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D E N T A L S E R I E S

P R E S E N T S
 P R E - C L I N I C A L O P E R A T I V E D E N T I S T R Y

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,A INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

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Y A S S E R A L I A L M O RT A D A A L W A S I F I
C O P Y R I G H T © 2 0 2 4 , A L W A S I F I , Y . A . A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
B D S , M S C , D D S , P H D
 - Egyptian dentist
- Researcher, Educator & International Lecturer

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- Founder of LEARN - DENTAL SERIES @ YouTube

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- Presentation skills coach

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- Painter
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- Life long learner -
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 3
DISCLAIMER
STATEMENT

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I don’t receive fees, compensation or royalties from the sales of any of the

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products shown or discussed. Also, I declare that I haven't any conflict of interest

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with any of the discussed products and techniques.

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24 All products, equipment and techniques presented are those most commonly

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used in professional restorative clinical practice. Finally, this presentation has not
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been sponsored by any company, agency or organization and is only prepared for
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educational purposes.
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Yasser Alwasifi
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 4
COPYRIGHT

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Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be

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reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including

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copying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior

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written permission of the author.

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Yasser Alwasifi
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 5
EXCEPECTED
O U T C O M E S

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By the end of this presentation, you are expected to:

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1. Differentiate between tooth cutting instruments

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2. Correlate the design of hand cutting instruments to its use

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24 3. Differentiate between different types of burs

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4. Rationale the cutting efficiency of burs
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5. Rationale and recognize the effect of heat generated during cutting and how
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to control
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 6
C O N T E N T S PART I: INTRODUCTION 10

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I.A. DEFINITIONS 11

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I.B. CLASSIFICATION 16

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 7

C O N T E N T S PART II: DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS 18

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II.A. DENTAL MIRROR 21

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II.B. EXPLORER 26

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II.C. PROBE 33

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 8

C O N T E N T S PART III: TOOTH PREPARATION INSTRUMENTS 38

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III.A. HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENTS 40

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III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS 41

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III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE 49

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III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA 53

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III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS 65
III.A.5. CHISELS 71

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III.A.6. EXCAVATORS 118
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III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING 125
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III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI 128
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III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARDS 130
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III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI 143
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 9

C O N T E N T S PART III: TOOTH PREPARATION INSTRUMENTS 38

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III.B. ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS 150

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III.B.1. HISTORY 151

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III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS 167

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III.B.3. DENTAL BURS 182

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III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY 213
III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT 220

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III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION 223
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 10

 .

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PART I: INTRODUCATION
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 11
I. INTRODUCTION I.A. DEFINITIONS
I.B. CLASSIFICATION

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 12
 .

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What Is the Difference Between A & B

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 13

I.A. DEFINITIONS

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CAVITY:

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• Defect of the calcified tooth structure (Enamel or

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Enamel & Dentin) due to pathological lesion without

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definite shape or extension

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PREPARED CAVITY:
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• Design or form created into a defective tooth
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according to bio-mechanical basics to receive and
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retain restorative material
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• Our traditional, first, oldest and simplest mission is
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to convert the cavity into prepared cavity

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 14

 .

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The journey of treating defective tooth

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structure:

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A: Carious Cavity

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A B
B: Designing prepared cavity
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C: Prepared cavity
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D: Final restoration
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 15
I.A. DEFINITIONS

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AMALGAM

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INSTRUMENTS COMPOSITE RESIN

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GOLD
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BIO-MECHANICAL
GLASS IONOMER
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BASICS
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CAVITY PREPARED CAVITY
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LINER & BASE

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 16

I. INTRODUCTION I.A. DEFINITIONS
I.B. CLASSIFICATION

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 17
I.B. CLASSIFICATION

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• The major categorization of operative dentistry III. Restoring Instruments

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instruments is based on their main purpose of use a) Carriers

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b)Condensers

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into: c) Carvers

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d)Burnishers

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I. Diagnostic Instruments: e) Matrices
f) Finishing & polishing tools
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a) Dental Mirror
IV. Isolation Instruments
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b)Explorer
c) Probe a) Suctions (High & Low volume suctions)
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II. Tooth Preparation Instruments: b)Rubber dam
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a) Hand cutting instruments V. Miscellaneous Instruments
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b)Rotary cutting instruments a) Spatulas
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c) Ultrasonic b)Plastic instruments
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d)Air abrasion c) Applicators
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e) Laser

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 18

 .

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PART II: DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 19
What are the simplest ways to
detect any defect ?

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See Touch
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 20
II. DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS

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• Simplest ways for tooth examination:

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1. Visual Examination

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a) Dental Mirror

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2. Tactile Examination
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a) Explorer
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b) Probe
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 21
II.D I A G N O S T I C II.A. DENTAL MIRROR
INSTRUMENTS II.B. EXPLORER

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II.C. PROBE

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 22
II.A. DENTAL MIRROR

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• For any procedure clear and distinct vision is

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important

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• The dental mirror is a tool specially designed for this

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purpose

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• Mirrors come in a variety of sizes and with flat or
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convex (magnifying) surfaces
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Uses:
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1. Directing and reflect light
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2. Retract soft tissues
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3. Clarify inaccessible surfaces (Indirect vision)
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 23
 II.A. DENTAL MIRROR

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RETRACT SOFT TISSUES

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 24
 II.A. DENTAL MIRROR

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INDIRECT VISION

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 25
 II.A. DENTAL MIRROR

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DIRECTING LIGHT

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 26
II.D I A G N O S T I C II.A. DENTAL MIRROR
INSTRUMENTS II.B. EXPLORER

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II.C. PROBE

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 27
II.B. EXPLORER

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Explorer parts are:

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1. Handle or shaft, which is serrated or angulated

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for proper grasping without slippage

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2. Shank, which is curved or straight according to
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the needed accessibility
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3. Exploring tip which is a pointed and sharp
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 28
II.B. EXPLORER

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Uses:

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1. Exploring the presence or absence of caries by

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catching feeling of the carious area

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2. Determining the consistency of carious dentin
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either soft or hard by tactile sensation
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3. Carving of restoration especially in areas of
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supplemental grooves
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 29
 II.B. EXPLORER

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E XPLORING P RESENCE

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OF

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DENTAL CARIES

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 30
 II.B. EXPLORER

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D ETECTING C ONSISTENCY

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OF

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DENTAL CARIES

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 31
 II.B. EXPLORER

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CARVING RESTORATIONS

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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 32
II.B. EXPLORER

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Types & Shapes:

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IF

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1. Straight explorer

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2. Right angle explorer

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3. Arch explorer
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4. Angled Explorer
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5. Inter-proximal explorer or cow-horn
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INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 33
II.D I A G N O S T I C II.A. DENTAL MIRROR
INSTRUMENTS II.B. EXPLORER

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.
A

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Y.

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II.C. PROBE

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24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 34
II.C. PROBE

.
.
A

A
A
• Explorer couldn’t be used to detect the presence or

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
absence of periodontal pocket or determine the

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
depth of gingival sulcus

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
• Its sharp pointed tip will traumatize and injury the
24

24
24
attached epithelium measure
20

20
20
©

©
©
• Graduated instrument with blunt tip should be
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
used
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 35
II.C. PROBE

.
.
A

A
A
• Probes are similar to explorers but with blunt tip and

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
also they are always graduated and used mainly for

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
evaluation of the periodontal condition of the tooth

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 36
 II.C. PROBE

.
.
A

A
A
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROBE &

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
EXPLORER

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 37
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
- The dental mirror should be always in your non-operating hand either for

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
reflecting light or retracting oral soft tissues

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
- The main difference between explorer and probe is their tip, it is sharp in case of
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
explorer, while blunt and graduated in case of probe
20

20
20
©

©
©
- We always in need for explorer rather than probe when performing a restorative
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
treatment
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 38
 .

