for selecting appropriate digital marketing tools for different business needs.

39. Compare two e-commerce websites (e.g., Amazon vs Flipkart) with respect to features,
delivery, and offers.

Aim

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To compare Amazon and Flipkart in terms of features, delivery, and offers.

Comparison Table

Feature / Amazon Flipkart

Aspect
Website & - User-friendly interface - Simple interface with easy navigation
App Features - Advanced search filters - Smart search and filters
- Product recommendations based on - Flipkart Plus membership for rewards
AI - Multiple payment options including
- Supports multiple payment options EMI, wallets, and UPI
including EMI, UPI, and wallets - Personalization based on purchase
- Amazon Prime for premium history
features
Product - Extensive categories: Electronics, - Wide categories: Electronics,
Categories Fashion, Home, Books, Grocery, etc. Fashion, Home, Books, Appliances,
- Third-party sellers along with etc.
Amazon-owned products - Major focus on electronics and
fashion with many third-party sellers
Delivery & - Amazon Prime: 1–2 day delivery in - Flipkart Plus: Fast delivery (1–3 days)
Logistics most cities in major cities
- Standard delivery: 3–7 days - Standard delivery: 3–7 days
- Global shipping for selected - Focused on domestic shipping
products - Real-time tracking
- Real-time tracking
Offers & - Daily deals, lightning deals, festive - Big Billion Days sale, daily discounts
Discounts sales (Amazon Great Indian Festival) - Flipkart Plus rewards and cashback
- Exclusive Prime member discounts - Bank and card-specific offers,
- Bank and card-specific cashback exchange offers
offers
Customer - 24/7 customer support via chat, - Customer support through app, chat,
Support email, and phone and phone
- Easy return and replacement - Return and replacement policies are
policies competitive but vary by seller
Additional - Amazon Pay, Prime Video, - Flipkart Pay Later, Video streaming
Services Amazon Music, Kindle services via Flipkart Video, Flipkart SuperCoins
rewards

Conclusion

 Amazon excels in product variety, global shipping, and features like Amazon Prime,
making it suitable for a wide audience seeking faster delivery and additional services.
 Flipkart focuses on domestic customers, electronics, and fashion with attractive sales
events like Big Billion Days.

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 Both platforms are competitive in offers and delivery, but Amazon Prime offers faster
and more reliable delivery in many regions, whereas Flipkart Plus rewards and sale
events are appealing to cost-conscious buyers.

40. Analyse a company's social media account (e.g., Zomato on Instagram). Make a table:
Content Type vs Engagement.

Aim

To analyze the social media engagement of Zomato’s Instagram account by categorizing

content types and measuring user engagement.

Procedure

1. Open Instagram and search for Zomato’s official account.

2. Observe the recent posts (e.g., last 10–15 posts).
3. Categorize each post by Content Type:
o Promotional (offers, discounts)
o Informative (food facts, hygiene tips, recipe ideas)
o Entertaining (memes, humorous content)
o User-Generated Content (photos/videos from customers)
4. Record Engagement Metrics for each post:
o Likes
o Comments
o Shares / Saves (if visible)
5. Calculate average engagement per content type.

Result

Content Type Example Post Likes Comments Engagement Insights

(Approx.) (Approx.)
Promotional Discounts on 8,000 150 High reach during sale
orders, combo campaigns
offers
Informative Food facts, hygiene 4,500 80 Moderate engagement;
tips audience values tips
Entertaining Memes, funny food 10,000 300 Highest engagement;
content humor attracts attention
User-Generated Customer photos of 6,000 120 Good engagement;
Content food ordered via builds community trust
app

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Conclusion

 Entertaining content generates the highest engagement on Zomato’s Instagram.

 Promotional posts attract attention during offers but have moderate comments.
 Informative posts engage users looking for knowledge and tips.
 User-generated content builds brand loyalty and encourages interaction.

41. Run a speed test ([Link]) and record Download/Upload speed.

Aim

To measure the Download and Upload speed of the internet connection using an online speed
test.

Procedure

1. Open a web browser and go to [Link]

2. Click the “Go” button to start the speed test.
3. Wait for the test to complete; it will measure:
o Download speed (how fast data is received)
o Upload speed (how fast data is sent)
o Ping (latency of the connection)
4. Record the results displayed on the screen.
5. Optionally, repeat the test 3 times to get an average.

Result

Parameter Result (Example)

Download 75 Mbps
Speed
Upload Speed 18 Mbps
Ping 15 ms

(Actual results will depend on your network and time of testing.)

