MODULE 4 - CET 415 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

Definition
• Environmental management plan (EMP) consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring,
and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to
eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable
levels.
• Environmental Management plan is an essential element of EIA report.
• EMP should have the following components:
1. Summary of predicted adverse environmental and social impacts related to
project
2. Description of mitigation measures and plan
3. Description of monitoring activities and plan
4. Institutional arrangements including training
5. Implementation schedule and reporting procedures
6. Estimated related costs and sources of funds

GOALS OF EMP
◆ Develop procedures to implement project’s mitigation measures & monitoring
requirements.
◆ Aims of an EMP are to:
 Provide auditable commitments to practical and achievable strategies and
design standards;
 Develop an integrated plan for comprehensive monitoring and control of
project impacts, and;
 Ensure the community that the environmental management of the project is
acceptable.
PURPOSE OF EMP:
⚫ Encourage good management practises through project planning and commitment
to environmental issues.
⚫ It describes how environmental management is reported and performance is
evaluated on a regular basis.
⚫ To provide rational and practical environmental guidelines to aid in the reduction
of activities' potential environmental impact.
⚫ Aids in reducing environmental disturbance (physical, biological, ecological,
socioeconomic, cultural, and archeological).
⚫ Combat pollution by monitoring air, noise, land, water, waste, energy, and natural
resources.
⚫ Flora and fauna that are sensitive or endangered must be protected. To stop land
degradation.
⚫ Comply with and adhere to all applicable environmental laws, regulations,
standards, and guidelines.
⚫ Adopt best practises in waste management for all types of waste (liquid and solid),
with a focus on waste prevention, minimization, recycling, treatment, and
disposal.
⚫ Describe all monitoring procedures required to identify environmental impacts.
⚫ Employees and contractors should be trained and made aware of their
environmental obligations and compliance.
⚫ Reduce environmental risk and improve health, safety, and the environment
(HS&E).
⚫ Increase efficiency by reducing consumption and conserving energy-depletable
resources.
⚫ An EMP also includes a plan that addresses the following questions: what, where,
when, how, and who.
⚫ Creating the reporting system that will be used during construction.
⚫ The EMP also serves to highlight specific requirements that will be monitored
during development, and if environmental impacts are not satisfactorily prevented
or mitigated, corrective action will be required.
IMPORTANCE OF EMP:
 An instrument for implementing environmental management commitments,
conditions, and requirements of project.
 Promotes self-regulation & integration of environmental issues in planning and
operations.
 Addresses relevant environmental management issues,
 Can be drafted in a consultative manner.
 Incorporates regulatory requirements.
 Facilitates environmentally sustainable development and decision-making
process.
CONTENTS OF AN EMP
 Brief introduction of project design
 Major Findings of EIA/screening
 Environmental Impacts Overview
 Regulatory/Statutory Requirements
 Environmental Management Proposed
 Pre-construction
 Construction
 Operation
 implementation Arrangements
 institutional Arrangements
 Monitoring Mechanism
 Reporting System
 Environmental Training and Management Budget

ADVANTAGES OF EMP
 Reduces unforeseen issues/ problems
 Improves relations with local communities
 Prevents delays and stoppages
 Prevents legal disputes
 Saves time and costs
 Provides good publicity
 Reduces financial costs

2. ELEMENTS AND ROLES OF EMP

 Description of mitigation measures. How they will be implemented.
 Description of “residual” environmental concerns (after mitigation). How they
will be managed.
 Program for monitoring environmental concerns and indicators.
 Identification of who will be responsible and who will be accountable for
implementing of the EMMP.
 Developing a monitoring plan including items to be monitored, when, frequency,
and by whom.
 Preparing cost estimate for implementation of EMMP;
 Identifying the sources of funds, as well as potential training needs, if any.