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
PART III: PREPARATION INSTRUMENTS
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 39
III. PREPARATION INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
• As the recent treatment modalities of hard tooth • Tooth Preparation Instruments Includes:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
structure defects became not only a cutting a) Hand cutting instruments

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
procedure but more conservative non-cutting b) Rotary cutting instruments

LW

LW
LW
procedures are now involved c) Ultrasonic

,A

,A
,A
• So, this category of instruments is much better to be
24 d) Air abrasion

24
24
classified as tooth preparation instruments rather e) Laser
20

20
20
than cutting instruments
©

©
©
• NOW, we will only discuss the cutting instruments in
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
terms of hand and rotary cutting instruments
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 40
[Link] III.A. HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS III.B. ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 41
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 42
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENT PARTS

.
.
A

A
A
• Hand cutting instruments are those instruments held

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
by hand to cut, plane, scrape or cleave tooth

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
structure during cavity preparation

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
• Any hand instrument composed of 3 parts:
24

24
24
1. Handle or shaft
20

20
20
2. Shank
©

©
©
3. Blade or nib
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 43
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENT PARTS

.
.
A

A
A
1. HANDLE OR SHAFT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Used for grasping or handling of instruments • The following information is usually placed on the

LW

LW
LW
• It is straight and usually without variation in size handle, so that the instrument may be described or

,A

,A
,A
• It may be serrated to increase friction for hand
24 identified:

24
24
gripping
20

20
20
- Manufacturer’s name
• It is considered as the reference of the instruments,
- Name of the instrument designer or person or instrument
©

©
©
i.e. the long axis of the instrument is the long axis of that includes it in a systematized set or instruments
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
the shaft and any instrument data will be written on - The number of the set or kit
R

R
R
the shaft - Black's formula (usually in the center)Other identifying
PY

PY
PY
marks, such as R or L to designate right or left, or rings on
O

O
O
the handle or shank to designate a contra (distal) or
C

C
C reverse bevel (mesial)

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 44

 III.A.1. I NSTRUMENTS
PARTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. HANDLE OR SHAFT

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 45
 III.A.1. I NSTRUMENTS
PARTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. HANDLE OR SHAFT

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 46
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENT PARTS

.
.
A

A
A
2. SHANK:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• It begins with the first twisted portion of the

LW

LW
LW
instrument and contacts the shaft with the blade or

,A

,A
,A
working point
24

24
24
• It usually tapers from its connection with shaft to
20

20
20
where the blade begins
©

©
©
• It may be straight or have one or more bends to
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
place the blade in a desired angle and position
R

R
R
If the shank is bent, it may be mono-angle (one
PY

PY
PY
•

bend), bi-angle (two bends), triple-angle (three

O

O
O
C

C
C
bends), or quadr-angle (four bends)

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 47

 III.A.1. INSTRUMENT PARTS

.
.
A

A
A
3. BLADE OR NIB:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Is that part bearing the functional end of the

LW

LW
LW
instrument

,A

,A
,A
• It begins at the angle that terminates the shank (if
24

24
24
found)
20

20
20
• It is beveled to make a sharp cutting edge and in
©

©
©
such case it is termed blade and the instrument is
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
called cutting instrument
R

R
R
For non cutting instruments such as burnishers or
PY

PY
PY
•

condensers it is not beveled and termed nib

O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 48
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
- The only part of the instrument that could be angled is the shank

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
- Only the blade by its shape and size, affects the resultant shape and dimensions
20

20
20
of the prepared cavity
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 49
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 50
 III.A.2. INSTRUMENT NOMENCLATURE

.
.
A

A
A
• The technique describes the instrument

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
nomenclature is in a manner similar to that of

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
zoological classification:

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
1. Order 24 ORDER SUB-ORDER CLASS SUB-CLASS

24
24
2. Sub-order
20

20
20
3. Class
©

©
©
4. Sub-class
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 51
 III.A.2. INSTRUMENT NOMENCLATURE

.
.
A

A
A
1. ORDER 2. SUB-ORDER 3. CLASS 4. SUB-CLASS

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
• Denotes the purpose of • Denotes the position or/ • Describes the form or • Denotes the number of

AS

AS
AS
the instrument, e.g. and manner of use of the shape of the blade, e.g. angles in the shank

LW

LW
LW
excavators, scaler instrument, e.g. push, and spoon, discoid • If the instrument has one

,A

,A
,A
24 pull; or gingival marginal angle in its shank, it is

24
24
trimmer called mono-angle, two
20

20
20
angles called bin-angle
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
EXCAVATOR PUSH SPOON BINANGLE
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 52
 III.A.2. INSTRUMENT NOMENCLATURE

.
.
A

A
A
• Excavator (order)

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
• Push (sub-order)

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Spoon (class)

LW

LW
LW
• Bin-angle (sub-class)

,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
Which Size?
20

20
20
• Instruments nomenclature by this technique is
©

©
©
usually non-specific as it does not inform any data
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
about the size of the blade which is the most
R

R
R
important value in preparing a cavity
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 53
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 54
 III.A.3. INSTRUMENT FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
• It was firstly described by G.V. Black and so it is

Y.

Y.
Y.
1st Width of the blade in tenth of millimeter

I,

I,
I,
termed Black's formula

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• These are (4) figures written on the handle of most Angle of cutting edge from long axis of the shaft in
2nd

LW

LW
LW
cutting instruments: centigrades

,A

,A
,A
3rd Length of the blade in millimeters
24

24
24
20

20
20
Angle of the blade from the long axis of the shaft in
©

©
©
4th
centigrade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 55
 III.A.3. I NSTRUMENTS
FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 56
 III.A.3. I NSTRUMENTS
FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 57
 III.A.3. I NSTRUMENTS
FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 58
 III.A.3. INSTRUMENT FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
• In case the cutting edge is not perpendicular to

Y.

Y.
Y.
1st Width of the blade in tenth of millimeter

I,

I,
I,
the blade, then the cutting edge angle with the

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
shaft should be written Angle of cutting edge from long axis of the shaft in
2nd

LW

LW
LW
• The instrument will have 4 figures formula in the centigrades

,A

,A
,A
following sequence
3rd Length of the blade in millimeters
24

24
24
20

20
20
Angle of the blade from the long axis of the shaft in
©

©
©
4th
centigrade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 59
 III.A.3. INSTRUMENT FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
• In case the cutting edge is perpendicular to the

Y.