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Conclusion

The experiment successfully measured the internet connection speed using [Link]. The
results indicate the connection’s efficiency in data transfer:

 Download speed shows how quickly files and content can be received.
 Upload speed shows how fast files can be sent.
 Ping measures latency, which affects real-time applications like video calls and online
gaming.

Observation: This test helps in evaluating network performance for personal or professional use
and troubleshooting slow connections.

42. Share a file via Bluetooth or LAN cable and document the steps.

Aim

To transfer a file from one system to another using Bluetooth or LAN cable and document the
steps.

Procedure

Option 1: File Transfer via Bluetooth

1. Enable Bluetooth on both devices (sender and receiver).

o On Windows: Settings → Devices → Bluetooth & other devices → Turn on.
2. Pair the devices:
o On the sending device, search for available devices and select the receiver.
o Accept the pairing request on the receiving device.
3. Send the File:
o Right-click the file → Select Send to → Bluetooth device.
o Choose the paired device → Click Next / Send.
4. Receive the File:
o Accept the file transfer on the receiving device.
o Wait for the transfer to complete.

Option 2: File Transfer via LAN Cable

1. Connect both computers using an Ethernet (LAN) cable.

2. Enable Network Sharing on both devices:
o Control Panel → Network and Sharing Center → Change advanced sharing
settings → Turn on file and printer sharing.
3. Share the Folder/File:

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oRight-click the folder/file → Select Properties → Sharing → Share.

oChoose the users or Everyone → Click Share.
4. Access the Shared File:
o On the receiving computer, open File Explorer → Network.
o Find the sending computer’s shared folder → Copy the file to the local system.

Result

Method Status Remarks

Bluetooth Successful File sent in a few seconds; suitable for small files
LAN Successful Fast transfer; suitable for large files
Cable

Conclusion

 Bluetooth is convenient for small file transfers without cables but slower.
 LAN cable provides faster and reliable transfer for large files between computers on the
same network.
 Both methods are effective for sharing files, depending on file size and device proximity.

43. Create a Google Drive/Dropbox account, upload and share a file with a peer.

Aim

To create a Google Drive / Dropbox account, upload a file, and share it with a peer.

Procedure

Option 1: Using Google Drive

1. Open a web browser and go to [Link]

2. Sign in using a Google account.
o If you don’t have an account, click Create account → For myself and follow the
steps.
3. Click New → File upload to upload the desired file from your system.
4. Once uploaded, right-click the file → Share.
5. Enter the email address of the peer you want to share the file with.
6. Choose Editor / Viewer / Commenter access and click Send.
7. The peer receives a link to access the file.

Option 2: Using Dropbox

1. Open a web browser and go to [Link]

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2. Click Sign up and create a Dropbox account.

3. After login, click Upload → Files to upload the desired file.
4. Once uploaded, click Share → Create link.
5. Copy the link and share it with your peer via email, chat, or any messaging platform.

Result

Platform File Upload Sharing Status Remarks

Status
Google Successful Shared via email Peer can view or edit based on
Drive link access
Dropbox Successful Shared via link Peer can download or view file

Conclusion

The experiment demonstrates cloud-based file storage and sharing.

 Cloud platforms like Google Drive and Dropbox allow users to store, access, and share
files securely from anywhere.
 Sharing files via email or link simplifies collaboration, and access permissions control
how the file is used.

44. Prepare a table with SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS examples and their business use.

Cloud Service Example Business

Model s Use
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS

Cloud Service Models Comparison

Cloud Service Examples Business Use

Model
SaaS (Software Google Workspace, Provides ready-to-use software over the internet;
as a Service) Microsoft 365, businesses use it for email, CRM, collaboration,
Salesforce, Zoom video conferencing, and productivity without
managing infrastructure.
PaaS (Platform Google App Engine, Provides a platform for developers to build, test,
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as a Service) Microsoft Azure App and deploy applications without managing

Services, Heroku underlying infrastructure; accelerates software
development.
IaaS Amazon Web Services Provides virtualized computing resources like
(Infrastructure (AWS), Microsoft servers, storage, and networking; businesses use
as a Service) Azure, Google Cloud it for hosting websites, databases, disaster
Platform recovery, and scalable infrastructure.

Conclusion

 SaaS delivers software applications directly to users over the internet, reducing the need
for installation and maintenance.
 PaaS provides a development and deployment platform, helping businesses focus on
coding rather than managing hardware or software infrastructure.
 IaaS offers complete infrastructure resources on-demand, enabling businesses to scale
and manage IT infrastructure efficiently.