Mitigation:
• The EMP identifies feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially
significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The plan includes
compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible, Specifically:
• Identifies and summarizes all anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts
• Describes--with technical details--each mitigation measure, including the type of
impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required, together with
designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures, as appropriate;

Monitoring:
• Environmental monitoring during project implementation provides information
about key environmental aspects of the project, particularly the environmental
impacts of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Such information
enables the borrower to evaluate the success of mitigation as part of project
supervision, and allows corrective action to be taken when needed.
• Specifically, the monitoring section provides
• A specific description, and technical details, of monitoring measures, including the
parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of
measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that
will signal the need for corrective actions; and
• Monitoring and reporting procedures to (i) ensure early detection of conditions that
necessitate particular mitigation measures, and (ii) furnish information on the progress
and results of mitigation.

Capacity Development and Training:

• To support timely and effective implementation of environmental project
components and mitigation measures, the EMP should include the existence, role, and
capability of project management and the responsibilities of the governmental
agencies
• Specifically, the EMP provides:
• Specific description of institutional arrangements--who is responsible for carrying
out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision,
enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting,
and staff training).
• Methods to strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies
responsible for implementation, most EMPs cover one or more of the following
additional topics:
• Technical assistance programs,
• Procurement of equipment and supplies, and
• Organizational changes.

Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimate:

• For all three aspects (mitigation, monitoring, and capacity development), the EMP
will include:
• An implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the
project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans;
and
• The capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the
EMP.

Integration of EMP with Project:

• The borrower's decision to proceed with a project is predicated on the expectation
that the EMP will be executed effectively.
• Consequently, the EMP will be made very specific in its description of the
individual mitigation and monitoring measures and its assignment of institutional
responsibilities, and should be integrated into the project's overall planning, design,
budget, and implementation.
• Such integration is achieved by establishing the EMP within the project so that the
plan will receive funding and supervision along with the other components.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

⚫ Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take
place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment.
⚫ Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact
assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a
risk of harmful effects on the natural environment.
⚫ A well defined environmental monitoring programme would be employed with
trained and qualified staff of Environmental Management Cell of the proposed
expansion project to monitor the environmental attributes of the area with respect
to EMP as well as the guidelines of the GPCB/CPCB. Environment monitoring
schedule proposed to be adopted by the project.
⚫ The various components of the environment needs to be monitored on regular
basis during construction and operation phase of the project, as per the
requirements of regulating agencies as well as for trend monitoring of the
pollutants levels in various environmental matrices.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS TO BE MONITORED

⚫ Air
⚫ Water
⚫ Soil
⚫ Noise
1. DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE:

Example:

2. DURING OPERATION PHASE:

⚫ The environmental monitoring programme for different environmental

components / indicators which are to be monitored during the operation phase
will be as given under different heads.
⚫ At the unit, an Environmental Management cell has to be formed, which will
review the effectiveness of environmental management plan of the project during
operation phase.
⚫ The data collected on various EMP measures would be reviewed by this cell and
if needed, corrective action will be formulated for implementation.
⚫ Following details should be monitored:

◼ Ambient airmonitoring within plant area

◼ Effluent monitoring
◼ Stack monitoring for emissions
◼ Work zone noise levels
◼ Ambient noise
◼ Solid / hazardous waste disposal
◼ Green belt development
◼ House keeping
◼ Socio-economic development
Example of Monitoring Plan:

4. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

⚫ Environmental auditing is a management tool which simply inspects the

environmental management activities performed by the industries or organizations
and makes them aware of new cleaner technology.
⚫ For the impact of industries and their product on natural resources and
environmental quality it is necessary to have “Environmental Audit” to ensure
sustainable industrial developments.

OBJECIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING

1. An environmental audit programme which is designed and implemented properly

can enhance an industry’s environmental performance.
2. Monitoring the scale of optimum utilization of the resources and evaluating the
company at national & international level.
3. To suggest for using alternative energy for the conservation of energy resources.
4. Evaluation of waste water quality and determination of waste water characteristics
& their effects on the living system.
5. Classification of the categories of solid waste hazardous waste their sources,
quantities & characteristics.
6. Introduction and implementation of time saving technologies in production.
6. Maintains of Labour / Occupational health & medicine.
7. Proper documentation of environmental compliance status.
8. To help in minimizing the wastes through modern cleaner technologies.
9. Regular environmental auditing once in a year will help in producing
environmentally educated &technically sound