Y.
Y.
1st Width of the blade in tenth of millimeter

I,

I,
I,
blade, then the cutting edge angle with the shaft

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
should NOT be written
2nd Length of the blade in millimeters

LW

LW
LW
• The instrument will have 3 figures formula in the

,A

,A
,A
following sequence Angle of the blade from the long axis of the shaft in
3rd
24

24
24
centigrade
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 60
 III.A.3. INSTRUMENT FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
4TH NUMBER:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Angle of the cutting edge from the long axis of the • In such cases it will be written in place of the second

LW

LW
LW
handle in centigrade or hundredths of circle number

,A

,A
,A
• It is added or written only in case of the instrument
24

24
24
having its cutting edge not at right angle to the
20

20
20
blade
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 61
 III.A.3. INSTRUMENT FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
1. Cutting edge is NOT perpendicular to blade 2. Cutting edge is perpendicular to blade

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1st Width of the blade in tenth of millimeter 1st Width of the blade in tenth of millimeter

LW

LW
LW
Angle of cutting edge from long axis of the shaft in
,A

,A
,A
2nd 2nd Length of the blade in millimeters
centigrades
24

24
24
20

20
20
Angle of the blade from the long axis of the shaft in
3rd Length of the blade in millimeters 3rd
©

©
©
centigrade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
Angle of the blade from the long axis of the shaft in
4th
R

R
R
centigrade
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 62
 III.A.3. I NSTRUMENTS
FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 63
 III.A.3. I NSTRUMENTS
FORMULA

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
Cutting edge is perpendicular to blade Cutting edge is NOT perpendicular to blade
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 64
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
- All instruments are described by (4) numbers of Black’s formula, i.e. all

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
instruments have an angle between the cutting edge and the shaft, but this

LW

LW
LW
number is written only in case of the cutting edge is not at right angle to the
,A

,A
,A
blade
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
- In case of the instrument has its cutting edge at right angle to the blade, no need
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
to write the angle of the cutting edge from the shaft as it could be calculated
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 65
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 66
 III.A.4. INSTRUMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

.
.
A

A
A
a) A CCORDING TO M ODE OR D IRECTION OF

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
CUTTING:

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Direct Cutting 2. Lateral Cutting

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
• Where the plane of work produced by the cutting
24 • Where the plane of work produced by the cutting

24
24
edge is in the same plane of force applied edge is at right angle to the force applied
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 67
 III.A.4. INSTRUMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

.
.
A

A
A
a) A CCORDING TO M ODE OR D IRECTION OF

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
CUTTING:

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Direct Cutting 2. Lateral Cutting

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 68
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
- Always flat bladed instruments could be used either direct or lateral cutting
,A

,A
,A
direction according to the available accessibility to the area to be worked, while
24

24
24
curved bladed instruments work only in lateral cutting direction
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 69
 III.A.4. INSTRUMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

.
.
A

A
A
a) ACCORDING TO USE:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Chisels 2. Excavators

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
• Specially designed to cut undermined enamel
24 • Specially designed to remove soft carious dentin

24
24
• Mostly have flat blade • Have curved blades
20

20
20
• Could be used both in direct and lateral cutting • Work as lateral cutting instruments
©

©
©
direction except those with curved blade and used in • Have a circumferential bevel with a circumferential
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
lateral cutting direction only cutting edge to suite the removal of soft carious
R

R
R
Have definite bevel with definite cutting edge dentin parallel to the recessional lines of the pulp
PY

PY
PY
•
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 70
 III.A.4. INSTRUMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

.
.
A

A
A
a) ACCORDING TO USE:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Chisels 2. Excavators

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 71
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 72
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
• The following items should be considered to 4. The blade terminates into single, bi or triple

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
describe any instrument: bevels

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
5. The relation of cutting edge to the blade which

LW

LW
LW
1. It is a form or a modification of any other will be either perpendicular to the blade or not

,A

,A
,A
instrument
24 6. The Black’s formula of the instrument either

24
24
Form; means changing the shape to provide described with 3 or 4 figures formula
20

20
20
more convenience and accessibility without 7. The set of instrument composed of how many
©

©
©
changing the function instruments and their classification either right
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
Modification; means changing the shape so and left or mesial and distal
R

R
R
that the function is changed 8. The use of instrument for which it is designed
PY

PY
PY
2. Number of shank angles
O

O
O
C

C
C
3. The blade is flat or curved

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 73

 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
MESIAL & DISTAL CUTTING:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• When the blade is running flat in a horizontal plane

LW

LW
LW
at right angle to its shaft, its bevel will be either at

,A

,A
,A
the upper or lower border of the blade and the
24

24
24
instrument will cut in either mesial or distal direction
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 74
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
MESIAL & DISTAL CUTTING

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
Distal Cutting Instrument Mesial Cutting Instrument
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 75
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
MESIAL & DISTAL CUTTING

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
Direct beveled instrument Reverse beveled instrument
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
Distal cutting Mesial Cutting
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 76
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
MESIAL & DISTAL CUTTING:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• When the bevel is on the upper border of the blade • When the bevel is on the lower border of the blade

LW

LW
LW
it will be called direct bevel, the cutting edge will it will be called reverse bevel, the cutting edge will

,A

,A
,A
be at the lower border and the instruments is
24 be at the upper border of the blade and the

24
24
supposed to cut in a distal direction (push instrument is supposed to cut in a mesial direction
20

20
20
movement) (pull movement)
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 77
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
RIGHT & LEFT CUTTING:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• When the blade is running flat in a vertical plane

LW

LW
LW
parallel to its shaft, its bevel will be either at the right

,A

,A
,A
or left border of the blade and the instrument will
24

24
24
cut in either left or right direction
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 78
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
RIGHT & LEFT CUTTING

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
Left Cutting Instrument
C
Right Cutting Instrument
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 79
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 80
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• A flat bladed instrument with no angles in the shank

LW

LW
LW
• The blade terminates into definite bevel with a

,A

,A
,A
cutting edge perpendicular to the blade
24

24
24
• So, it is described with only 3 figures of Black’s
20

20
20
formula
©

©
©
• Some manufacturers write only 2 figures instead of
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
3 figures of Black’s formula which describes only the
R

R
R
width and length of the blade
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 81
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• The set composed of 1 instrument, but it could be

LW

LW
LW
used as mesial, distal, right or left cutting

,A

,A
,A
instrument, also as a result of the straight shank that
24

24
24
does not limit the movement of the instrument
20

20
20
• It is designed to cut, cleave or planning of enamel
©

©
©
wall of the prepared cavity
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 82
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 83
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Form of chisels by adding one angle to the shank in

LW

LW
LW
order to provide accessibility

,A

,A
,A
• Flat bladed instrument with its blade at horizontal
24

24
24
angle to the shank
20

20
20
• The blade terminates into a definite single bevel
©

©
©
with a cutting edge perpendicular to the blade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• The instrument is described with only 3 figures of
R

R
R
Black’s formula
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 84
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• The set of mono-angle chisel is composed of 2

LW

LW
LW
instruments, one for mesial cutting direction and the

,A

,A
,A
other for distal cutting direction
24

24
24
• It is designed to cut, cleave or planning of enamel
20

20
20
wall of the prepared cavity
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 85
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 86
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Form of chisels by adding two angles to the shank in

LW

LW
LW
order to provide accessibility

,A

,A
,A
• Flat bladed instrument with its blade at horizontal
24

24
24
angle to the shank
20

20
20
• The blade terminates into a definite single bevel
©

©
©
with a cutting edge perpendicular to the blade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• The instrument is described with only 3 figures of
R

R
R
Black’s formula
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 87
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• The set of bin-angle chisel is composed of 2