45. Compare Public, Private, and Hybrid clouds with examples in a table.

Cloud Deployment Models Comparison

Cloud Description Examples Business Use / Advantages

Type
Public Cloud services are delivered Amazon Web Cost-effective; scalable; no
Cloud over the internet and shared Services (AWS), infrastructure management;
among multiple Microsoft Azure, suitable for startups, web apps,
organizations. Google Cloud and general-purpose
Platform workloads.
Private Cloud infrastructure is VMware vSphere, Provides higher security and
Cloud dedicated to a single OpenStack, control; suitable for sensitive
organization, either on- Microsoft Azure data, banking, healthcare, and
premises or hosted by a Stack large enterprises.
provider.
Hybrid Combines public and Microsoft Azure + Offers flexibility, cost-
Cloud private clouds, allowing On-Premise Servers, efficiency, and security;
data and applications to AWS + Private suitable for businesses
move between them. Cloud requiring both public
scalability and private security.

Conclusion

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 Public Cloud is ideal for businesses seeking low-cost, scalable solutions with minimal
management.
 Private Cloud suits organizations needing full control and high security.
 Hybrid Cloud provides a balanced approach, combining the advantages of public and
private clouds for flexible, secure, and cost-effective operations.

46. Create a strong password and test it on an online strength checker like "How Secure is My
Password."

Aim

To create a strong password and test its strength using an online password strength checker.

Procedure

1. Open a web browser and go to [Link]

2. Create a strong password following these guidelines:
o Minimum 12 characters
o Combination of uppercase and lowercase letters
o Include numbers and special characters (!@#$%^&*)
o Avoid dictionary words or personal information
3. Enter the password into the strength checker field.
4. Observe the estimated time to crack and the strength rating.
5. Optionally, test different variations to compare strength.

Example

Password Example Strength Time to Crack Remarks

Rating
R3d$!P@ssw0rd2025 Very Centuries / Meets all criteria: uppercase, lowercase,
Strong Very long numbers, special characters, and length
Password123 Weak Seconds / Too simple; uses dictionary word and
Instant predictable numbers

Result

 The password R3d$!P@ssw0rd2025 was rated very strong.

 Estimated time to crack: centuries (virtually unbreakable with current technology).
 Password follows best practices for security.

Conclusion

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 Strong passwords are crucial for protecting online accounts.

 Combining length, uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and special characters increases
password strength.
 Online tools like How Secure is My Password help users assess the security of their
passwords before use.

47. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for a Gmail account and show the authentication
process.

Aim

To enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for a Gmail account and demonstrate the
authentication process to enhance account security.

Procedure

1. Sign in to Gmail:
o Open [Link] and log in to your account.
2. Go to Google Account Settings:
o Click on your profile picture → Manage your Google Account.
o Select Security from the left panel.
3. Enable 2-Step Verification:
o Scroll down to “Signing in to Google” → Click 2-Step Verification.
o Click Get Started.
4. Set up the authentication method:
o Phone number verification: Enter your mobile number → choose Text message
(SMS) or Phone call → Click Next.
o Enter the verification code sent to your phone → Click Next.
5. Confirm 2FA Activation:
o Click Turn On to enable 2FA.
o Optionally, set up backup codes, Google Authenticator app, or security keys
for additional security.
6. Authentication Process (Login Example):
o Sign out and log in again.
o After entering your password, Google will prompt for a verification code.
o Enter the code received via SMS, call, or authenticator app to access your
account.

Result

Ste Action Outcome

p
1 Log in to Gmail Accessed account settings

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2 Navigate to 2-Step 2FA setup page opened

Verification
3 Enter phone number and Code received and verified
verify
4 Turn on 2FA 2-Step Verification enabled
5 Log in again Prompted for verification code; successful login after
entering code

Conclusion

 Enabling 2FA significantly improves account security by requiring a second verification

step in addition to the password.
 Even if the password is compromised, unauthorized access is prevented without the
second authentication factor.
 2FA can use SMS, calls, authenticator apps, or security keys for verification, making
accounts more secure against hacking.

48. Create a Word document listing 10 safe browsing tips.

Aim

To create a Microsoft Word document listing 10 safe browsing tips to ensure secure and
responsible internet use.

Procedure

1. Open Microsoft Word → Select Blank Document.

2. Insert Heading:
o Type “10 Safe Browsing Tips”
o Apply a heading style (e.g., Heading 1) and format (bold, font size 16–18).
3. Create a numbered list or table to list the tips.
4. Enter the 10 Safe Browsing Tips:

10 Safe Browsing Tips

1. Use Strong Passwords – Always use complex passwords combining letters, numbers,
and special characters.
2. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) – Adds an extra layer of security to online
accounts.
3. Keep Software Updated – Regularly update browsers, antivirus, and operating systems.
4. Avoid Clicking Unknown Links – Be cautious of suspicious links in emails or websites.
5. Use HTTPS Websites – Ensure websites are secure (look for https:// and padlock icon).