PRINCIPLEAREAS OF ENVIRONMENTALAUDITING
• Material Audit
• Energy Audit
• Water Audit
• Health and Safety audit
• Environmental Quality Audit
• Waste Audit
• Engineering Audit
• Compliance Audit

ENVIRONMENTALAUDIT - PROCEDURE
1. Pre-audit Stage
✓ Create the Audit Team, including a mixture of skills, talents and
perspectives
✓ Create an Audit Plan
✓ Request and review documents, including:
✓ Permits or permit applications
✓ Production Records
✓ Reports
✓ Previous Audits including corrective actions and status of prior audit items
✓ Prepare a list of questions that regulators would ask, follow-up questions on
prior audits, and requests for additional materials needed
✓ Begin to fill-in the Disclosure of Violation Table as issues are identified

2. On-site Stage
✓ Set the ground rules
✓ Determine what happens which issues are identified
✓ Conduct daily meetings to keep every informed
✓ Perform a document review:
 Policies
 Compliance
 Training
 Air/Water/Waste/Noise controls, monitoring and records
 Emergency Response Procedures
 Response to Complaints
 Check documents for completeness, consistency, legal
compliance, and whether it’s up to date
✓ Conduct a Site Inspection
✓ Evaluate Operations for Compliance
✓ Take samples if needed
✓ Interview EHS personnel, operations, management, maintenance, to see if
policies are understood and consistently handled.
✓ Discover issues of concern
✓ Conduct a Closing Meeting listing and discussing of all issues, develop corrective
actions for each issue
3. Post-audit Stage:
- Development of raw material balance analysis for each process unit of the industry
highlighting analysis for each process unit of the industry highlighting the proposed
utilization of raw material and ideas regarding reuse can be thought of.
- a. Issue of draft report
- b. Issue of final report

4. Follow up / Review stage

ADVANTAGES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

• Preparation of Environmental management plan.

• Assessment of environmental input and risks.
• Identifying areas of strength and weakness for improvements.
• Evaluation of pollution control.
• Verification of compliance with laws.
• Assuring safety of plant, environment & human beings.
• Enhancement of loss prevention, manpower development and marketing.
• Budgeting for pollution control, waste prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse.
• Providing an opportunity for management to give credit for good environmental
performance.

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

1) Environmental Compliance Audit

2) Environmental Performance Audit
3) Environmental Financial Audit

Environmental Compliance Audit

• Objective :
- To provide assurance to organisational activities are conducted in accordance with
environmental laws, standards, guidelines, policies.
- Criteria – National law, International Agreements, Applicable Standards, Industry
Guidelines or Corporate Policy.
• Benefits:
- Helps in ensuring compliance with laws.
- Reduces risk / costs with non-compliance.
- Gap between promises and results.
- Pollution & Waste reducing, conserving resources.
- Helps in improving Environmental Performance.
Environmental Performance Audit
• Objective :
- To assess whether an organisation meets its environmental objectives, is effective in
producing environmental results with efficiency and economy.
- Criteria – Indicators prescribed by professional institutes, Govt. / NGO, academic
literature or Environmental Organisation.
• Benefits:
- Health & Safety Audit Site Audit Activity Audit Process Audit Product Life
Cycle audit
Environmental Financial Audit
• Objective
– To enable an auditor to establish whether the reporting entity has appropriately
recognised, valued & reported all significant environmental costs, benefits, assets,
liabilities and contingencies.
- Criteria – Standards issued by recognised bodies, standard setting authorities &
other academic literature.
• Benefits:
- International Auditing Practices Statement (IAPS) 1010. Environmental Matters
affect financial statements.
- Initiatives to prevent damage to Environment.
- Consequences of violating laws.
- Consequences of damage to resources.
- Consequences of vicarious liability levied by law.

5. ISO 14001 STANDARDS

Salient Features:

⚫ Created in 1996 by the International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14001

standards are part of a family of standards (ISO 14000) designed to promote and
guide an environmental management approach.
⚫ ISO 14001 is an internationally agreed standard that sets out the requirements for
an environmental management system.
⚫ It helps organizations improve their environmental performance through more
efficient use of resources and reduction of waste, gaining a competitive advantage
and the trust of stakeholders.
⚫ It is appropriate for any kind of organization (company, NGOs, union, etc)
concerned about improving its system of production, management, and operations
as a way to better control its environmental impacts.
⚫ The guidelines of this norm (that were updated in 2015) can be checked and
certified by an approved organization, as we’ll further explain.