LW

LW
LW
instruments, one for mesial cutting direction and the

,A

,A
,A
other for distal cutting direction
24

24
24
• It is designed to cut, cleave or planning of enamel
20

20
20
wall of the prepared cavity
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 88
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 89
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Form of chisels by adding three angles to the shank

LW

LW
LW
in order to provide accessibility

,A

,A
,A
• Flat bladed instrument with its blade at horizontal
24

24
24
angle to the shank
20

20
20
• The blade terminates into a definite single bevel
©

©
©
with a cutting edge perpendicular to the blade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• The instrument is described with only 3 figures of
R

R
R
Black’s formula
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 90
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• The set of triple-angle chisel is composed of 2

LW

LW
LW
instruments, one for mesial cutting direction and the

,A

,A
,A
other for distal cutting direction
24

24
24
• It is designed to cut, cleave or planning of enamel
20

20
20
wall of the prepared cavity
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 91
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 92
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 93
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Form of chisels by curving the shank and blade up

LW

LW
LW
to the cutting edge in order to provide accessibility

,A

,A
,A
• Curved bladed instrument with its blade at a curve
24

24
24
to the shank
20

20
20
• The blade terminates into a definite single bevel
©

©
©
with a cutting edge perpendicular to the blade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• The instrument is described with only 3 figures of
R

R
R
Black’s formula
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 94
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• The set of Wedel Staedt chisel is composed of 2

LW

LW
LW
instruments, one for mesial cutting direction and the

,A

,A
,A
other for distal cutting direction
24

24
24
• It is designed to cut, cleave or planning of enamel at
20

20
20
the labial wall of Class III & IV cavities
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 95
 III.A.5. CHISELS
Straight Chisel

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
Wedel Staedt Chisel
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
Bin-angle Chisel
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 96
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 97
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 98
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
6. ANGLE FORMER CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Modified straight chisel where its cutting edge is at

LW

LW
LW
angle to the long axis of the blade and the

,A

,A
,A
instrument is triple beveled with three definite
24

24
24
bevels
20

20
20
• Described by 4 figures of Black’s formula
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 99
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
6. ANGLE FORMER CHISEL:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• This design is formulated to suite its function in

LW

LW
LW
accentuation of line and point angles for cavities

,A

,A
,A
prepared to receive gold restorations either direct
24

24
24
gold foil or indirect cast gold restorations
20

20
20
• Both of the two restorations require definitely sharp
©

©
©
line and point angles
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• The set of instrument is composed of 2 instruments
R

R
R
one right and one left
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 100
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 101
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
7. ENAMEL HATCHET:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Form of chisels by adding two angles to the shank in

LW

LW
LW
order to provide accessibility

,A

,A
,A
• It differs from the bin-angle chisel in that the cutting
24

24
24
edge, blade, shank and shaft all in the same vertical
20

20
20
plane
©

©
©
• Flat bladed instrument that terminates into a
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
definite single bevel with a cutting edge
R

R
R
perpendicular to the blade
PY

PY
PY
Described with only 3 figures of Black’s formula
O

O
O
•
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 102
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
7. ENAMEL HATCHET:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• The set composed of 2 instruments, one for right

LW

LW
LW
cutting direction and the other for left cutting

,A

,A
,A
direction 24

24
24
• Mainly designed to cut, cleave or planning of
20

20
20
enamel wall of the prepared cavity
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 103
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
1. STRAIGHT CHISEL

AS

AS
AS
2. MONO-ANGLE CHISEL

LW

LW
LW
3. BIN-ANGLE CHISEL
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
4. TRIPLE-ANGLE CHISEL
CHISELS
20

20
20
5. WEDEL STAEDT CHISEL
©

©
©
T

T
T
6. ANGLE FORMER
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
7. ENAMEL HATCHET
PY

PY
PY
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 104
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
Gingival floor slanted cervically to follow the direction of enamel rods
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 105
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
Gingival floor slanted cervically to follow the direction of enamel rods
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 106
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 107
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 108
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Modified enamel hatchet where its cutting edge is

LW

LW
LW
not perpendicular to the long axis of the blade, so

,A

,A
,A
the instrument is described by 4 figures of Black’s
24

24
24
formula
20

20
20
• The second modification is a curvature made to its
©

©
©
blade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 109
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
8. GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Designed mainly to cut enamel margin from the

LW

LW
LW
gingival floor of compound or complex cavities to

,A

,A
,A
provide the ideal required slanting of the gingival
24

24
24
floor
20

20
20
• The change of the cutting edge angle makes the
©

©
©
instrument to cut either in the mesial or the distal
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
gingival floor
R

R
R
The curvature of the blade makes the instrument to
PY

PY
PY
•

cut in a right or left direction

O

O
O
C

C
C
• So, the instrument set is composed of 4 instruments

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 110

 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
Mesial Left GMT Distal Right GMT Enamel Hatchet - Left

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 111
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 112
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMER

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 113
 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
MONO-ANGLE BIN-ANGLE TRIPLE-ANGLE WEDEL STAEDT E. HATCHET

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
One angle Two angles Three angles Curve Two angle with

AS

AS
AS
blade parallel to

LW

LW
LW
the shaft

,A

,A
,A
24 SHANK

24
24
20

20
20
Cutting edge not STRAIGHT CHISEL Cutting edge not
©

©
©
perpendicular to blade perpendicular to blade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
Triple beveled Curved blade
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
ANGLE GINGIVAL
O

O
O
C

C
C
FORMER MARGINAL
TRIMMEER

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 114

 III.A.5. CHISELS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 115
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
- The only instrument with no angles in the shank is the straight chisel, so it could

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
be used in all cutting directions in spite of its set is one instrument

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
- All mentioned instruments are described by 3 figures of Black’s formula as they
24

24
24
have their cutting edges perpendicular to the long axis of the blade except angle
20

20
20
©

©
©
former and gingival marginal trimmer are described by 4 figures of Black’s
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
formula as their cutting edges are not perpendicular to the long axis of the blade
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 116
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
- All mentioned instruments have flat blades except Wedel Staedt chisel and

LW

LW
LW
gingival marginal trimmer
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
- All mentioned instruments have single definite bevel except angle former is
20

20
20
©

©
©
triple beveled
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 117
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 118
 III.A.6. EXCAVATORS

.
.
A

A
A
1. HOE EXCAVATOR:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• A chisel bladed instrument with its blade nearly at

LW

LW
LW
right angle to the long axis of the shaft

,A

,A
,A
• The blade is usually circumferentially beveled from
24

24
24
its upper border, i.e. distally beveled
20

20
20
• It is designed to remove harder varieties of caries in
©

©
©
a pull movement, as well as to give form to the
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
internal parts of cavity preparations
R

R
R
This design provides great accessibility in removing
PY

PY
PY
•

soft carious dentin in Class V cavity preparation

O

O
O
C

C
C
especially in posterior teeth

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 119

 III.A.6. EXCAVATORS

.
.
A

A
A
2. HATCHET EXCAVATOR:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Also a chisel bladed instrument with its blade, shank

LW

LW
LW
and shaft all in the same vertical plane similar to

,A

,A
,A
enamel hatchet
24

24
24
• Its blade is shorter than that of enamel hatchet and
20

20
20
it is bi-beveled
©

©
©
• It is mainly used in anterior teeth in preparing
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
retentive areas and sharpening internal line angles
R

R
R
in a scrapping motion
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 120
 III.A.6. EXCAVATORS