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6. Install Antivirus and Anti-Malware Software – Protect your system from viruses and
malware.
7. Avoid Public Wi-Fi for Sensitive Transactions – Use VPNs when necessary.
8. Regularly Clear Browser Cache and Cookies – Maintains privacy and improves
security.
9. Limit Personal Information Sharing – Avoid sharing sensitive details on untrusted
sites.
10. Be Aware of Phishing Scams – Verify emails, pop-ups, and messages before
responding.

Result

 A Microsoft Word document was successfully created with:

o Heading: “10 Safe Browsing Tips”
o Numbered list of 10 practical tips
o Formatted text for clarity and readability

Conclusion

 Creating a document with safe browsing tips helps users understand how to protect
themselves online.
 Following these guidelines reduces the risk of identity theft, malware, phishing
attacks, and other online threats.

49. Create a PowerPoint/report on cyber threats (Malware, Phishing, DoS) with business
examples.

Aim

To understand cyber threats (Malware, Phishing, DoS) and their impact on businesses, and to
create a PowerPoint or report illustrating these threats with real examples.

Procedure

1. Open Microsoft PowerPoint (or Word for a report).

2. Create 5–6 slides with the following structure:

Slide 1: Title Slide

 Title: Cyber Threats and Their Impact on Businesses

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 Subtitle: Malware, Phishing, and DoS Attacks

 Your Name / Date

Slide 2: Introduction

 Define Cyber Threats: Unauthorized activities that can harm computer systems,
networks, and data.
 Importance: Protecting business data, customer information, and digital infrastructure.

Slide 3: Malware

 Definition: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access

to systems.
 Types: Virus, Trojan, Worm, Ransomware, Spyware.
 Business Example:
o WannaCry Ransomware (2017): Affected over 200,000 computers globally,
including companies like Nissan and FedEx, causing operational disruption and
financial loss.
 Preventive Measures: Antivirus, software updates, employee training.

Slide 4: Phishing

 Definition: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information (passwords, credit card

details) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity.
 Business Example:
o Google and Facebook (2013–2015): $100 million lost due to phishing emails
targeting employees and fake invoices from suppliers.
 Preventive Measures: Email filtering, awareness training, two-factor authentication.

Slide 5: Denial of Service (DoS / DDoS)

 Definition: Attacks that overload a network, server, or service to make it unavailable to

users.
 Business Example:
o GitHub Attack (2018): DDoS attack peaked at 1.35 Tbps, causing temporary
downtime.
o Impacted website accessibility and business operations.
 Preventive Measures: Firewalls, load balancing, anti-DDoS services.

Slide 6: Conclusion

 Cyber threats can lead to financial loss, data breaches, and reputational damage.
 Businesses must implement security policies, employee training, and technological
solutions to mitigate risks.
 Proactive cybersecurity is crucial for business continuity and customer trust.

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 50. Prepare a short report (in Word) summarising cyber laws in India (IT Act, DPDPA
2023) and their importance for digital businesses. Bottom of Form

50. Prepare a short report (in Word) summarising cyber laws in India (IT Act, DPDPA 2023) and
their importance for digital businesses.

Aim

To study cyber laws in India, specifically the IT Act, 2000 and Digital Personal Data
Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, and understand their importance for digital businesses.

Procedure

1. Research official sources and credible references on the IT Act, 2000 and DPDP Act,
2023.
2. Identify the key provisions of each law, including cybercrime definitions, data protection
requirements, and regulatory authorities.
3. Analyze the business implications of these laws, including compliance, data security,
and customer trust.
4. Summarize findings in a structured report or Word document.

Result

Law / Key Provisions Business Importance

Act
IT Act, Legal recognition of electronic records, Ensures secure digital transactions, legal
2000 cybercrime regulations (hacking, identity protection for e-commerce, safe handling
theft), regulatory bodies (CCA, Cyber of online data
Appellate Tribunal)
DPDP Data fiduciaries, consent management, Enforces data privacy, builds consumer
Act, individual rights (access, correction, trust, mandates secure data handling
2023 erasure), penalties for non-compliance practices, ensures compliance with
modern data protection norms

Conclusion

 The IT Act, 2000 provides a legal framework for electronic transactions and cybercrime
prevention, essential for businesses operating online.
 The DPDP Act, 2023 strengthens personal data protection and mandates transparency in
data processing.

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 Compliance with these laws helps digital businesses avoid legal penalties, protect
customer data, and maintain trust, which is crucial for sustainable growth in the online
market.

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