ISO 140001 has 2 main objectives:

⚫ To give a standardized and proven framework that can help organizations to

develop an effective environmental management strategy;
⚫ To work as an official recognition and prize for the organizations’ efforts to
improve their environmental strategies.

ISO 14001 standards are now often an integral part of the Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) strategy of a large number of companies.

The basic principle of ISO norms is the search for continuous improvement, in
successive cycles, according to the four-step process of the Deming (PDCA) cycle:
⚫ Plan
⚫ Do
⚫ Study/Check
⚫ Act
Implementation of the ISO 14001 standards

Following the steps of the cycle PDCA mentioned above, the implementation of the
ISO 14001 standards is carried out in three stages:
⚫ STAGE 1: At first, there is the need to audit the current organizational
practices regarding environmental management and their compliance or non-
compliance with the regulations and objectives of the ISO 14001 standards. This
will allow organizations to identify and have a clear picture of their procedures,
making it easier to re-think and transform them in order to achieve the necessary
improvements required by the ISO 14001 standards. This self-audit can be done
internally before-hand, but all the information about the organization’s
environmental procedures and policies will have to be endorsed to the
certification entity and confirmed by its consultants.
⚫ STAGE 2: Once the inventory has been completed, a program of measures to be
taken and actions to be developed (prerequisites needed for the certification)
need to be established and implemented according to an appropriate schedule. For
example, if the audit has identified that the organization is poorly managing its
paper resources, the program of measures will probably focus on the
establishment of an effective management procedure for these resources.
⚫ STAGE 3: Finally, a rigorous evaluation of the new practices and their
environmental impact will be carried out regularly (an annual audit within every
three years), where updates or changes on the organizations’ environmental
management systems may be requested.
Benefits of ISO 14001

1. Meeting Legal Requirements: ISO 14001 is a process-based EMS that focuses on

identifying, monitoring, and eliminating or lessening your impact on the environment.
Already having these processes in place helps you to follow existing or new
regulations. You’ll often find that you’ve already made improvements to follow new
laws using the EMS processes. In this way, your company can be seen as a leader in
environmental management and sustainable operations.

2. Higher Success Rate Implementing Changes: A vital element of the ISO 14001
EMS is the accurate collection of data, to track changes and environmental
improvements your organization makes. By collecting data and tracking performance,
you increase the chances of making successful changes as you map your progression.
Even if you get it wrong the first time, proper analysis allows you to find and correct
the mistake faster. Flexibility like this benefits your business and saves money.

3. Enable Faster Process Improvement: Another feature of ISO 14001 is the

emphasis on continual improvement. Once again, the collection, analysis and tracking
of data help identify risks. Early identification of risks stops them from growing into
larger problems. Once you see a process isn’t working the way it should, you can
change and improve it, benefiting your company. Faster process improvement
translates into cost savings for you and your customers. Lessening environmental
impact improves your company’s public perceptions.

5. Cost Control Improvement: As we have explained above, the higher success rate
in making changes and faster process improvement cut your company’s costs. ISO
14001 forces you to look at the entire life cycle of your product. Examining each
stage of the cycle means finding ways to reduce waste. You can also cut energy costs
by looking at more efficient production methods. The EMS gives you the tools to
examine and improve the way you do things.

5. Improved Image and Credibility : Lessening your environmental impact is a

worthy goal in itself. Once people and organisations see your success in this area, it
improves your image. The improved image eases your relationship with regulatory
bodies and the community. Also, it means that other companies are more willing to do
business with you and share some of the reflected goodwill. Being certified to an
international standard for EMS also gives you access to more business partners and
customers.

6. Advantage Applying for Tenders : Even if a tender doesn’t list ISO 14001 as a
requirement, you have an advantage. Just having the certification shows that you have
committed to sustainable business practices. Additionally, your enhanced reputation
with regulatory bodies and government organisations is advantageous to anybody who
engages your services. Once you have a reputation as a leader in best practices, more
organisations want to be associated with your products and services.