.
.
A

A
A
3. SPOON EXCAVATOR:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Characterized by a curved blade with a circumferential

LW

LW
LW
bevel making a circumferential cutting edge
The curved blade enables the instrument to cut in a
,A

,A
,A
•

lateral cutting direction only, which may be right or left

24

24
24
20

20
20
according to the direction of the curve of the blade
The instrument is designed to remove soft carious
©

©
©
•
T

T
T
dentin in a scooping motion from the periphery of the
IG

IG
IG
lesion toward its center parallel to the recessional lines
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
of the pulp
O

O
O
• Large sizes of spoon excavator could be used as
C

C
C
carvers for amalgam restoration or wax pattern

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 121

 III.A.6. EXCAVATORS

.
.
A

A
A
4. DISCOID EXCAVATOR:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Similar to spoon excavator except its blade is disc-

LW

LW
LW
like in shape

,A

,A
,A
• Also, large size of discoid excavator could be used
24

24
24
as carvers
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 122
 III.A.6. EXCAVATORS

.
.
A

A
A
5. CLEOID EXCAVATOR:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Similar to spoon excavator except its blade comes

LW

LW
LW
to a point in a claw-like shape

,A

,A
,A
• It is designed to remove any carious dentin
24

24
24
overhanging pulp horn
20

20
20
• Also, large size of discoid excavator could be used
©

©
©
as carvers
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 123
 III.A.6. EXCAVATORS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
Hatchet Excavator Spoon Excavator Discoid Excavator

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 124
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 125
 III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING

.
.
A

A
A
DEFINITION:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Additional angle given to the shank of hand cutting

LW

LW
LW
instrument to restore the balance of the instrument

,A

,A
,A
by bringing the cutting edge 2 or 3 mm maximum
24

24
24
from the central axis of the shaft
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 126
 III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING

.
.
A

A
A
IMPORTANCE:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• If the cutting edge is displaced more than 3-mm from

LW

LW
LW
the central axis of the shaft the followings will occur:
1. Rotation of the instrument
,A

,A
,A
2. Incomplete control on the instrument and its
24

24
24
20

20
20
cutting
3. Slippage and possible injury to the oral cavity
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• So, the contra-angling of the shank will provide:
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
1. Control and complete authority over the instrument
O

O
O
2. Accessibility to different areas of the operative field
C

C
C
3. Increased visibility

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 127

 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 128
 III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI

.
.
A

A
A
• Beveling of hand cutting instruments is important to TYPES:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
create cutting edge of the blade and maintain its 1. Single bevel; as most of instruments

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
sharpness The single bevel may be mesial, distal, right or

LW

LW
LW
left

,A

,A
,A
24 Distal bevel is known as direct bevel, while

24
24
mesial bevel is known as reverse bevel
20

20
20
2. Bi-bevel; only hatchets could be bi-beveled
©

©
©
3. Triple bevel; as that of angle former
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
4. Circumferential bevel; as that of excavators
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 129
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 130
 III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
• Control is the basic issue and essential ingredient of • There are three main techniques for control of

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
a good operator. The dentist with his hands and movements inside the oral cavity:

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
body must provide the rigidity and bracing a) Grasping the instrument

LW

LW
LW
necessary in achieving control against unwanted b) Finger rests

,A

,A
,A
movements 24 c) Finger guards

24
24
20

20
20
• In the mouth the hands or fingers of an operator
©

©
©
should be firmly braced against the teeth
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 131
 III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
A) GRASPING THE INSTRUMENT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. PEN GRASP & MODIFIED PEN GRASP

LW

LW
LW
• Most commonly used grasp

,A

,A
,A
• Greatest delicacy of touch is provided by this grasp
24

24
24
• Modified pen grasp is similar to the pen grasp
20

20
20
except the operator uses the pad of the middle
©

©
©
finger on the handle of the instrument rather than
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
going under the instrument
R

R
R
Positioning of the fingers in this manner creates a
PY

PY
PY
•

triangle of forces or tripod effect, which enhances

O

O
O
C

C
C
the instrument control

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 132

 I I I . A . 9 . INSTRUMENT
GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
PEN & MODIFIED PEN GRASP

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 133
 III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
A) GRASPING THE INSTRUMENT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
2. INVERTED PEN GRASP

LW

LW
LW
• In inverted pen grasp, finger positions are the same

,A

,A
,A
as for the modified pen grasp except that hand is
24

24
24
rotated so that palm faces towards the operator
20

20
20
• This grasp is most commonly used for preparing a
©

©
©
tooth in the lingual aspect of maxillary anterior and
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
occlusal surface of maxillary posterior teeth
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 134
 I I I . A . 9 . INSTRUMENT
GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
INVERTED PEN GRASP

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 135
 III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
A) GRASPING THE INSTRUMENT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
3. PALM & THUMB GRASP

LW

LW
LW
• This grasp is same as for holding the knife for

,A

,A
,A
peeling the skin of an apple
24

24
24
• Shaft of the instrument is placed on the palm of the
20

20
20
hand and grasped by the four fingers to provide
©

©
©
firm control, while the thumb is free to control
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
movements and provide rest on an adjacent tooth
R

R
R
of the same arch
PY

PY
PY
This grasp has limited use only while operating on
O

O
O
•
C

C
C
maxillary anterior teeth

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 136

 III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
A) GRASPING THE INSTRUMENT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
4. MODIFIED PALM & THUMB GRASP

LW

LW
LW
• Instrument is held like the palm grasp but the pads

,A

,A
,A
of all the four fingers press the handle against the
24

24
24
palm and pad and first joint of the thumb
20

20
20
• Here tip of the thumb rests on the tooth being
©

©
©
prepared or the adjacent tooth
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• Modified palm and thumb grasp provides more
R

R
R
control to avoid slipping of instrument
PY

PY
PY
This grasp is commonly used in maxillary anterior
O

O
O
•
C

C
C
teeth

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 137

 I I I . A . 9 . INSTRUMENT
GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 138
 III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
B) FINGER REST:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Fingers that are not used in holding the instrument

LW

LW
LW
from the same hand are used as rests on hard oral

,A

,A
,A
structure to support and stabilize the working
24

24
24
movement to prevent slippage and injury
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 139
 I I I . A . 9 . INSTRUMENT
GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
INTRA ORAL RESTS

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 140
 I I I . A . 9 . INSTRUMENT
GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
EXTRA ORAL RESTS

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 141
 III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD

.
.
A

A
A
C) FINGER GUARD:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Fingers of the opposite non-operating hand in the

LW

LW
LW
field to steady the parts being worked upon and

,A

,A
,A
prevent their injury
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 142
 III.A.1. INSTRUMENTS PARTS III.A. H AND C UTTING
III.A.2. INSTRUMENTS NOMENCLATURE
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.A.3. INSTRUMENTS FORMULA

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.A.4. INSTRUMENTS CLASSIFICATIONS

AS

AS
AS
III.A.5. CHISELS

LW

LW
LW
III.A.6. EXCAVATORS
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
III.A.7. CONTRA-ANGLING
20

20
20
III.A.8. BEVELING OF HCI
©

©
©
T

T
T
III.A.9. INSTRUMENT GRASP, REST & GUARD
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 143
 III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI

.
.
A

A
A
• The instrument is considered to be dull when its IMPORTANCE:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
cutting edge deteriorated and its thickness

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
increased • Use of well-sharpened instruments results in:

LW

LW
LW
1. Improved efficiency

,A

,A
,A
• Sharpening means recreation of the bevel and the
24 2. Improved tactile sensations

24
24
cutting edge 3. Less pressure and force
20

20
20
4. Improved instrument control
©

©
©
• One of the most important advantages of hand 5. Minimized patient discomfort
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
cutting instrument is its ability to be re-sharpened 6. Less treatment time
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 144
 III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI

.
.
A

A
A
SHARPENING DEVICES:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Arkansas stone either flat or rotary

LW

LW
LW
2. Abrasive discs

,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 145
 III.A.10. SHARPENING OF
HCI

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 146
 III.A.10. SHARPENING OF
HCI

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 147
 III.A.10. SHARPENING OF HCI

.
.
A

A
A
SHARPNESS TEST:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Scrape Test: 2. Thumbnail Test

LW

LW
LW
• Sharpness is tested by lightly resting the cutting • Hold the instrument at 45° to the nail

,A

,A
,A
edge on the hard plastic surface
24 • Apply mild pressure on instrument

24
24
• If cutting edge digs in during an attempt to slide the • If it scrapes the nail, instrument is sharp
20

20
20
instrument forward over the surface, instrument is • If it slips away, instrument is dull
©

©
©
sharp
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 148
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
- Hand cutting instruments have the following general advantages

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
1. Self-limited in cutting enamel and dentin as it cuts only defective tissues

,A

,A
,A
24 2. They can remove large pieces of undermined enamel or carious dentin quickly

24
24
3. No vibration or heat accompanies the cutting
20

20
20
4. Efficient means of precise cutting
©

©
©
5. Create smooth surface on cutting
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
6. Long lifespan and can be re-sharpened
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 149
[Link] III.A. HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS III.B. ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 150
 III.B.1. HISTORY III.B. ROTARY CUTTING
III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

AS

AS
AS
III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

LW

LW
LW
III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 151
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
• Rotary cutting techniques were developed as old as

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
the ancient Egyptian Pharos, to provide precise

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
cutting in minimal effort and time

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
• Pharos temples sculptures, mummies and papyrus
20

20
20
drawings showed a lot of dental tools and dental
©

©
©
treatments of the ancient Egyptian pharos including
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
both hand and rotary cutting tools
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
These rotary tools were not only used in dentistry,
O

O
O
•
C

C
C
but also used in different industries during this era

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 152

 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
BOW DRILLS

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 153
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
STRAIGHT HAND DRILL (1858)

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
DR. JONATHAN TAFT

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 154
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
ANGLE HAND DRILL (1862)

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
CHEVALIER’S DRILL

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 155
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
MERRY’S DRILL (1870)

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 156
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
CLOCK WORK DRILL (1870)

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
GOUGER’S DRILL

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 157
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
FOOT DRILL (1871)

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
MORRISON’S DRILL

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 158
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
ELECTRIC ENGINE(1874)

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
GEORGE GREEN

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 159
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
BALL BEARING ELECTRIC MOTOR

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
(1953)

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 160
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
FIRST HIGH SPEED – AIR TURBINE

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
HAND PIECE (1955)

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
JOHN BORDEN

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 161
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
ELECTRIC LOW SPEED MICRO-

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
MOTOR (1980)

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 162
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
FIBRE-OPTIC HIGH SPEED HAND

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
PIECE(1990)

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 163
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 164
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 165
 III.B.1. HISTORY

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 166
 III.B.1. HISTORY III.B. ROTARY CUTTING
III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

AS

AS
AS
III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

LW

LW
LW
III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 167
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
• The rotary cutting technique does not depend on a

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
single type of instruments, but it is a complete

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
synchronized system composed of:

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
a) Power source
24

24
24
b) Power delivery hand-piece
20

20
20
c) Cutting tools
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 168
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
A) POWER SOURCE:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. ELECTRIC 2. AIR PRESSURE

LW

LW
LW
• The power source is electric current • The power source is compressed air supplied by the
,A

,A
,A
• It should have high torque compressor
24

24
24
Limited speed with maximum 50,000 rpm Speed ranges from 100,000 rpm up to 300,000 rpm
20

20
20
• •

Used for finishing and polishing procedures Used for tooth preparation and removal of old
©

©
©
• •
T

T
T
restorations
IG

IG
IG
Operates with friction grip burs and diamonds
R

R
R
•
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 169
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
A) POWER SOURCE

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
1. Electric Motor 2. Air Motor
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 170
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
B) POWER DELIVERY HAND-PIECE:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. STRAIGHT 2. CONTRA-ANGLE

LW

LW
LW
• Long axis of bur lies in same plane as long axis of • The head of hand-piece is first angled away from
,A

,A
,A
hand-piece and then back towards the long axis of the handle
24

24
24
Can be attached to micro-motor or air-motor Because of this design, bur head lies close to the
20

20
20
• •

It is used in oral surgical and laboratory procedures long axis of the handle of hand-piece which improve
©

©
©
•
T

T
T
accessibility, visibility and stability of hand-piece
IG

IG
IG
while working
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
• Latched or conventional speed
O

O
O
Frictional grip or high speed
C

C
C
•

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 171

 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 172
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 173
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
Conventional Low Speed Contra Angle HP C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 174
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
Conventional Low Speed Contra Angle HP C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 175
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
High Speed Contra Angle HP C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 176
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 177
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
Latched Hand Piece
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 178
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
B) POWER DELIVERY HP

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
Frictional Grip Hand Piece
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 179
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
C) CUTTING TOOLS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. BURS 2. ABRASIVES

LW

LW
LW
• Have blades and cut tooth structure in layers • Abrasive material cemented to a metal shaft that
,A

,A
,A
• Less aggressive abrade the tooth structure
24

24
24
Produce smooth surface More aggressive cutting according to the grit
20

20
20
• •

Low heat generation Produces rougher surface also according to grit

©

©
©
• •
T

T
T
• Suitable for cutting intra-coronal preparations and • Higher heat generation
IG

IG
IG
dentin structure Suitable for cutting extra-coronal preparations and
R

R
R
•
PY

PY
PY
enamel structure
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 180
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
C) CUTTING TOOLS

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
1. Burs C 2. Abrasives

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 181

 III.B.1. HISTORY III.B. ROTARY CUTTING
III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

AS

AS
AS
III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

LW

LW
LW
III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 182
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
1. PARTS
,A

,A
,A
DENTAL
24

24
24
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES
20

20
20
BURS 3. HEAD DESIGN
©

©
©
T

T
T
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 183
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
1. PARTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
a) Shank:

LW

LW
LW
• It is the part that fits into the hand piece for the

,A

,A
,A
purpose of driving the cutting tool
24

24
24
• The length and shape of the shank vary with
20

20
20
chucking mechanism
©

©
©
• The regular straight hand piece requires a long
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
shank bur and the contra-angle hand piece requires
R

R
R
different types of short shank burs
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 184
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
1. PARTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
a) Shank:

LW

LW
LW
• The shank of the bur may be:

,A

,A
,A
1. Latched: to be attached with conventional
24

24
24
speed contra-angle hand piece of electric
20

20
20
motors
©

©
©
2. Smooth: for frictional grip attachment with high
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
speed contra-angle hand piece (air turbine)
R

R
R
If the latched type burs are used with air turbine
PY

PY
PY
•

hand piece, vibration, eccentricity and more

O

O
O
C

C
C
frictional heat will be produced

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 185

 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
1. PARTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
b) Neck:

LW

LW
LW
• It is the part connects the head of the bur with the

,A

,A
,A
shank 24

24
24
• The bur is held from this part to be placed inside the
20

20
20
bur housing part of the hand-piece
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 186
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
1. PARTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
c) Working Head:

LW

LW
LW
• It is the working part of the instrument, the cutting

,A

,A
,A
edges or points of which perform the desired
24

24
24
shaping of tooth structure
20

20
20
©

©
©
• Three basic shapes of the head:
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
1. Round
R

R
R
2. Inverted cone
PY

PY
PY
3. Fissure
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 187
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
1. PARTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
Round Bur:

LW

LW
LW
- Gaining access through enamel during cavity

,A

,A
,A
preparation (Small sizes)
24

24
24
- Excavation of carious dentin (Large sizes)
20

20
20
- Placing retentive grooves and pinholes
©

©
©
- Shaping of casted metallic restoration
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
- Shaping tooth colored restoration
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 188
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
C) CUTTING TOOLS

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 189
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
C) CUTTING TOOLS

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
Small round for gaining access through enamel Large round for
C

C
C
excavation of carious
dentin
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 190
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
1. PARTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
Inverted Cone Bur:

LW

LW
LW
- Lateral extension of cavity walls by undermining

,A

,A
,A
the enamel
24

24
24
- Placing the retentive mechanical undercuts
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 191
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
C) CUTTING TOOLS

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
Inverted cone bur used for lateral extension by undermining enamel
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 192
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
1. PARTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
Fissure Bur:

LW

LW
LW
- Lateral extension of cavity walls

,A

,A
,A
- Finishing of cavity walls
24

24
24
- Roundation of line angles of the prepared cavity
20

20
20
- Tapered forms are used to place retentive
©

©
©
grooves
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 193
 III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS

.
.
A

A
A
C) CUTTING TOOLS

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
Lateral extension and walls planning using fissure bur
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 194
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
1. PARTS
,A

,A
,A
DENTAL
24

24
24
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES
20

20
20
BURS 3. HEAD DESIGN
©

©
©
T

T
T
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 195
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
a) According to the material:

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
1. TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
24 2. STEEL

24
24
• High hardness number • Low properties compared to tungsten carbide
20

20
20
• High melting point • Used in certain conditions that requires burs with
©

©
©
• More accurate in design low quality to avoid over cutting of tooth structure,
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• More tolerable to frictional heat such as removing of carious dentin near to the pulp
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 196
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
b) According to shape of the working head: c) According to shape of the shank:

LW

LW
LW
1. Round 1. Latched for conventional low speed

,A

,A
,A
2. Inverted cone
24 2. Frictional grip for high speed

24
24
3. Fissure
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 197
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
d) According to the number of blades:

LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
1. CUTTING BUR24 2. FINISHING BUR 3. BURNISHING BUR

24
24
• Having 6-8 blades • Having more than 12 blades • Having no blades
20

20
20
• Used for cutting tooth structure • Used for finishing restoration • Used for mechanical burnishing
©

©
©
and removing old restorations surface and margins of gold restoration margins
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 198
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
Cutting bur Finishing bur Burnishing bur
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 199
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
Cutting bur Finishing bur Burnishing bur
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 200
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
1. PARTS
,A

,A
,A
DENTAL
24

24
24
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES
20

20
20
BURS 3. HEAD DESIGN
©

©
©
T

T
T
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 201
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
3. HEAD DESIGN

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
BLADES:

LW

LW
LW
• Also called, teeth or flutes

,A

,A
,A
• Each blade has a face and back
24

24
24
20

20
20
BLADE ANGLE:
©

©
©
• The angle between the face and back of each blade
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• It is always an acute angle
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 202
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
3. HEAD DESIGN

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
CLEARANCE SPACE:

LW

LW
LW
• The space between two successive blades that

,A

,A
,A
allows removal of the dentin cut chips
24

24
24
• Also called flute or chip space
20

20
20
©

©
©
• Too small clearance space will lead to:
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
1. Bur clogging
R

R
R
2. Loss of efficiency
PY

PY
PY
3. Increased heat generation
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 203
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
3. HEAD DESIGN

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
CLEARANCE ANGLE:

LW

LW
LW
• The angle between the back of the blade and the

,A

,A
,A
cut surface
24

24
24
20

20
20
RAKE ANGLE:
©

©
©
• The angle between the radius of the bur and the
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
face of the blade
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 204
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
3. HEAD DESIGN

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
Zero Rake Angle Positive Rake Angle Negative Rake Angle
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 205
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
3. HEAD DESIGN

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
RAKE ANGLE:

LW

LW
LW
• Rake angle may be:

,A

,A
,A
1. Positive; when the face contacts the work surface
24

24
24
after radius
20

20
20
It provides very sharp blade but it will be too weak
©

©
©
2. Negative; when the face contacts the work surface
T

T
T
before radius. It provides strong but dull blade
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
3. Zero; when the face coincides with the radius at the
PY

PY
PY
work surface
O

O
O
It is considered as the most practical one
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 206
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
1. PARTS
,A

,A
,A
DENTAL
24

24
24
2. CLASSIFICATION & TYPES
20

20
20
BURS 3. HEAD DESIGN
©

©
©
T

T
T
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 207
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Due to the wide array of different bur sizes and • The most common are:

LW

LW
LW
shapes, standard numbering systems are used to 1. THE U.S. NUMBERING SYSTEM:

,A

,A
,A
make it easier to identify and compare burs
24 - Most commonly used in the U.S for carbide

24
24
burs; generally a one to four digit number,
20

20
20
depending on the type of bur
©

©
©
- E.g., 557FG, 557RA.
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
2. THE ISO NUMBERING SYSTEM:
R

R
R
(International Standards Organization)
PY

PY
PY
- Used for both carbide and diamond burs, but
O

O
O
C

C
C
in the U.S. used for diamond burs only

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 208

 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 209
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 210
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 211
 III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

.
.
A

A
A
4. NUMBERING SYSTEM & CODES

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 212
 III.B.1. HISTORY III.B. ROTARY CUTTING
III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

AS

AS
AS
III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

LW

LW
LW
III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 213
 III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

.
.
A

A
A
DEFINITION:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
• The ability of the bur to cut maximum amount of

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
tooth structure with minimal amount of effort and

LW

LW
LW
time

,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
FACTORS AFFECTING CUTTING EFFICIENCY OF BURS:
20

20
20
a) Bur
©

©
©
b) Tissue to be cut
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
c) Pressure
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
d) Speed
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 214
 III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

.
.
A

A
A
A) BUR: • Burs with 6 - 8 blades are suitable for continuous

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
cutting of tooth structure and removal of defective

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Bur material restoration

LW

LW
LW
• Tungsten carbide showed better specifications than • Cross-cutting of the bur blade will allow increasing

,A

,A
,A
steel, so it provides higher efficiency
24 the number of blades and the clearance space

24
24
together
20

20
20
2. Number of blades
©

©
©
• Increasing the number of blades will increase the 3. Rake angle
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
cutting efficiency but within limit, in order to not • Positive rake angle provides the sharpest but weak
R

R
R
decreasing the clearance space blade that may fragment or bend
PY

PY
PY
So, Zero rake angle is considered as the most
O

O
O
•
C

C
C
suitable one

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 215

 III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

.
.
A

A
A
B) TISSUE TO BE CUT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Enamel is 5 times harder than (345 K.H.N.) dentin

LW

LW
LW
(68 K.H.N.)

,A

,A
,A
• So, cutting efficiency of dental burs appear 5 times
24

24
24
more in dentin rather than enamel
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 216
 III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

.
.
A

A
A
C) PRESSURE:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Increasing the pressure will increase the cutting • Increased pressure by increasing the force applied

LW

LW
LW
efficiency of the bur appears to:

,A

,A
,A
• The amount of pressure (P) depends on the force (F)
24 1. Increase cutting efficiency

24
24
exerted by the operator and the area (A) of contact 2. Increase heat generation
20

20
20
between the bur and tooth tissue being cut 3. Increase dulling tendency of the bur
©

©
©
according to the equation (P = F / A) 4. Cause the edges of bur blades to turn down
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
decreasing the life of the bur
R

R
R
So, it is better to increase the pressure of cutting by
PY

PY
•

PY
decreasing the area (size of the bur) rather than
O

O
O
C

C
C
increasing the force applied by the operator

INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 217

 III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

.
.
A

A
A
D) SPEED:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• Increasing the speed will increase the cutting

LW

LW
LW
efficiency

,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 218
TA K E A N OT E

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
- The inverted cone bur is more efficient than the fissure bur of the same size by
,A

,A
,A
“15” times, this because of its area of cutting is less and it cuts only in dentin
24

24
24
while fissure bur cuts in both enamel and dentin
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 219
 III.B.1. HISTORY III.B. ROTARY CUTTING
III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

AS

AS
AS
III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

LW

LW
LW
III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 220
 III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

.
.
A

A
A
DEFINITION:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• The maximum displacement of the periphery of the

LW

LW
LW
working head of a rotary cutting tool from its central

,A

,A
,A
axis 24

24
24
20

20
20
• The maximum permissible lateral displacement is
©

©
©
0.025 mm
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
• Above this range eccentricity is considered as
R

R
R
clinically significant and the cutting procedure
PY

PY
PY
should be stopped
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 221
 III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

.
.
A

A
A
CAUSES: SIDE EFFECTS:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Defect in the tool 1. Vibration, that leads to loss of control and

LW

LW
LW
2. Defect in the mode of attachment with the hand decreased operator tactile sense

,A

,A
,A
piece 24 2. Decreased cutting efficiency

24
24
3. Defect in the hand piece 3. Increased heat generation
20

20
20
4. Defect in the junction between the motor and 4. Decreased bur life
©

©
©
the hand piece 5. Rebound response of the pulp, which is defined
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
as focal area of pulp necrosis away or remote
R

R
R
from the site of irritation
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 222
 III.B.1. HISTORY III.B. ROTARY CUTTING
III.B.2. ROTARY SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTS

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
III.B.3. DENTAL BURS

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
III.B.4. CUTTING EFFICIENCY

AS

AS
AS
III.B.5. ECCENTRICITY OR RUN OUT

LW

LW
LW
III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 223
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
CAUSES:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
• As a result of friction between the bur and the tooth

LW

LW
LW
surface, part of the energy is transformed into heat

,A

,A
,A
instead of work at the head of the rotary cutting tool
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 224
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
FACTORS AFFECTING THE AMOUNT OF FRICTION:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Pressure; increasing the pressure will lead to compensate the cutting efficiency with increased

LW

LW
LW
increased friction especially if it is due to increased resultant friction

,A

,A
,A
applied force
24 5. Time of cutting; increasing time of cutting will lead

24
24
2. Speed; increasing the speed will lead to increased to increased friction
20

20
20
friction
©

©
©
3. Area of cutting; increasing the area (bur size) will
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
lead to increased friction
R

R
R
4. Cutting efficiency; decreased cutting efficiency will
PY

PY
PY
be in need to increase the force applied to
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 225
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
HEAT DISSIPATION:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. The cutting tool; depending on its bulk and

LW

LW
LW
thermal conductivity

,A

,A
,A
2. The tooth; that could withstand temperatures within
24

24
24
the thermal tolerance of dentin (85 - 135 °F = 29 –
20

20
20
57 ºC), above this pulp damage occurs
©

©
©
3. The surrounding atmosphere
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
4. The formed dentin chips
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 226
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
EFFECTS OF GENERATED HEAT ON DENTIN-PULP

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
ORGAN:

IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
1. Dehydration of dentin

,A

,A
,A
2. Burning lesions in dentin
24

24
24
3. Pulp hyperemia
20

20
20
4. Irreversible pulpal inflammation
©

©
©
5. Thermal pulp shock
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 227
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
CONTROL OF HEAT GENERATION:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
1. Decreasing friction by:

LW

LW
LW
- Selection of small sized instrument

,A

,A
,A
- Selection of proper speed
24

24
24
- Decreasing the working time
20

20
20
2. Using sharp tools with high cutting efficiency
©

©
©
3. Application of only force of rotation
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
4. Use of coolants
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 228
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
COOLANT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
REQUIREMENTS:

LW

LW
LW
1. Biologically compatible

,A

,A
,A
2. Has the same body temperature
24

24
24
3. Sufficient amount
20

20
20
4. Directed at the area to be cut
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 229
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
COOLANT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
TYPES:

LW

LW
LW
1. Water only but it results in increased humidity and

,A

,A
,A
decreased vision
24

24
24
2. Air spray only may lead to increased dehydration of
20

20
20
dentin
©

©
©
3. Water/Air spray is considered as the best
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 230
 III.B.6. HEAT GENERATION

.
.
A

A
A
COOLANT:

Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
FUNCTIONS & ADVANTAGES OF USING COOLANT:

LW

LW
LW
1. Control of heat generation

,A

,A
,A
2. Clean the operating field
24

24
24
3. Lubricate the tooth surface to be cut
20

20
20
4. Improve visibility
©

©
©
5. Clean the tool and prevent its clogging increasing
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
its life
R

R
R
6. Decrease pain during cutting
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 231
 Customer Book Title Stage Supplier Date
OUP Pickard’s Guide to Minimally Invasive Operative Dentistry Revise 2 Thomson Digital 28 April 2015

SUGGESTED
R E A D I N G S

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 232
 @YWasifi

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
[Link]

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
yasseralwasifi

AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
[Link]

,A

,A
,A
yasseramw 24

24
24
20

20
20
LEARN - Dental Series
©

©
©
"Yasser Al Wasifi"
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
yasseramw@[Link] Yasser Alwasifi
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
yasseramw67@[Link]
[Link]@[Link]
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 233
 .

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
DESIGN & EDITING: YASSER ALWASIFI

I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
PATTERNS & BACKGROUNDS:
,A

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
VECTOR GRAPHICS & ICONS:
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
PHOTOS & SOUND EFFECTS: ONLINE FREE SOURCES
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
 .

.
.
A

A
A
Y.

Y.
Y.
I,

I,
I,
IF

IF
IF
AS

AS
AS
LW

LW
LW
,A Your questions are welcomed

,A
,A
24

24
24
20

20
20
©

©
©
T

T
T
IG

IG
IG
R

R
R
PY

PY
PY
O

O
O
C

C
C
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION - Copyright © 2024, AlWASIFI, Y.A. 235
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